Mobile Transport Layer protocols aim to address challenges with TCP over mobile networks. Traditional TCP uses congestion control like slow start and fast retransmit/recovery that can reduce performance over mobile. Indirect TCP splits the connection at the access point to avoid wireless errors affecting the wired segment. Snooping TCP buffers packets at the access point and performs local retransmissions on errors. Mobile TCP splits the connection and uses an optimized TCP between the supervisory host and mobile host, choking the sender when the mobile is disconnected to avoid buffering large amounts of undelivered data.
This document discusses several proposals to modify TCP for use in mobile environments:
1. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link but loses end-to-end semantics.
2. Snooping TCP allows local retransmissions through buffering and "snooping" but does not fully isolate the wireless link.
3. Mobile TCP handles disconnections through a supervisory host but does not isolate wireless link losses.
4. Fast retransmit/recovery avoids the slow start algorithm after handovers but mixes network layers.
The approaches vary in their ability to isolate the wireless link, efficiency, and amount of modification required to TCP.
This document discusses challenges with TCP in mobile networks and various approaches to address them. It introduces indirect TCP, which splits the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link. Snooping TCP has the foreign agent snoop packets and acknowledgements to enable local retransmissions. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host and window size adjustments to handle disconnections. Other optimizations discussed include forced fast retransmit after handovers, freezing TCP timers during disconnects, and selective retransmissions. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of these different "mobile TCP" approaches.
Mobile transport layer - traditional TCPVishal Tandel
This document summarizes several mechanisms proposed to improve TCP performance in wireless networks. It discusses approaches like indirect TCP, snooping TCP, and mobile TCP that split the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link. It also covers fast retransmit/recovery techniques, transmission freezing, and selective retransmission to more efficiently handle packet losses due to mobility. While each approach aims to address TCP issues in wireless networks, they often do so by mixing layers or requiring changes to the basic TCP protocol stack.
WIRELESS NETWORKS _ BABU M_ unit 3 ,4 & 5 PPT
EC 6802 WIRELESS NETWORKS PPT
POWER POINT PRESENTAION ON WIRELESS NETWORKS
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR/ ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI, THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
The document discusses several mechanisms used in TCP for mobile computing. It describes:
1) TCP congestion control mechanisms like slow-start and fast retransmit/fast recovery which are designed to address packet loss. However, these can be inappropriate for wireless networks where packet loss is often due to errors rather than congestion.
2) Approaches like Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP which modify TCP for mobile networks by splitting connections or having a supervisory host monitor the connection to enable local retransmissions and avoid unnecessary window reductions when the mobile host disconnects.
3) Other TCP optimizations for mobile like forced fast retransmit after handovers and transmission timeout freezing to avoid slow-start
This document discusses various approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks. It describes Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, Mobile TCP, optimizations like fast retransmit/recovery and transmission freezing, and transaction-oriented TCP. Each approach is summarized in terms of its key mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages. Overall, the document evaluates different ways TCP has been adapted to better support mobility and address challenges like frequent disconnections, packet losses during handovers, and high bit error rates over wireless links.
Mobile Transport Layer protocols aim to address challenges with TCP over mobile networks. Traditional TCP uses congestion control like slow start and fast retransmit/recovery that can reduce performance over mobile. Indirect TCP splits the connection at the access point to avoid wireless errors affecting the wired segment. Snooping TCP buffers packets at the access point and performs local retransmissions on errors. Mobile TCP splits the connection and uses an optimized TCP between the supervisory host and mobile host, choking the sender when the mobile is disconnected to avoid buffering large amounts of undelivered data.
This document discusses several proposals to modify TCP for use in mobile environments:
1. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link but loses end-to-end semantics.
2. Snooping TCP allows local retransmissions through buffering and "snooping" but does not fully isolate the wireless link.
3. Mobile TCP handles disconnections through a supervisory host but does not isolate wireless link losses.
4. Fast retransmit/recovery avoids the slow start algorithm after handovers but mixes network layers.
The approaches vary in their ability to isolate the wireless link, efficiency, and amount of modification required to TCP.
This document discusses challenges with TCP in mobile networks and various approaches to address them. It introduces indirect TCP, which splits the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link. Snooping TCP has the foreign agent snoop packets and acknowledgements to enable local retransmissions. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host and window size adjustments to handle disconnections. Other optimizations discussed include forced fast retransmit after handovers, freezing TCP timers during disconnects, and selective retransmissions. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of these different "mobile TCP" approaches.
Mobile transport layer - traditional TCPVishal Tandel
This document summarizes several mechanisms proposed to improve TCP performance in wireless networks. It discusses approaches like indirect TCP, snooping TCP, and mobile TCP that split the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link. It also covers fast retransmit/recovery techniques, transmission freezing, and selective retransmission to more efficiently handle packet losses due to mobility. While each approach aims to address TCP issues in wireless networks, they often do so by mixing layers or requiring changes to the basic TCP protocol stack.
WIRELESS NETWORKS _ BABU M_ unit 3 ,4 & 5 PPT
EC 6802 WIRELESS NETWORKS PPT
POWER POINT PRESENTAION ON WIRELESS NETWORKS
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR/ ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI, THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
The document discusses several mechanisms used in TCP for mobile computing. It describes:
1) TCP congestion control mechanisms like slow-start and fast retransmit/fast recovery which are designed to address packet loss. However, these can be inappropriate for wireless networks where packet loss is often due to errors rather than congestion.
2) Approaches like Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP which modify TCP for mobile networks by splitting connections or having a supervisory host monitor the connection to enable local retransmissions and avoid unnecessary window reductions when the mobile host disconnects.
3) Other TCP optimizations for mobile like forced fast retransmit after handovers and transmission timeout freezing to avoid slow-start
This document discusses various approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks. It describes Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, Mobile TCP, optimizations like fast retransmit/recovery and transmission freezing, and transaction-oriented TCP. Each approach is summarized in terms of its key mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages. Overall, the document evaluates different ways TCP has been adapted to better support mobility and address challenges like frequent disconnections, packet losses during handovers, and high bit error rates over wireless links.
This document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks. It begins by describing TCP and its mechanisms for congestion avoidance, flow control, slow start, and retransmission. It then covers several TCP variants including Tahoe, Reno, and Vegas. It also discusses indirect TCP, Snoop TCP, and Mobile TCP which aim to optimize TCP for wireless networks by handling retransmissions locally or splitting the connection. The document provides details on the algorithms and functioning of these different protocols.
1) Standard TCP performs poorly over wireless networks due to packet loss from errors and mobility rather than congestion. This causes unnecessary slow starts and window reductions.
2) Early approaches like Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP split or modify the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link but lose end-to-end semantics or require changes.
3) Later techniques like forced fast retransmit and selective acknowledgements improve efficiency without changing TCP but require cooperation between layers. Overall no single solution is optimal due to the need to maintain compatibility with fixed networks.
This document discusses several approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks:
Traditional TCP uses slow start and congestion control mechanisms that reduce efficiency over mobile networks. Indirect TCP segments connections and uses a proxy to improve performance. Snooping TCP buffers packets to enable fast retransmissions without changing endpoints. Mobile TCP freezes the sender's window on disconnection to avoid unnecessary retransmissions. These methods aim to isolate wireless losses from congestion responses and enable fast recovery from errors and handovers.
The document discusses various approaches to modifying TCP for use in mobile networks. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection at the foreign agent, keeping the fixed network unchanged but losing end-to-end semantics. Snooping TCP has the foreign agent snoop packets and retransmit lost packets locally without changing TCP. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host to monitor disconnections and choke senders. Other approaches include forced fast retransmit after handovers, freezing TCP timers during disconnects, selective retransmission of only lost packets, and transaction-oriented TCP to combine connection setup in fewer packets. Each approach has advantages like efficiency or compatibility but also disadvantages like overhead or non-transparency.
The document discusses various approaches to improving TCP for mobile networks. It begins by describing traditional TCP and its mechanisms for congestion control and reliable data transmission. However, TCP was designed for fixed networks and faces challenges in mobile environments due to higher error rates, mobility-induced packet loss, and inefficient slow start behavior after losses. Several TCP improvements are then outlined, including Indirect TCP which segments connections and uses a proxy at the access point to isolate the wireless portion. This allows specialized TCP variants to be used for the wireless link without changing the fixed network. Finally, socket migration during handover is discussed to maintain connections as the mobile host moves.
This document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks. It begins with an overview of TCP and UDP, and then describes several strategies for improving TCP performance over mobile networks, including indirect TCP (I-TCP), snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP. It also discusses congestion control strategies like slow start and fast retransmit. Overall, the document analyzes how TCP can be optimized through techniques like connection splitting, buffering, and selective retransmission to better accommodate the characteristics of wireless networks.
The document discusses various approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks, including:
1. Indirect TCP which splits the TCP connection to isolate errors on the wireless link. This requires no changes to fixed network hosts but loses end-to-end semantics.
2. Snooping TCP where the foreign agent buffers packets and retransmits lost packets transparently. This maintains end-to-end semantics but does not fully isolate the wireless link.
3. Mobile TCP which splits the connection and supports lengthy disconnections by freezing transmission at disconnected base stations. However, it propagates wireless losses into the fixed network.
The document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks, including traditional TCP, Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP. Traditional TCP was designed for fixed networks and experiences issues in mobile networks due to factors like packet loss from handoffs. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection at the access point to isolate the wireless link. Snooping TCP has the access point buffer packets and detect losses to enable local retransmissions. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host to handle disconnections and restart the connection when needed. Each approach aims to improve TCP performance over mobile networks while maintaining compatibility with traditional TCP.
Improving Performance of TCP in Wireless Environment using TCP-PIDES Editor
Improving the performance of the transmission
control protocol (TCP) in wireless environment has been an
active research area. Main reason behind performance
degradation of TCP is not having ability to detect actual reason
of packet losses in wireless environment. In this paper, we are
providing a simulation results for TCP-P (TCP-Performance).
TCP-P is intelligent protocol in wireless environment which
is able to distinguish actual reasons for packet losses and
applies an appropriate solution to packet loss.
TCP-P deals with main three issues, Congestion in
network, Disconnection in network and random packet losses.
TCP-P consists of Congestion avoidance algorithm and
Disconnection detection algorithm with some changes in TCP
header part. If congestion is occurring in network then
congestion avoidance algorithm is applied. In congestion
avoidance algorithm, TCP-P calculates number of sending
packets and receiving acknowledgements and accordingly set
a sending buffer value, so that it can prevent system from
happening congestion. In disconnection detection algorithm,
TCP-P senses medium continuously to detect a happening
disconnection in network. TCP-P modifies header of TCP
packet so that loss packet can itself notify sender that it is
lost.This paper describes the design of TCP-P, and presents
results from experiments using the NS-2 network simulator.
Results from simulations show that TCP-P is 4% more
efficient than TCP-Tahoe, 5% more efficient than TCP-Vegas,
7% more efficient than TCP-Sack and equally efficient in
performance as of TCP-Reno and TCP-New Reno. But we can
say TCP-P is more efficient than TCP-Reno and TCP-New
Reno since it is able to solve more issues of TCP in wireless
environment.
T/TCP is a protocol that aims to reduce the number of packets needed for transaction-style applications by allowing a client to open a connection, send data, and close the connection in a single packet. It utilizes a mechanism called TCP Accelerated Open (TAO) to bypass the standard 3-way TCP handshake. Testing showed T/TCP saved an average of 5 packets per transaction compared to TCP. However, the percentage savings decreased with larger data transfers as T/TCP is most beneficial for small transactions. While improving performance, T/TCP also introduced some security and operational issues that needed to be addressed for broader adoption.
Communication over the kinds of Data-Links used for unmanned vehicles presents important challenges dues to the low bandwidth, intermittent, and lower reliability of these links. Classic network protocols such as TCP do not operate well in this environment forcing application developers to implement their own reliability and session management. This presentation describes he issues and alternatives.
A THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS OF TCP IN ADHOC NETWORKScsandit
This document analyzes the throughput of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks through simulations. It finds that TCP throughput decreases initially as the number of hops increases, then stabilizes at higher hop counts. This is due to hidden terminal problems at low hops. The number of retransmissions increases with payloads and flows due to buffering and congestion. TCP performance degrades in wireless networks because it cannot differentiate between congestion and non-congestion packet losses. Mobility, interference, and dynamic topology changes specific to wireless networks cause unnecessary triggering of TCP congestion control mechanisms.
A throughput analysis of tcp in adhoc networkscsandit
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection oriented end-end reliable byte stream
transport layer protocol. It is widely used in the Internet.TCP is fine tuned to perform well in
wired networks. However the performance degrades in mobile ad hoc networks. This is due to
the characteristics specific to wireless networks, such as signal fading, mobility, unavailability
of routes. This leads to loss of packets which may arise either from congestion or due to other
non-congestion events. However TCP assumes every loss as loss due to congestion and invokes
the congestion control procedures. TCP reduces congestion window in response, causing unnecessary
degradation in throughput. In mobile ad hoc networks multi-hop path forwarding further
worsens the packet loss and throughput. To understand the TCP behavior and improve the
TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks considerable research has been carried out. As
the research is still active in this area a comprehensive and in-depth study on the TCP throughput
and the various parameters that degrade the performance of TCP have been analyzed. The
analysis is done using simulations in Qualnet 5.0
The document discusses various approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection at the foreign agent to isolate the wireless link. Snooping TCP has the foreign agent buffer packets and retransmit lost packets locally. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host to monitor connections and choke the sender window during disconnections. Other techniques discussed include fast retransmit/recovery after handovers, freezing TCP states during interruptions, selective retransmission of only lost packets, and transaction-oriented TCP to reduce overhead of short messages. Each approach has advantages but also disadvantages related to compatibility, transparency, and complexity.
Connection establishment involves a handshake process between two endpoints to synchronize sequence numbers and establish communication. Transport protocols like TCP require a connection to be set up before data can be exchanged. This allows each end to verify the other's existence, negotiate parameters, and allocate resources. Common connection establishment methods are two-way and three-way handshakes, with three-way involving SYN, SYN-ACK and ACK packets. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows ensure transmission rates match receiver capabilities to prevent buffer overruns. Congestion control is also important to manage network traffic loads and avoid degrading performance due to delays or reduced throughput when congestion occurs.
Lecture 19 22. transport protocol for ad-hoc Chandra Meena
This document discusses transport layer protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for new network architectures and protocols to support new types of networks. It then provides an overview of TCP/IP and how TCP works, including congestion control mechanisms. The document discusses challenges for TCP over wireless networks, where packet losses are often due to errors rather than congestion. It covers different versions of TCP and their approaches to congestion control. The goal is to design transport layer protocols that can address the unreliable links and frequent topology changes in MANETs.
The document discusses various protocols and approaches for improving the performance of TCP over wireless networks. It notes that wireless networks have higher bit error rates, lower bandwidth, and mobility issues compared to wired networks. Several protocols are described that aim to distinguish wireless losses from congestion losses to avoid unnecessary TCP reactions:
- Indirect TCP splits the connection and handles losses locally at the base station. Snoop caches packets at the base station for retransmission.
- Mobile TCP further splits the connection and has the base station defer acknowledgments. It can also inform the sender about handoffs versus interface switches.
- Multiple acknowledgments uses two types of ACKs to isolate the wireless and wired portions of the network.
-
connection establishment flow and congestion control.pptxMNSUAM
The document discusses various aspects of connection establishment and data transmission reliability in computer networks. It describes how connection-oriented transport protocols like TCP require a connection to be established before data exchange using either a two-way or three-way handshake. The three-way handshake involves a SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK sequence to synchronize sequence numbers and negotiate parameters. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows are used to ensure reliable data delivery. Congestion control is also important to manage network load and avoid degradation in performance.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
More Related Content
Similar to Mobile Computing - Mobile Transport Layer.pptx.pdf
This document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks. It begins by describing TCP and its mechanisms for congestion avoidance, flow control, slow start, and retransmission. It then covers several TCP variants including Tahoe, Reno, and Vegas. It also discusses indirect TCP, Snoop TCP, and Mobile TCP which aim to optimize TCP for wireless networks by handling retransmissions locally or splitting the connection. The document provides details on the algorithms and functioning of these different protocols.
1) Standard TCP performs poorly over wireless networks due to packet loss from errors and mobility rather than congestion. This causes unnecessary slow starts and window reductions.
2) Early approaches like Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP split or modify the TCP connection to isolate the wireless link but lose end-to-end semantics or require changes.
3) Later techniques like forced fast retransmit and selective acknowledgements improve efficiency without changing TCP but require cooperation between layers. Overall no single solution is optimal due to the need to maintain compatibility with fixed networks.
This document discusses several approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks:
Traditional TCP uses slow start and congestion control mechanisms that reduce efficiency over mobile networks. Indirect TCP segments connections and uses a proxy to improve performance. Snooping TCP buffers packets to enable fast retransmissions without changing endpoints. Mobile TCP freezes the sender's window on disconnection to avoid unnecessary retransmissions. These methods aim to isolate wireless losses from congestion responses and enable fast recovery from errors and handovers.
The document discusses various approaches to modifying TCP for use in mobile networks. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection at the foreign agent, keeping the fixed network unchanged but losing end-to-end semantics. Snooping TCP has the foreign agent snoop packets and retransmit lost packets locally without changing TCP. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host to monitor disconnections and choke senders. Other approaches include forced fast retransmit after handovers, freezing TCP timers during disconnects, selective retransmission of only lost packets, and transaction-oriented TCP to combine connection setup in fewer packets. Each approach has advantages like efficiency or compatibility but also disadvantages like overhead or non-transparency.
The document discusses various approaches to improving TCP for mobile networks. It begins by describing traditional TCP and its mechanisms for congestion control and reliable data transmission. However, TCP was designed for fixed networks and faces challenges in mobile environments due to higher error rates, mobility-induced packet loss, and inefficient slow start behavior after losses. Several TCP improvements are then outlined, including Indirect TCP which segments connections and uses a proxy at the access point to isolate the wireless portion. This allows specialized TCP variants to be used for the wireless link without changing the fixed network. Finally, socket migration during handover is discussed to maintain connections as the mobile host moves.
This document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks. It begins with an overview of TCP and UDP, and then describes several strategies for improving TCP performance over mobile networks, including indirect TCP (I-TCP), snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP. It also discusses congestion control strategies like slow start and fast retransmit. Overall, the document analyzes how TCP can be optimized through techniques like connection splitting, buffering, and selective retransmission to better accommodate the characteristics of wireless networks.
The document discusses various approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks, including:
1. Indirect TCP which splits the TCP connection to isolate errors on the wireless link. This requires no changes to fixed network hosts but loses end-to-end semantics.
2. Snooping TCP where the foreign agent buffers packets and retransmits lost packets transparently. This maintains end-to-end semantics but does not fully isolate the wireless link.
3. Mobile TCP which splits the connection and supports lengthy disconnections by freezing transmission at disconnected base stations. However, it propagates wireless losses into the fixed network.
The document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks, including traditional TCP, Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP. Traditional TCP was designed for fixed networks and experiences issues in mobile networks due to factors like packet loss from handoffs. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection at the access point to isolate the wireless link. Snooping TCP has the access point buffer packets and detect losses to enable local retransmissions. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host to handle disconnections and restart the connection when needed. Each approach aims to improve TCP performance over mobile networks while maintaining compatibility with traditional TCP.
Improving Performance of TCP in Wireless Environment using TCP-PIDES Editor
Improving the performance of the transmission
control protocol (TCP) in wireless environment has been an
active research area. Main reason behind performance
degradation of TCP is not having ability to detect actual reason
of packet losses in wireless environment. In this paper, we are
providing a simulation results for TCP-P (TCP-Performance).
TCP-P is intelligent protocol in wireless environment which
is able to distinguish actual reasons for packet losses and
applies an appropriate solution to packet loss.
TCP-P deals with main three issues, Congestion in
network, Disconnection in network and random packet losses.
TCP-P consists of Congestion avoidance algorithm and
Disconnection detection algorithm with some changes in TCP
header part. If congestion is occurring in network then
congestion avoidance algorithm is applied. In congestion
avoidance algorithm, TCP-P calculates number of sending
packets and receiving acknowledgements and accordingly set
a sending buffer value, so that it can prevent system from
happening congestion. In disconnection detection algorithm,
TCP-P senses medium continuously to detect a happening
disconnection in network. TCP-P modifies header of TCP
packet so that loss packet can itself notify sender that it is
lost.This paper describes the design of TCP-P, and presents
results from experiments using the NS-2 network simulator.
Results from simulations show that TCP-P is 4% more
efficient than TCP-Tahoe, 5% more efficient than TCP-Vegas,
7% more efficient than TCP-Sack and equally efficient in
performance as of TCP-Reno and TCP-New Reno. But we can
say TCP-P is more efficient than TCP-Reno and TCP-New
Reno since it is able to solve more issues of TCP in wireless
environment.
T/TCP is a protocol that aims to reduce the number of packets needed for transaction-style applications by allowing a client to open a connection, send data, and close the connection in a single packet. It utilizes a mechanism called TCP Accelerated Open (TAO) to bypass the standard 3-way TCP handshake. Testing showed T/TCP saved an average of 5 packets per transaction compared to TCP. However, the percentage savings decreased with larger data transfers as T/TCP is most beneficial for small transactions. While improving performance, T/TCP also introduced some security and operational issues that needed to be addressed for broader adoption.
Communication over the kinds of Data-Links used for unmanned vehicles presents important challenges dues to the low bandwidth, intermittent, and lower reliability of these links. Classic network protocols such as TCP do not operate well in this environment forcing application developers to implement their own reliability and session management. This presentation describes he issues and alternatives.
A THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS OF TCP IN ADHOC NETWORKScsandit
This document analyzes the throughput of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks through simulations. It finds that TCP throughput decreases initially as the number of hops increases, then stabilizes at higher hop counts. This is due to hidden terminal problems at low hops. The number of retransmissions increases with payloads and flows due to buffering and congestion. TCP performance degrades in wireless networks because it cannot differentiate between congestion and non-congestion packet losses. Mobility, interference, and dynamic topology changes specific to wireless networks cause unnecessary triggering of TCP congestion control mechanisms.
A throughput analysis of tcp in adhoc networkscsandit
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection oriented end-end reliable byte stream
transport layer protocol. It is widely used in the Internet.TCP is fine tuned to perform well in
wired networks. However the performance degrades in mobile ad hoc networks. This is due to
the characteristics specific to wireless networks, such as signal fading, mobility, unavailability
of routes. This leads to loss of packets which may arise either from congestion or due to other
non-congestion events. However TCP assumes every loss as loss due to congestion and invokes
the congestion control procedures. TCP reduces congestion window in response, causing unnecessary
degradation in throughput. In mobile ad hoc networks multi-hop path forwarding further
worsens the packet loss and throughput. To understand the TCP behavior and improve the
TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks considerable research has been carried out. As
the research is still active in this area a comprehensive and in-depth study on the TCP throughput
and the various parameters that degrade the performance of TCP have been analyzed. The
analysis is done using simulations in Qualnet 5.0
The document discusses various approaches to improving TCP performance over mobile networks. Indirect TCP splits the TCP connection at the foreign agent to isolate the wireless link. Snooping TCP has the foreign agent buffer packets and retransmit lost packets locally. Mobile TCP uses a supervisory host to monitor connections and choke the sender window during disconnections. Other techniques discussed include fast retransmit/recovery after handovers, freezing TCP states during interruptions, selective retransmission of only lost packets, and transaction-oriented TCP to reduce overhead of short messages. Each approach has advantages but also disadvantages related to compatibility, transparency, and complexity.
Connection establishment involves a handshake process between two endpoints to synchronize sequence numbers and establish communication. Transport protocols like TCP require a connection to be set up before data can be exchanged. This allows each end to verify the other's existence, negotiate parameters, and allocate resources. Common connection establishment methods are two-way and three-way handshakes, with three-way involving SYN, SYN-ACK and ACK packets. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows ensure transmission rates match receiver capabilities to prevent buffer overruns. Congestion control is also important to manage network traffic loads and avoid degrading performance due to delays or reduced throughput when congestion occurs.
Lecture 19 22. transport protocol for ad-hoc Chandra Meena
This document discusses transport layer protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for new network architectures and protocols to support new types of networks. It then provides an overview of TCP/IP and how TCP works, including congestion control mechanisms. The document discusses challenges for TCP over wireless networks, where packet losses are often due to errors rather than congestion. It covers different versions of TCP and their approaches to congestion control. The goal is to design transport layer protocols that can address the unreliable links and frequent topology changes in MANETs.
The document discusses various protocols and approaches for improving the performance of TCP over wireless networks. It notes that wireless networks have higher bit error rates, lower bandwidth, and mobility issues compared to wired networks. Several protocols are described that aim to distinguish wireless losses from congestion losses to avoid unnecessary TCP reactions:
- Indirect TCP splits the connection and handles losses locally at the base station. Snoop caches packets at the base station for retransmission.
- Mobile TCP further splits the connection and has the base station defer acknowledgments. It can also inform the sender about handoffs versus interface switches.
- Multiple acknowledgments uses two types of ACKs to isolate the wireless and wired portions of the network.
-
connection establishment flow and congestion control.pptxMNSUAM
The document discusses various aspects of connection establishment and data transmission reliability in computer networks. It describes how connection-oriented transport protocols like TCP require a connection to be established before data exchange using either a two-way or three-way handshake. The three-way handshake involves a SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK sequence to synchronize sequence numbers and negotiate parameters. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows are used to ensure reliable data delivery. Congestion control is also important to manage network load and avoid degradation in performance.
Similar to Mobile Computing - Mobile Transport Layer.pptx.pdf (20)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
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Mobile Computing - Mobile Transport Layer.pptx.pdf
1. Mobile Computing – Mobile
Transport Layer
⚫ MTL provides mobility support for applications
⚫ TCP
⚫ Connection oriented, reliable
⚫ UDP
⚫ Connectionless, unreliable
⚫ Functions:
⚫ Checksumming over user data
⚫ Multiplexing/demultiplexing of data from/to
applications
⚫ Advantage of TCP
⚫ In the time of packet loss, TCP assumes network
congestion and slows down the transmission rate.
1
3. Traditional TCP
3
⚫ Congestion Control
⚫ Payload (packet) data could be more – router cannot forward
the packet
⚫ Control : router drops the packet
⚫ Receiver informs the sender missed packet using sequence
number – ack
⚫ Tcp –slows down the transmission rate when congestion takes
place – to mitigate the congestion
⚫ Slow Start – the way TCP acts after detection of congestion
⚫ Congestion window – sender calculates the CW for a
receiver
⚫ Sender sends one packet and waits for ack
⚫ After the ack is received, CW is increased everytime (exponential
growth)
⚫ Congestion Threshold – sender reduces the CW to 1 packet
⚫ Linear increase continues till time-out occurs at sender due to a
missing ack or until sender gets ack for same packet for long
time
4. Traditional TCP
⚫ Fast retransmit/fast recovery
⚫ TCP sends an acknowledgement only after receiving a
packet
⚫ If a sender receives several acknowledgements for the
same packet
⚫ This implies that receiver received all packets up to the
acknowledged packet in sequence.
⚫ Gap in the packet stream is not due to congestion, but packet loss
due to a transmission error.
⚫ Fast retransmit: sender retransmit the missing packet(s) before
the timer expires.
⚫ Fast recovery: since the receipt of ack shows that there is no
congestion to justify a slow start
⚫ Sender can continue with the current congestion window.
4
5. Influences of mobility on
TCP-mechanisms
⚫ TCP assumes congestion if packets are dropped
⚫ If the ack for a packet is missed, TCP assumes problem is
because of congestion in network
⚫ Mobility factor
⚫ Mobile & wireless end-systems creates more packet loss
⚫ Trying to retransmit packet on layer 2 may take too long
⚫ Mobility – handover problem
⚫ Mobility from old to new foreign agent
5
6. Classical TCP Improvements - Indirect TCP
6
⚫ Indirect TCP: I-TCP segments a TCP connection into
a fixed part and a wireless part
⚫ Reason
⚫ TCP performs poorly with wireless links
⚫ TCP within the fixed network cannot be changed
7. I-TCP- Working of TCP segments
7
⚫ Standard TCP is used between the fixed host and the
access point
⚫ Access point – acts as a proxy
⚫ i.e it is seen as mobile host for the fixed host and as the fixed
host for the mobile host.
⚫ Special TCP adapted to wireless links is used between
access point and mobile host
⚫ Foreign agent: - is acting as a access point – between
fixed host and mobile host
⚫ FA –controls the mobility of the MH and can hand
over the connection to the next FA
⚫ FA forwards the packet from MH to FH
8. I-TCP- Working – Handover (Socket
& State migration)
8
⚫ After the handover, old proxy must forward buffered
data to the new proxy
⚫ New FA informs the old FA about its location to enable
packet forwarding.
9. I-TCP – Advantages &
Disadvantages
9
⚫ Advantages
⚫ No changes in the fixed network are necessary.
⚫ Transmission errors on the wireless link do not
propagate into the fixed network
⚫ Simple to control, mobile TCP is used only for one hop
between, e.g., a foreign agent and mobile host
⚫ Very fast retransmission of packets is possible.
⚫ Disadvantages
⚫ Loss of end-to-end semantics: foreign agents might
crash – false positive ack
⚫ Higher latency possible due to buffering of data
within the foreign agent and forwarding to a new foreign
agent
10. Classical TCP Improvements - Snooping TCP
⚫ Drawback of I-TCP: segmentation of the single TCP
connection into two TCP connections
⚫ This looses the original end-to-end TCP semantic.
⚫ Solution: Snooping TCP
⚫ “Extension of TCP within the foreign agent
⚫ Buffering of packets sent to the mobile host
⚫ Lost packets on the wireless link (both directions) will be
retransmitted immediately by the mobile host or foreign
agent, respectively (so called “local” retransmission)
⚫ The foreign agent “snoops” the packet flow and recognizes
acknowledgements in both directions, it also filters ACKs
10
12. Snooping TCP – Advantages &
Disadvantages
⚫ Advantages:
⚫ End-to-end TCP semantic is preserved
⚫ CH does not need to be changed
⚫ Enhancements are done in FA
⚫ Disadvantages:
⚫ It takes some time until the FA can successfully
retransmit a packet from its buffer due to problems on
the wireless link.
12
13. Classical TCP Improvements - Mobile
TCP
⚫ It handles the occurrence of lengthy and/or
frequent disconnections
⚫ Problems:
⚫ sender tries to retransmit data controlled by a
retransmission timer that doubles with
each unsuccessful retransmission attempt.
⚫ the longer the period of disconnection, the
more buffer is needed.
⚫ Creates problem in handover
13
14. Mobile TCP
14
⚫ M-TCP- same goals as I-TCP & snooping TCP
⚫ Tries to improve overall throughput, lower delay, maintain
end-to-end semantics of TCP, handover
⚫ Provides solution to lengthy/frequent disconnections
⚫ M-TCP splits the TCP connection into two parts:
⚫ Unmodified TCP connection – supervisory host (SH)
⚫ Optimized TCP connection – optimization techniques
⚫ Supervisory host
⚫ monitors all packets, if disconnection detected
⚫ Set sender window size to 0
⚫ Sender automatically goes into persistent mode
⚫ If it detects connectivity again
⚫ Reopens the window of the sender
⚫ Advantages
⚫ Maintains semantics, supports disconnection, no buffer
forwarding
⚫ Disadvantages
⚫ Loss on wireless link propagated into fixed network
15. Classical TCP Improvements – Fast
retransmit/fast recovery
⚫ Change of foreign agent often results in packet loss
⚫ TCP reacts with slow-start although there is no congestion
⚫ Solution
⚫ Forced fast retransmit
⚫ As soon as the mobile host has registered with a new foreign agent,
the MH sends duplicated acknowledgements on purpose
⚫ This forces the fast retransmit mode at the communication
partners
⚫ Additionally, the TCP on the MH is forced to continue sending
with the actual window size and not to go into slow-start after
registration
⚫ Advantage
⚫ Simple changes result in significant higher performance
⚫ Disadvantage
⚫ It requires more cooperation between the mobile IP and TCP
layer .
15
16. Classical TCP Improvements –
Transmission/Time-out freezing
⚫ Mobile hosts can be disconnected for a longer time
⚫ No packet exchange possible, e.g., in a tunnel,
disconnection due to overloaded cells . with higher priority
traffic
⚫ TCP disconnects after time-out completely
⚫ Solution
⚫ TCP freezing
⚫ MAC layer is often able to detect interruption in advance
⚫ MAC can inform TCP layer of upcoming loss of connection
⚫ TCP stops sending, but does now not assume a congested link
⚫ MAC layer signals again if reconnected
⚫ Advantage
⚫ It is independent of TCP mechanism
⚫ Disadvantage
⚫ TCP on mobile host has to be changed, mechanism
depends on MAC layer
16
17. Classical TCP Improvements – Selective
retransmission
17
⚫ TCP acknowledgements are often cumulative
⚫ If single packets are missing quite often a whole packet
sequence beginning at the gap has to be retransmitted
(go-back-n), thus wasting bandwidth
⚫ Solution
⚫ Selective retransmission as one solution
⚫ RFC2018 allows for acknowledgements of single packets, not only
acknowledgements of in-sequence packet streams without gaps
⚫ sender can now retransmit only the missing packets
⚫ Advantage
⚫ much higher efficiency
⚫ Disadvantage
⚫ more complex software in a receiver, more buffer needed at
the receiver
19. Transaction –oriented TCP
19
⚫ TCP phases
⚫ Connection setup, data transmission, connection release
⚫ Using 3-way-handshake needs 3 packets for setup and
release, respectively
⚫ Thus, even short messages need a minimum of 7 packets!
⚫ Transaction oriented TCP
⚫ RFC1644, T-TCP, describes a TCP version to avoid this
overhead
⚫ Connection setup, data transfer and connection release can
be combined
⚫ Thus, only 2 or 3 packets are needed
⚫ Advantage
⚫ More efficient
⚫ Disadvantage
⚫ Requires changed TCP
⚫ Mobility not longer transparent
