connection establishment flowand congestion.pptx
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Connection establishment involves a handshake process between two endpoints to synchronize sequence numbers and establish communication. Transport protocols like TCP require a connection to be set up before data can be exchanged. This allows each end to verify the other's existence, negotiate parameters, and allocate resources. Common connection establishment methods are two-way and three-way handshakes, with three-way involving SYN, SYN-ACK and ACK packets. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows ensure transmission rates match receiver capabilities to prevent buffer overruns. Congestion control is also important to manage network traffic loads and avoid degrading performance due to delays or reduced throughput when congestion occurs.
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connection establishment flow and congestion control.pptx
The document discusses various aspects of connection establishment and data transmission reliability in computer networks. It describes how connection-oriented transport protocols like TCP require a connection to be established before data exchange using either a two-way or three-way handshake. The three-way handshake involves a SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK sequence to synchronize sequence numbers and negotiate parameters. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows are used to ensure reliable data delivery. Congestion control is also important to manage network load and avoid degradation in performance.
Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control
On these slides i describe all the detail about Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control. For more detail visit: https://chauhantricks.blogspot.com/
connectionestablishmentflowandcongestioncontrol-190130165746.pdf
A connection must be established before data exchange can occur using connection-oriented protocols like TCP. Connection establishment involves a three-way handshake between the two endpoints to synchronize sequence numbers and negotiate parameters. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows are used to ensure the sender's transmission rate matches the receiver's processing capabilities. Congestion control algorithms detect and mitigate network congestion to maintain high throughput and low delay.
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Transport layer in network it's functions
Best material i used to qualify my exam just by sitting one day of exam
The way the PPT presented is so informative and we'll understandable even for the beginners.
It will be very useful to me to get information and for giving seminars in college
Recommended
connection establishment flow and congestion control.pptx
The document discusses various aspects of connection establishment and data transmission reliability in computer networks. It describes how connection-oriented transport protocols like TCP require a connection to be established before data exchange using either a two-way or three-way handshake. The three-way handshake involves a SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK sequence to synchronize sequence numbers and negotiate parameters. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows are used to ensure reliable data delivery. Congestion control is also important to manage network load and avoid degradation in performance.
Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control
On these slides i describe all the detail about Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control. For more detail visit: https://chauhantricks.blogspot.com/
connectionestablishmentflowandcongestioncontrol-190130165746.pdf
A connection must be established before data exchange can occur using connection-oriented protocols like TCP. Connection establishment involves a three-way handshake between the two endpoints to synchronize sequence numbers and negotiate parameters. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows are used to ensure the sender's transmission rate matches the receiver's processing capabilities. Congestion control algorithms detect and mitigate network congestion to maintain high throughput and low delay.
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This document discusses transport layer protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for new network architectures and protocols to support new types of networks. It then provides an overview of TCP/IP and how TCP works, including congestion control mechanisms. The document discusses challenges for TCP over wireless networks, where packet losses are often due to errors rather than congestion. It covers different versions of TCP and their approaches to congestion control. The goal is to design transport layer protocols that can address the unreliable links and frequent topology changes in MANETs.
Ba25315321
This document summarizes a survey and analysis of various host-to-host congestion control proposals for TCP data transmission. It discusses the basic principles that underlie current host-to-host algorithms, including probing available network resources, estimating congestion through packet loss or delay, and quickly detecting packet losses. The document then analyzes specific algorithms like slow start, congestion avoidance, and fast recovery. It also examines calculating retransmission timeout and round-trip time, congestion avoidance and packet recovery techniques, and data transmission in TCP. The overall goal of these proposals is to control congestion in a distributed manner without relying on explicit network notifications.
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Unit 4
The document discusses TCP and its mechanisms for reliable data transfer over networks. TCP uses congestion control mechanisms like slow start and congestion avoidance to gradually increase transmission rates and avoid overwhelming network capacity. It also uses fast retransmit and fast recovery to address packet losses without causing unnecessary slow starts. However, TCP faces challenges in wireless environments like mobile networks due to factors such as packet losses and handoffs.
Unit 4
The document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile computing environments:
- Traditional TCP faces problems with high error rates and mobility-induced packet losses in wireless networks. It can lead to severe performance degradation.
- Indirect TCP segments the TCP connection and uses a specialized TCP for the wireless link, isolating wireless errors. But it loses end-to-end semantics.
- Snooping TCP buffers packets near the mobile host and performs local retransmissions transparently. But wireless errors can still propagate to the server.
- Mobile TCP splits the connection and uses different mechanisms on each segment. It chokes the sender window during disconnections to avoid retransmissions and slow starts. This maintains throughput during
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High Performance Networking with TCP. TCP properties, UDP, flow control, Congestion Avoidance & Control, slow start, Congestion Control Review, TCP Tahoe & Reno
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The data link layer transforms the physical layer into a link responsible for node-to-node communication. It provides framing, addressing, error control, and flow control. Specific responsibilities include grouping bits into frames, adding addressing and error detection through checksums, and preventing fast senders from overwhelming slow receivers through flow control. Data link protocols must provide well-defined interfaces, handle transmission errors, and regulate data flow. They offer services like unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented to transfer data reliably between nodes.
NetWork Design Question2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion Dicuss.pdf
NetWork Design Question
2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion? Dicuss the information identifying congestion in the
network as well as the mechanism for reducing congestion?
Solution
Congestion is a problem that occurs on shared networks when multiple users contend for access
to the same resources (bandwidth, buffers, and queues).
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm that
includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, with
other schemes such as slow-start to achieve congestion avoidance.
The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the
Internet.
Congestion typically occurs where multiple links feed into a single link, such as where internal
LANs are connected to WAN links. Congestion also occurs at routers in core networks where
nodes are subjected to more traffic than they are designed to handle.
TCP/IP networks such as the Internet are especially susceptible to congestion because of their
basic connection- less nature. There are no virtual circuits with guaranteed bandwidth. Packets
are injected by any host at any time, and those packets are variable in size, which make
predicting traffic patterns and providing guaranteed service impossible. While connectionless
networks have advantages, quality of service is not one of them.
Shared LANs such as Ethernet have their own congestion control mechanisms in the form of
access controls that prevent multiple nodes from transmitting at the same time.
Identifying:
Congestion is primarily reflected by a conventional user feeling-- slowness. This statement
reflects the change in the network effective flow, that is the time required to transmit an entire
data from one point to another. The effective flow doenot exist as such, it consists in reality of
three seperate indicators:
*Latency:the effective flow is inversely proportional to the latency.
*Jitter:it is latency variation over time, impacts by influencing the flow latency
*Loss Rate:the theoritical bandwidth is inversely proportional to the square root of the loss rate
These Congestion symtoms allow us to rely on objective indicators to characterize it.
Mechanism to reduce congestion:
The standard fare in TCP implementations today has four standard congestion control algorithms
that are now in common use. Their usefulness has passed the test of time.
The four algorithms, Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery are
described below. (a) Slow Start
Slow Start, a requirement for TCP software implementations is a mechanism used by the sender
to control the transmission rate, otherwise known as sender-based flow control. This is
accomplished through the return rate of acknowledgements from the receiver. In other words, the
rate of acknowledgements returned by the receiver determine the rate at which the sender can
transmit data. When a TCP connection first begins, the Slow Start algorithm initializes a
.
Transaction TCP
T/TCP is a protocol that aims to reduce the number of packets needed for transaction-style applications by allowing a client to open a connection, send data, and close the connection in a single packet. It utilizes a mechanism called TCP Accelerated Open (TAO) to bypass the standard 3-way TCP handshake. Testing showed T/TCP saved an average of 5 packets per transaction compared to TCP. However, the percentage savings decreased with larger data transfers as T/TCP is most beneficial for small transactions. While improving performance, T/TCP also introduced some security and operational issues that needed to be addressed for broader adoption.
Mobile Transpot Layer
This document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks. It begins by describing TCP and its mechanisms for congestion avoidance, flow control, slow start, and retransmission. It then covers several TCP variants including Tahoe, Reno, and Vegas. It also discusses indirect TCP, Snoop TCP, and Mobile TCP which aim to optimize TCP for wireless networks by handling retransmissions locally or splitting the connection. The document provides details on the algorithms and functioning of these different protocols.
Ns3: Newreno vs Vegas vs Veno
Goal of TCP is to determine the available network capacity and prevent network overload.
Congestion is bad for the overall performance in the network.
G028033037
1. The document analyzes TCP Vegas congestion control in Linux 2.6.1. TCP Vegas monitors the difference between expected sending rate and actual sending rate to estimate network congestion and adjust the congestion window size accordingly.
2. The key aspects of TCP Vegas analyzed are delay, fairness, and loss properties. TCP Vegas aims to keep a small, stable number of packets buffered to minimize delay while achieving weighted proportional fairness between connections. It avoids packet loss by carefully extracting congestion information from round-trip times.
3. Analysis shows that in Linux implementation, TCP Vegas increases and decreases the congestion window cautiously in response to traffic, avoiding sharp increases in window size that could lead to congestion like in TCP
A THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS OF TCP IN ADHOC NETWORKS
This document analyzes the throughput of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks through simulations. It finds that TCP throughput decreases initially as the number of hops increases, then stabilizes at higher hop counts. This is due to hidden terminal problems at low hops. The number of retransmissions increases with payloads and flows due to buffering and congestion. TCP performance degrades in wireless networks because it cannot differentiate between congestion and non-congestion packet losses. Mobility, interference, and dynamic topology changes specific to wireless networks cause unnecessary triggering of TCP congestion control mechanisms.
A throughput analysis of tcp in adhoc networks
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection oriented end-end reliable byte stream
transport layer protocol. It is widely used in the Internet.TCP is fine tuned to perform well in
wired networks. However the performance degrades in mobile ad hoc networks. This is due to
the characteristics specific to wireless networks, such as signal fading, mobility, unavailability
of routes. This leads to loss of packets which may arise either from congestion or due to other
non-congestion events. However TCP assumes every loss as loss due to congestion and invokes
the congestion control procedures. TCP reduces congestion window in response, causing unnecessary
degradation in throughput. In mobile ad hoc networks multi-hop path forwarding further
worsens the packet loss and throughput. To understand the TCP behavior and improve the
TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks considerable research has been carried out. As
the research is still active in this area a comprehensive and in-depth study on the TCP throughput
and the various parameters that degrade the performance of TCP have been analyzed. The
analysis is done using simulations in Qualnet 5.0
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Congestion control in tcp
This document summarizes a presentation on congestion control in TCP/IP networks. It discusses basics of congestion and how it can be catastrophic if not handled. It then describes the basic strategies used by TCP to combat congestion, including slow start, congestion avoidance, detection, and illustration of algorithms like fast retransmit and recovery. Issues with wireless networks and variants of TCP like New Reno, Vegas, and Westwood are also summarized. The presentation proposes a new congestion control algorithm and discusses plans to simulate and test it.
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This document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks. It begins with an overview of TCP and UDP, and then describes several strategies for improving TCP performance over mobile networks, including indirect TCP (I-TCP), snooping TCP, and Mobile TCP. It also discusses congestion control strategies like slow start and fast retransmit. Overall, the document analyzes how TCP can be optimized through techniques like connection splitting, buffering, and selective retransmission to better accommodate the characteristics of wireless networks.
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This document discusses transport layer protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for new network architectures and protocols to support new types of networks. It then provides an overview of TCP/IP and how TCP works, including congestion control mechanisms. The document discusses challenges for TCP over wireless networks, where packet losses are often due to errors rather than congestion. It covers different versions of TCP and their approaches to congestion control. The goal is to design transport layer protocols that can address the unreliable links and frequent topology changes in MANETs.
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This document discusses congestion in computer networks and how TCP controls congestion. It begins by listing group members and an agenda covering learning about congestion, network performance, and TCP congestion control. It then defines congestion as occurring when network load exceeds capacity. Various causes of and issues resulting from congestion are described. The document outlines open-loop and closed-loop congestion control techniques before focusing on TCP, explaining how it uses a congestion window and the slow start, congestion avoidance, and congestion detection algorithms to control transmission rates and respond to lost packets or congestion.
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The document discusses TCP and its mechanisms for reliable data transfer over networks. TCP uses congestion control mechanisms like slow start and congestion avoidance to gradually increase transmission rates and avoid overwhelming network capacity. It also uses fast retransmit and fast recovery to address packet losses without causing unnecessary slow starts. However, TCP faces challenges in wireless environments like mobile networks due to factors such as packet losses and handoffs.
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The document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile computing environments:
- Traditional TCP faces problems with high error rates and mobility-induced packet losses in wireless networks. It can lead to severe performance degradation.
- Indirect TCP segments the TCP connection and uses a specialized TCP for the wireless link, isolating wireless errors. But it loses end-to-end semantics.
- Snooping TCP buffers packets near the mobile host and performs local retransmissions transparently. But wireless errors can still propagate to the server.
- Mobile TCP splits the connection and uses different mechanisms on each segment. It chokes the sender window during disconnections to avoid retransmissions and slow starts. This maintains throughput during
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The document discusses several algorithms used for congestion control in TCP/IP networks, including slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery, random early discard (RED), and traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Slow start and congestion avoidance control the transmission rate by adjusting the congestion window size. Fast retransmit and fast recovery allow quicker retransmission of lost packets without waiting for timeouts. RED proactively discards packets before buffer overflow. Leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms shape traffic flow through use of buffers and tokens to smooth bursts and control transmission rates.
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The data link layer transforms the physical layer into a link responsible for node-to-node communication. It provides framing, addressing, error control, and flow control. Specific responsibilities include grouping bits into frames, adding addressing and error detection through checksums, and preventing fast senders from overwhelming slow receivers through flow control. Data link protocols must provide well-defined interfaces, handle transmission errors, and regulate data flow. They offer services like unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented to transfer data reliably between nodes.
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2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion? Dicuss the information identifying congestion in the
network as well as the mechanism for reducing congestion?
Solution
Congestion is a problem that occurs on shared networks when multiple users contend for access
to the same resources (bandwidth, buffers, and queues).
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm that
includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, with
other schemes such as slow-start to achieve congestion avoidance.
The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the
Internet.
Congestion typically occurs where multiple links feed into a single link, such as where internal
LANs are connected to WAN links. Congestion also occurs at routers in core networks where
nodes are subjected to more traffic than they are designed to handle.
TCP/IP networks such as the Internet are especially susceptible to congestion because of their
basic connection- less nature. There are no virtual circuits with guaranteed bandwidth. Packets
are injected by any host at any time, and those packets are variable in size, which make
predicting traffic patterns and providing guaranteed service impossible. While connectionless
networks have advantages, quality of service is not one of them.
Shared LANs such as Ethernet have their own congestion control mechanisms in the form of
access controls that prevent multiple nodes from transmitting at the same time.
Identifying:
Congestion is primarily reflected by a conventional user feeling-- slowness. This statement
reflects the change in the network effective flow, that is the time required to transmit an entire
data from one point to another. The effective flow doenot exist as such, it consists in reality of
three seperate indicators:
*Latency:the effective flow is inversely proportional to the latency.
*Jitter:it is latency variation over time, impacts by influencing the flow latency
*Loss Rate:the theoritical bandwidth is inversely proportional to the square root of the loss rate
These Congestion symtoms allow us to rely on objective indicators to characterize it.
Mechanism to reduce congestion:
The standard fare in TCP implementations today has four standard congestion control algorithms
that are now in common use. Their usefulness has passed the test of time.
The four algorithms, Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery are
described below. (a) Slow Start
Slow Start, a requirement for TCP software implementations is a mechanism used by the sender
to control the transmission rate, otherwise known as sender-based flow control. This is
accomplished through the return rate of acknowledgements from the receiver. In other words, the
rate of acknowledgements returned by the receiver determine the rate at which the sender can
transmit data. When a TCP connection first begins, the Slow Start algorithm initializes a
.
Transaction TCP
T/TCP is a protocol that aims to reduce the number of packets needed for transaction-style applications by allowing a client to open a connection, send data, and close the connection in a single packet. It utilizes a mechanism called TCP Accelerated Open (TAO) to bypass the standard 3-way TCP handshake. Testing showed T/TCP saved an average of 5 packets per transaction compared to TCP. However, the percentage savings decreased with larger data transfers as T/TCP is most beneficial for small transactions. While improving performance, T/TCP also introduced some security and operational issues that needed to be addressed for broader adoption.
Mobile Transpot Layer
This document discusses various transport layer protocols for mobile networks. It begins by describing TCP and its mechanisms for congestion avoidance, flow control, slow start, and retransmission. It then covers several TCP variants including Tahoe, Reno, and Vegas. It also discusses indirect TCP, Snoop TCP, and Mobile TCP which aim to optimize TCP for wireless networks by handling retransmissions locally or splitting the connection. The document provides details on the algorithms and functioning of these different protocols.
Ns3: Newreno vs Vegas vs Veno
Goal of TCP is to determine the available network capacity and prevent network overload.
Congestion is bad for the overall performance in the network.
G028033037
1. The document analyzes TCP Vegas congestion control in Linux 2.6.1. TCP Vegas monitors the difference between expected sending rate and actual sending rate to estimate network congestion and adjust the congestion window size accordingly.
2. The key aspects of TCP Vegas analyzed are delay, fairness, and loss properties. TCP Vegas aims to keep a small, stable number of packets buffered to minimize delay while achieving weighted proportional fairness between connections. It avoids packet loss by carefully extracting congestion information from round-trip times.
3. Analysis shows that in Linux implementation, TCP Vegas increases and decreases the congestion window cautiously in response to traffic, avoiding sharp increases in window size that could lead to congestion like in TCP
A THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS OF TCP IN ADHOC NETWORKS
This document analyzes the throughput of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks through simulations. It finds that TCP throughput decreases initially as the number of hops increases, then stabilizes at higher hop counts. This is due to hidden terminal problems at low hops. The number of retransmissions increases with payloads and flows due to buffering and congestion. TCP performance degrades in wireless networks because it cannot differentiate between congestion and non-congestion packet losses. Mobility, interference, and dynamic topology changes specific to wireless networks cause unnecessary triggering of TCP congestion control mechanisms.
A throughput analysis of tcp in adhoc networks
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection oriented end-end reliable byte stream
transport layer protocol. It is widely used in the Internet.TCP is fine tuned to perform well in
wired networks. However the performance degrades in mobile ad hoc networks. This is due to
the characteristics specific to wireless networks, such as signal fading, mobility, unavailability
of routes. This leads to loss of packets which may arise either from congestion or due to other
non-congestion events. However TCP assumes every loss as loss due to congestion and invokes
the congestion control procedures. TCP reduces congestion window in response, causing unnecessary
degradation in throughput. In mobile ad hoc networks multi-hop path forwarding further
worsens the packet loss and throughput. To understand the TCP behavior and improve the
TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks considerable research has been carried out. As
the research is still active in this area a comprehensive and in-depth study on the TCP throughput
and the various parameters that degrade the performance of TCP have been analyzed. The
analysis is done using simulations in Qualnet 5.0
Similar to connection establishment flowand congestion.pptx (20)
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Grid computing allows for sharing and distribution of computing power, data, and other resources across dynamic, decentralized networks. It provides transparent access to resources regardless of location, enabling applications to execute on the most appropriate systems. The key advantages are increased user productivity through faster completion of work, and scalability to grow computing power seamlessly over time. Grids have various applications including distributed supercomputing, high-throughput computing, and data-intensive computing.
Firewall.pdf
This document provides an overview of firewalls, including what they are, different types, basic concepts, their role, advantages, and disadvantages. It defines a firewall as a program or device that filters network traffic between the internet and a private network based on a set of rules. The document discusses software vs hardware firewalls and different types like packet filtering, application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways. It also covers the history of firewalls, their design goals, and how they concentrate security and restrict access to trusted machines only.
4966709.ppt
This document provides an overview of configuring and administering remote access services in Windows Server 2003. It discusses configuring remote access and VPN connections using dial-up connections and VPN protocols like PPTP and L2TP. It also covers implementing and troubleshooting remote access policies, network address translation (NAT), and Internet connection sharing to provide remote access to network resources.
lecture2.ppt
Integrity constraints are an important functionality of a DBMS that enable specification and enforcement of constraints. Examples include keys, foreign keys, and domain constraints. Keys uniquely identify tuples in a relation. Foreign keys require attributes of one relation to refer to keys of another relation. Functional dependencies specify that tuples agreeing on certain attributes must also agree on other attributes. Normalization aims to remove anomalies from relations by decomposing them according to dependencies. Relational algebra and calculus provide languages for querying relational databases. SQL is the most common language, allowing selection, projection, joins, and other operations on relations.
Tools.pptx
Microsoft Network Monitor is a packet analyzer that allows users to capture, view, and analyze network traffic through support for over 300 protocols and simultaneous capture sessions. Nagios is a powerful network monitoring tool that helps ensure critical systems, applications, and services remain operational through features like alerting, event handling, and reporting. Angry IP Scanner is a standalone application that facilitates IP address and port scanning to obtain information about alive hosts on a network.
lec3_10.ppt
This document discusses network operating systems and remote access. It covers two categories of network operating systems: peer-to-peer and client/server. Peer-to-peer NOSes lacked centralized authentication and scalability. Client/server NOSes use a server-based model. The document also discusses requirements of modern NOSes like application services, directory services, and integration/migration services. It covers remote access methods like remote control, tunneling protocols, and VPNs which allow remote clients to securely access enterprise networks.
ch12.ppt
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems, including basic telephone systems, private branch exchanges (PBXs), interactive voice response systems, leased line services like T-1 and ISDN, and packet-switched networks like frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). It discusses the components and functions of traditional telephone networks and how voice and data communications have converged. It also summarizes the historical regulatory changes in the US telephone industry before and after the AT&T breakup in 1984 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Fullandparavirtualization.ppt
Full virtualization uses binary translation to virtualize privileged instructions without modifying the guest OS, but has performance overhead. Paravirtualization modifies the guest OS kernel to replace privileged calls with hypercalls for better performance. Hardware virtualization extensions in Intel VT-x and AMD-V allow virtualizing privileged instructions in hardware. Memory virtualization uses shadow page tables to map guest physical to host physical memory. I/O virtualization presents virtual devices to VMs and translates requests to physical hardware. VMWare uses optimized direct drivers in ESXi for better I/O scalability compared to Xen's indirect driver model.
mis9_ch08_ppt.ppt
This document provides an overview of telecommunications, networks, and the Internet. It discusses contemporary corporate network infrastructures, key networking technologies like client/server computing and TCP/IP, different types of networks and transmission media, broadband services, the architecture and governance of the Internet, and how networking and telecommunications have transformed business. The role of the Internet and importance of networking is illustrated through statistics on Internet usage and the value networks provide by enabling improved decision-making and reducing barriers.
rooster-ipsecindepth.ppt
IPSec uses two protocols to provide security for IP packets: the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH). ESP provides both encryption and authentication, and can operate in either transport or tunnel mode. AH provides authentication through cryptographic integrity checks on packet headers and data. Internet Key Exchange (IKE) negotiates the security associations (SAs) needed to implement IPSec by using either pre-shared keys or digital certificates. IKE has two phases - main mode negotiates the IKE SA while quick mode establishes IPSec SAs to protect data transmission.
Policy formation and enforcement.ppt
The document discusses the importance of establishing an information security policy and provides guidance on developing policy at the enterprise, issue-specific, and system-specific levels. It emphasizes that policy provides the foundation for an effective security program and must be properly disseminated, understood, and maintained. It also outlines frameworks and processes for developing, implementing, and routinely reviewing policy to address changing needs.
Database schema architecture.ppt
The document discusses key concepts in database systems including data, information, databases, database management systems, and data redundancy, inconsistency, sharing, security, and integrity. It also covers levels of database implementation including the internal, conceptual, and external levels. Relational data models and basic terminology are defined. Relational algebra operators like selection, projection, Cartesian product, union, set difference, and set intersection are explained. Finally, some disadvantages of database systems are noted.
Transport layer security.ppt
This document discusses various protocols for securing network communications, including SSL/TLS, HTTPS, and SSH. It provides details on how SSL/TLS uses encryption and authentication to provide secure connections between a client and server. It also explains how HTTPS combines HTTP and SSL/TLS to securely transmit web traffic, and how SSH establishes secure channels for remote login and forwarding of network traffic.
Trends in DM.pptx
This document discusses applications and trends in data mining. It provides examples of data mining applications in various domains including financial data analysis, retail industry, telecommunications industry, and biological data analysis. It also discusses selecting appropriate data mining systems and provides examples of commercial data mining systems. Finally, it introduces the concept of visual data mining and the role of visualization in the data mining process.
AleksandrDoroninSlides.ppt
This document discusses attacking and defending wireless networks. It outlines common wireless encryption standards like WEP, WPA, and WPA2 and explains how they can be attacked using tools like airodump and aircrack to capture passwords or decrypt encryption keys. The document recommends strong defenses like using long complex passphrases with WPA2, changing default router settings, restricting access by MAC address, and implementing a VPN for sensitive traffic.
dm15-visualization-data-mining.ppt
This document discusses various methods for visualizing data, including representing data in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions as well as higher dimensions using techniques like parallel coordinates, scatterplots, stick figures, and Chernoff faces. It highlights principles of graphical excellence like showing viewers the greatest amount of information in the smallest space while telling the truth about the data. Examples are given of both good and bad data visualizations.
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connection establishment flowand congestion.pptx
- 2. Connection Establishment ⚫A connection is a requirementof a reliabledata delivery service. ⚫It is set up before theactual dataexchange takes place. ⚫ The connection is used toacknowledge the receiptof packets and retransmit those thatare lost.
- 3. Requirement ⚫Required byconnection-oriented transport protocols like TCP ⚫Need connection establishment procedures toallow: each end to know theotherexists negotiation of optional parameters triggers allocationof transportentity resources
- 4. Ways of Establish the connection ⚫Two-Way Handshake ⚫Three-Way Handshake
- 6. ⚫SYN: ⚫It is forsynchronization of sequence numbers ⚫It consumes 1 sequence number ⚫Carries no real data ⚫SYN+ACK: ⚫SYN segment forcommunication in otherdirection and ⚫ACK forthe received SYN ⚫It consumes 1 sequence number ⚫ACK ⚫Justan ACK segment ⚫Does not consume any sequence number
- 7. ⚫threeway handshake SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK ⚫connection determined by sourceand destination sockets (host, port) ⚫can only havea single connection between any unique pairsof ports ⚫butone portcan connect to multipleports
- 8. Flow Control ⚫Flowcontrol is the mechanism thatensures the rateat which a sender is transmitting is in proportion with the receiver’s receiving capabilities.
- 10. Stop-and-wait ⚫This is the simplest form of flow control where a sender transmits a data frame. After receiving the frame, the receiver indicates its willingness to accept another frame by sending back an ACK frame acknowledging the frame just received.
- 11. Sliding-window ⚫With the useof multiple frames fora single message, the stop-and-wait protocol does not perform well. Only one frame at a time can be in transit. In stop- and-wait flow control, if a > 1, serious inefficiencies result.
- 13. Congestion Control ⚫Congestion isa situation in Communication Networks in which too many packets are present in a part of the subnet, performance degrades. Congestion in a network mayoccurwhen the load on the network (i.e. the numberof packets sent to the network) is greater than the capacity of the network (i.e. the numberof packetsa network can handle.). Networkcongestionoccurs in caseof traffic overloading.
- 14. Causes Of Congestion ⚫if all of a sudden a stream of packets arrive on several input linesand need to beouton the sameoutput line. ⚫Slowprocessorsalsocause Congestion. If the router CPU is slowat performing the task.
- 15. Effects of Congestion ⚫Congestion affects twovital parameters of the network performance ⚫1. Through put ⚫2. Delay
- 16. Congestion Control Techniques ⚫Open loop: Protocols topreventoravoid congestion, ensuring that the system never enters a Congested State. ⚫Close loop: Protocols thatallowsystem toenter congested state, detect it, and remove it.
- 17. Congestion Control Algorithms ⚫Leaky BucketAlgorithm ⚫Token BucketAlgorithm