Chapter-6
Cell Cycle and Division
Cell Division
Cells reproduce by cell division, in which a parent cell normally gives rise to two daughter cells
Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information (DNA) from the parent cell and about half its cytoplasm
The hereditary information DNA is usually identical with that of the parent cell
The cell division of eukaryotic cells by which organisms grow or increase in number is called mitotic cell division
After cell division, the daughter cells may differentiate, becoming specialized for specific functions
The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then divide again is called the cell cycle
Most multicellular organisms have three categories of cells
1. stem cells
2. Other cells capable of dividing
3. Permanently differentiated cells
1.Stem cells :
- have two important characteristics: self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types
-Stem cells self-renew because they retain the ability to divide, perhaps for the entire life of the organism
-Some stem cells in early embryos can produce any of the specialized cell types of the entire body
2. Other cells capable of dividing
-Some cells other than stem cells are capable of continuing to divide, but typically differentiate into only one or two different cell types
-Dividing liver cells, for example, can only become more liver cells
3. Permanently differentiated cells
-Permanently differentiated cells differentiate and never divide again
-For example, most heart and brain cells cannot divide
CELL CYCLE
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cell cycles that include growth, metabolic activity, DNA replication, and cell division
However, they have major structural and functional differences
Eukaryotic chromosome
Eukaryotic chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotic cells always have multiple chromosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes are longer and have more DNA than prokaryotic chromosomes (human chromosomes are 10 to 80 times longer and have 10 to 50 times more DNA)
Genes
Genes are segments of the DNA of a chromosome
Genes are sequences of DNA from hundreds to thousands of nucleotides long
Each gene occupies a specific place, or locus (plural, loci) on the chromosome
Two important parts of chromosome
Two telomeres
One centromere
It temporarily holds two daughter DNA double helices together after DNA replication
It is the attachment site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division
Homologous
11
Chromosomes that contain the same genes are called homologous chromosomes, or homologues
Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid, which means “double”
Cells with half the number of chromosomes are called haploid
Human Chromosomes
A typical human cell has ...
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
ENG315 Professional Scenarios
1. Saban is a top performing industrial equipment salesperson for D2D. After three years of working with his best client, he receives a text message from Pat (his direct manager) assigning him to a completely different account.
Pat has received complaints that Saban gets all of the good clients and is not a “team player.”
Saban responds to the message and asks for a meeting with Pat to discuss this change. Pat responds with another text message that reads: “Decision final. Everyone needs to get a chance to work with the best accounts so it is fair. Come by the office and pick up your new files.”
Moments later, Saban sends a text message to Karen, his regional manager and Pat’s boss. It simply reads, “We need to talk.”
2. Amber, Savannah, and Stephen work for Knowledge, Inc. (a consulting company). While on a conference call with Tim Rice Photography (an established client), the group discusses potential problems with a marketing campaign. Tim Rice, lead photographer and owner of Tim Rice Photography, is insistent the marketing is working and changes are not needed.
Amber reaches over to put Tim on “Mute” but accidently pushes a different button. She immediately says to Savannah and Stephen that the marketing campaign is not working and that “…Tim should stick to taking pretty pictures.”
Tim responds, “You know I can hear you, right?”
3. James shows up to work approximately five minutes late this morning, walks silently (but quickly) down the hallway and begins to punch in at the time clock located by the front desk.
Sarah, the front desk manager, says, "Good morning, James," but James ignores her, punches in, and heads into the shop to his workplace. Sarah rolls her eyes, picks up the phone, and dials the on-duty manager to alert her that James just arrived and should be reaching his desk any moment.
4. Paul works for the website division of SuperMega retail company. He receives an email late Friday afternoon that explains a new computer will launch at the end of next June and it will be in high demand with limited stock. Also contained in the three-page-message is that customers will be able to preorder the item 30 days before launch according to the production company. Paul is asked to create a landing page for consumers who are interested in learning more about the product.
By mistake, Paul sets up a preorder page for the product that afternoon (well in advance of the company authorized period) and late Friday evening consumers begin to preorder the product. Sharon, Vice President of Product Sales at SuperMega, learns of the error Saturday morning and calls Paul to arrange a meeting first thing Monday morning. Sharon explains to Paul on the phone that the company intends on canceling all of the preorders and Paul responds that the company should honor the preorders because it was not a consumer error. After a heated exchange, Paul hangs up on Sharon when she in.
ENG122 – Research Paper Peer Review InstructionsApply each of .docxchristinemaritza
ENG122 – Research Paper Peer Review Instructions
Apply each of the following questions to the paper you’ve selected to read. Provide thorough and thoughtful answers so the author can easily and appropriately revise.
Who is the main audience of this paper?
What is the main idea presented herein?
What information does the reader need to know about the idea for it to make sense?
Are examples clear and appropriate?
Is evidence or support for any claims provided?
Is the topic appropriate to the writing assignment? Does it need to be more general? More focused?
Are writer’s points organized in a logical way?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter-6Cell Cycle and DivisionCell Divisio.docx
ENG315 Professional Scenarios
1. Saban is a top performing industrial equipment salesperson for D2D. After three years of working with his best client, he receives a text message from Pat (his direct manager) assigning him to a completely different account.
Pat has received complaints that Saban gets all of the good clients and is not a “team player.”
Saban responds to the message and asks for a meeting with Pat to discuss this change. Pat responds with another text message that reads: “Decision final. Everyone needs to get a chance to work with the best accounts so it is fair. Come by the office and pick up your new files.”
Moments later, Saban sends a text message to Karen, his regional manager and Pat’s boss. It simply reads, “We need to talk.”
2. Amber, Savannah, and Stephen work for Knowledge, Inc. (a consulting company). While on a conference call with Tim Rice Photography (an established client), the group discusses potential problems with a marketing campaign. Tim Rice, lead photographer and owner of Tim Rice Photography, is insistent the marketing is working and changes are not needed.
Amber reaches over to put Tim on “Mute” but accidently pushes a different button. She immediately says to Savannah and Stephen that the marketing campaign is not working and that “…Tim should stick to taking pretty pictures.”
Tim responds, “You know I can hear you, right?”
3. James shows up to work approximately five minutes late this morning, walks silently (but quickly) down the hallway and begins to punch in at the time clock located by the front desk.
Sarah, the front desk manager, says, "Good morning, James," but James ignores her, punches in, and heads into the shop to his workplace. Sarah rolls her eyes, picks up the phone, and dials the on-duty manager to alert her that James just arrived and should be reaching his desk any moment.
4. Paul works for the website division of SuperMega retail company. He receives an email late Friday afternoon that explains a new computer will launch at the end of next June and it will be in high demand with limited stock. Also contained in the three-page-message is that customers will be able to preorder the item 30 days before launch according to the production company. Paul is asked to create a landing page for consumers who are interested in learning more about the product.
By mistake, Paul sets up a preorder page for the product that afternoon (well in advance of the company authorized period) and late Friday evening consumers begin to preorder the product. Sharon, Vice President of Product Sales at SuperMega, learns of the error Saturday morning and calls Paul to arrange a meeting first thing Monday morning. Sharon explains to Paul on the phone that the company intends on canceling all of the preorders and Paul responds that the company should honor the preorders because it was not a consumer error. After a heated exchange, Paul hangs up on Sharon when she in.
ENG122 – Research Paper Peer Review InstructionsApply each of .docxchristinemaritza
ENG122 – Research Paper Peer Review Instructions
Apply each of the following questions to the paper you’ve selected to read. Provide thorough and thoughtful answers so the author can easily and appropriately revise.
Who is the main audience of this paper?
What is the main idea presented herein?
What information does the reader need to know about the idea for it to make sense?
Are examples clear and appropriate?
Is evidence or support for any claims provided?
Is the topic appropriate to the writing assignment? Does it need to be more general? More focused?
Are writer’s points organized in a logical way?
.
ENG122 – Research Paper Peer Review InstructionsApply each of th.docxchristinemaritza
ENG122 – Research Paper Peer Review Instructions
Apply each of the following questions to the paper you’ve selected to read. Provide thorough and thoughtful answers so the author can easily and appropriately revise.
Who is the main audience of this paper?
What is the main idea presented herein?
What information does the reader need to know about the idea for it to make sense?
Are examples clear and appropriate?
Is evidence or support for any claims provided?
Is the topic appropriate to the writing assignment? Does it need to be more general? More focused?
Are writer’s points organized in a logical way?
.
ENG 115
ASSIGNMENT 2: STANCE ESSAY DRAFT
Due Week 7 and worth 100 points
For your next assignment, you will write a stance essay. A stance essay takes a position on a topic and argues and supports that
position with evidence. Consider your topic:
· What possible positions/arguments are there?
· What position resonates with you? (Which position do you believe is correct?)
· What are your main points?
· What are the counterpoints? Are you ready to dispute them?
· Do you have enough evidence to effectively support your argument?
For the stance essay, your personal voice (your perspective) should come through. This is just like assignment 1, except you should
maintain a formal tone.For this essay, you will need to support your points with credible sources. You’re ready to take a position on
the topic you have been writing about!
Important note: Stance Essays DO incorporate research exclusively from the WebText. DO NOT use outside sources. If you have
written a Stance Essay in a previous course, please reach out to your professor to see if you can re-use it. You are not permitted to
use ANY paper from an unrelated current or past course.
INSTRUCTIONS:
You are required to use your WebText to draft your essay in the templates!
Compose a three-four (3-4) page paper in which you do the following:
1. Use third person point of view (POV) and the appropriate voice and tone throughout your paper.
a. Did you use third person pronouns? (he, she, they, their)
b. Does your personality carry over in your writing? Are your word choices personal and consistent?
c. Is the tone formal? Does it express your attitude about the topic?
2. Write an introduction paragraph, which includes your thesis statement. It is suggested that this paragraph contain 5-7
sentences.
a. Does your introduction include solutions or approaches on the topic?
b. Does your thesis statement include three supporting reasons that clearly express your stance on the topic?\
c. Is your thesis statement clear and concise?
d. Does your introduction provide a preview of the rest of your essay?
3. Write a supporting/body paragraph for each of the three (3) points/reasons from your thesis statement. It is suggested
that each paragraph contain at least 5-7 sentences.
a. Do your body paragraphs support each point of your thesis with relevant examples or statistics?
b. Do you address the opinions or concerns that your audience might have?
c. Did you paraphrase, quote, or summarize properly to avoid plagiarism? Did you comment on each quotation? Do
you limit quotes to no more than 25 words.
4. Write with logic and with transitions throughout your paper?
a. Are your ideas consistent and well-organized, i.e., chronological order or order of importance?
b. Do your ideas flow from one sentence to the next and one paragraph to the next, in the order presented in your
thesis statement?
5. Write a conclusion paragraph. It is suggested that thi.
ENG 510 Final Project Milestone Three Guidelines and Rubric .docxchristinemaritza
ENG 510 Final Project Milestone Three Guidelines and Rubric
Overview: For the final project, you will be creating a writer’s toolkit in which you define, analyze, and apply storytelling elements, literary conventions, and
themes that you can use for future work. In Milestone Two, you focused on applying a deliberate point of view. In this milestone, you will analyze the other
techniques found in your chosen texts.
Prompt: Your analysis should include an in-depth evaluation of both the classic and contemporary texts’ treatment of the storytelling elements of narrative
structure (conflict, crisis, and resolution) and character development. In support of your analysis, you will assess the authors’ choices and literary techniques. In
addition, provide a rationale for the authors’ incorporation of literary conventions of the time period, supporting your stance with research. Lastly, you should
evaluate how the text uses these elements to create its intended theme or meaning. You may submit revised portions of this milestone for your final project.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Classic Work
A. Analyze the classic text for the core storytelling elements—narrative structure (conflict, crisis, and resolution), along with the character
development choices employed by the author. How does the author use the elements to create their own distinctive style?
B. Determine how the author’s choices relate to relevant literary conventions of the time, providing a supported rationale for the relationship. In
other words, what does the author’s adoption or skillful rejection of conventions say about the strategic communication of his or her story
concept?
C. Evaluate how the text uses the storytelling elements to create its intended theme, providing supported rationale.
II. Contemporary Work
A. Analyze the contemporary text for the core storytelling elements—narrative structure (conflict, crisis, and resolution), along with the character
development choices employed by the author. How does the author use the elements to create their own distinctive style?
B. Determine how the author’s choices relate to relevant literary conventions of the time, providing a supported rationale for the relationship. In
other words, what does the author’s adoption or skillful rejection of conventions say about the strategic communication of his or her story
concept?
C. Evaluate how the text uses the storytelling elements to create its intended theme, providing supported rationale.
Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Milestone Three should be 3 to 4 pages in length, with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and at
least three sources cited in MLA format.
Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Classic Work:
Storytelling Elements
Analyzes the classic work for core
storytelling elements—narrative
structure (conflict, cris.
ENG-105 Peer Review Worksheet Rhetorical Analysis of a Public.docxchristinemaritza
ENG-105 Peer Review Worksheet: Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document
Part of your responsibility as a student in this course is to provide quality feedback to your peers that will help them to improve their writing skills. This worksheet will assist you in providing that feedback. To highlight the text and type over the information in the boxes on this worksheet, double-click on the first word.
Name of the draft’s author: Type Author Name Here
Name of the peer reviewer: Type Reviewer Name Here
Reviewer
After reading through the draft one time, write a summary (3-5 sentences) of the paper that includes your assessment of how well the essay meets the assignment requirements as specified in the syllabus and the rubric.
Type 3-5 Sentence Summary Here
After a second, closer reading of the draft, answer each of the following questions. Positive answers will give you specific elements of the draft to praise; negative answers will indicate areas in need of improvement and revision. Please be sure to indicate at least three positive aspects of the draft and at least three areas for improvement in reply to the questions at the bottom of this worksheet.
Rhetorical Analysis Content and Ideas
· How effectively does the thesis statement identify the main points that the writer would like to make about the public document he or she is analyzing?
Type Answer Here
· How successful is the writer’s summary of the public document under study?
Type Answer Here
· How effective is the writer’s explanation and evaluation of the rhetorical situation, genre, and stance?
Type Answer Here
· How persuasively is evidence used to support assertions and enrich the essay?
Type Answer Here
· How effectively does the essay’s content support the thesis by analyzing the document and evaluating its effectiveness according to strategies from chapter 8 of Writing with Purpose?
Type Answer Here
Organization
· How effectively does the introduction engage the reader while providing an overview of the paper?
Type Answer Here
· Please identify the writer’s thesis and quote it in the box below.
Type Writer's Thesis Here
· How effectively do the paragraphs develop the topic sentence and advance the essay’s ideas?
Type Answer Here
· How effectively does the conclusion provide a strong, satisfying ending, not a mere summary of the essay?
Type Answer Here
Format
· How closely does the paper follow GCU formatting style? Is it double-spaced in 12 pt. Times New Roman font? Does it have 1" margins? Does it use headers (page numbers using appropriate header function)? Does it have a proper heading (with student’s name, date, course, and instructor’s name)?
|_|Yes |_|No Add optional clarification here
· Are all information, quotations, and borrowed ideas cited in parenthetical GCU format?
|_|Yes |_|No Add optional clarification here
· Are all sources listed on the references page in GCU format?
|_|Yes |_|No Add optional clarification here
· Is the required minimum number of sources li.
ENG 272-0Objective The purpose of this essay is t.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 272-0
Objective: The purpose of this essay is to make an analytical argument about connections across texts, time periods and cultures, and to situate this argument within the context of the existing critical discourse. You will need to select 3 primary texts to actively analyze in order to develop an argument of your own; you should make an argument about, not simply summarize, the primary texts.For the primary texts, choose one (1) work from each of the three (3) columns below.
Prompt:Based on Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize winning book of 1961, To Kill A Mockingbird is set in small-town Alabama, 1932. Atticus Finch (played by Gregory Peck) is a lawyer and a widower with two young children, Jem and Scout. Atticus Finch is currently defending Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman. Meanwhile, Jem and Scout are intrigued by their neighbors, the Radley’s, and the mysterious, seldom-seen Boo Radley in particular. The story features a number of “mockingbirds”—those who are scorned by society unfairly, and makes timeless insights about the nature of humanity and what it means to be human.
Option 1:Reflect on the film’s assertions, and then construct a thesis and write an essay that directly cites from a minimum of three (3) different texts considered in in this class, a minimum of one from each of the three columns below.
Option 2:With Lee’s story in mind, discuss and reflect on the following questions. What are the basic rights and liberties of a human in a social democracy? What effect does dehumanization have on the victim and the perpetrator? What is society’s role in facilitating the happiness and prosperity of its members? What role does conformity and blind adherence to tradition play in perpetuating inequality? Your response should directly cite from a minimum of three (3) different texts considered in ENG 272, a minimum of one from each of the three columns below.
· The essay must be 4-6 pages (1000-1500 words), typed, double-spaced in Times New Roman 12 pt. font with 1-inch margins. Include your name, the course #, the date, and an original title on the first page (standard MLA format). You are to use no sources other than the assigned texts from the table below; therefore, a Works Cited page is not necessary!!!!
The Enlightenment
Revolutions
Modernity
Kant-“What is Enlightenment?”
Descartes-“Discourse on Method”
Diderot-Encyclopedie
Wollstonecraft—“A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
Paine-“Common Sense”
Paine-“Age of Reason”
Jefferson: Declaration of Independence
Jefferson: “On Equality”
Declaration of Sentiments
Declaration of Rights
DeGouges: The Rights of Woman
Douglass: The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
Kafka: Metamorphosis
Whitman: “Song of Myself”
Selected Dickenson poems
Wordsworth: “The World is Too Much with Us.”
Assignment: How does the Critical Race Theory apply to the study of dismattling the
school to prison pipeline.
1. 6-7 pages
.
ENG 360 01 American PoetrySpring 2019TuesdayFriday 800 –.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 360 01 American Poetry
Spring 2019
Tuesday/Friday 8:00 – 9:15 St. Mary’s B1
Brandon Clay
Course Description:
ENG 360 is a survey of a selection of American poetry and poetics from the Puritan era to the present, showing the effects of the Romantic revolution on an American Puritan tradition and the making of a national vernacular for poetry. Students will study poetic technique and read authors such as Bradstreet, Taylor, Freneau, Emerson, Longfellow, Poe, Thoreau, Whitman, Dickinson, Robinson, Dunbar, Crane, Stein, Sandburg, Stevens, Williams, Pound, H.D., Moore, Eliot, Millay, Hughes, Cullen, Zukofsky, Auden, Roethke, Bishop, Berryman, Brooks, Lowell, Plath, Glück, Levertov, Ginsberg, Merrill, Kinnell, Rich, Pinsky, and Collins. This is a writing intensive course and it meets literature requirements for graduation.
Course Learning Outcomes:
· To become familiar with the history of and different styles of American poetry
· To develop an understanding of the historical and social frameworks in which poems are written
· To understand different critical approaches to the interpretation of poetry
· To refine the critical and analytical skills used in verbal and written discussions of poetry
· To develop an enjoyment of and appreciation for poetry
Prerequisite:
ENG 142, earning a “C” or better.
Required Text(s):
Lehman, David, ed. The Oxford Book of American Poetry. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006.
Expected Student Behavior in Class:
All students are expected to behave in a professional and courteous manner to both the professor and other students in class, and to follow the procedures as outlined in this syllabus for this course. If the professor deems that a student has failed to adhere to this standard, the professor shall make a report to both the Dean of the School of Arts & Sciences, and the Dean of Students. Please follow all policies as written in the 2018-2019 Student Handbook.
Preparation and Active Class Participation:
Students are required to read all works for the course. Assignments must be read prior to the class in which the particular work(s) will be discussed. Papers must be written in MLA format, using and citing quotations from primary and/or secondary sources. Written work is due at the beginning of class on the due date specified on the schedule below. Major writing assignments will be submitted electronically using Moodle and Turnitin.com. Some written work may also be turned in as a hard copy. Use white paper and 12 point, Times New Roman font with one-inch margins. All papers must be stapled and (per MLA format) include name, class title, instructor name, and due date in upper left hand corner.
Note that Student Performance counts for 15% of the final grade (complete grading system described below). This is defined as how a student conducts him/herself in the class, and refers specifically to attendance, lateness, manners, and respect towards professor and fellow students. A student can expect to receive a.
ENG 4034AHamlet Final AssessmentDUE DATE WEDNESDAY, 1220, 1.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 403/4A
Hamlet Final Assessment
DUE DATE: WEDNESDAY, 12/20, 11:30 PM
At the end of the Hamlet unit, you will have two choices to earn 100 points. These choices replace the final essay test that was in the course originally. You can choose only ONE of the following options, and the due date remains the same. These activities will be graded just like the test would have been, meaning there is no chance to redo or revise the assignment. However, this will be taken into consideration when I grade them.
No matter what option you choose, it must be completed in a Word document and labeled or titled so that it is clear to your teacher which option you chose. On your document, write it as a heading, like this:
Your first and last name
Date
Name of the option you chose
Models of each assignment can be found in class announcements.
Option #1: RAFT
A RAFT is a writing assignment that encourages you to uncover your own voice and formats for presenting your ideas about the content you are studying. In this design, you have a lot of freedom to choose what interests you.
· R = Role of the writer: Who are you as the writer?
· A = Audience: To whom are you writing?
· F = Format: In what format are you writing?
· T = Topic: What are you writing about?
The process:
1. Use the chart below to choose two characters from the ROLE column. Your goal is to write in the voice (Role) of YOUR CHARACTER.
2. Using the knowledge and understanding that you have gained throughout the reading and viewing of Hamlet, choose a related Audience, Format, and Topic from the chart below.
3. As you craft your creative writing assignment, be sure the character’s personality and motivations are evident. For instance, you could choose Ophelia (role), Hamlet (audience), blog entry (format) and betrayal (theme). Then you will write a blog entry from Ophelia’s point of view with Hamlet as the intended audience focused on the theme of betrayal.
4. Next, repeat this process for a different role, audience, format and theme.
5. Please see the model below (pg. 8) to understand what to do.
6. If you are unsure of what a particular format is, the best thing to do is look up examples online.
· YOU MUST CHOOSE TWO CHARACTERS FROM THE ROLE LIST AND COMPLETE TWO DIFFERENT RAFTS. THEY WILL BE WORTH 50 POINTS EACH AND MUST BE AT LEAST 200 WORDS EACH.
· To clarify, this means two different roles, two different audiences, two different formats and two different themes.
· You may use some words from the play, but if you do they MUST be exact and put in quotation marks. The goal, however, is to use your own words. No outside sources are to be used for this assignment.
· You can choose to write about a particular scene or event, or the play as a whole.
· You are in the voice of the character, so if you choose the role of Ophelia, then you will become her (first person POV) and reflect her personality and motivations in your writing.
Role
Audience
Format
Theme
Choose the role that you .
ENG 3107 Writing for the Professions—Business & Social Scienc.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 3107: Writing for the Professions—Business & Social Sciences
Rev.6.26.18
Project 2: Memorandum
Your Strategies for Recommendation Report
OWL Draft Due Date:
Final Draft Setup Requirement:
• Polished, properly formatted, 2-page memorandum, that begins with a standard
memo heading section that contains To, From, Subject, and Date
• 12-point Times New Roman font
• Single-spaced lines
• 1st or 3rd person point of view
WHAT: Write a 2-page memorandum (memo) addressed to your course instructor as its
intended audience. The goal of your memo is to persuade your instructor to approve your
strategies for constructing your Recommendation Report, where you will identify a problem
within a specific company or organization and persuade a specific audience to take action.
You must use the Rhetorical Structure outlined in the HOW section below.
NOTE: Rather than draft a shorter version of your Recommendation Report, describe what you
intend to do to create your Recommendation Report as written below.
HOW: BRAINSTORM: Here are some suggestions from Contemporary Business Communications
(Houghton Mifflin, 2009) to prompt your thinking about possible topics for the
Recommendation Report as you develop this memo assignment (the term "ABC company" is a
generic name and cannot be used for the assignment):
• comparison of home pages on the Internet for ABC industry
• dress policy for the ABC company
• buying versus leasing computers at ABC company or university
• developing a diversity training program at ABC company
• encouraging the use of mass transit at ABC company or university
• establishing a recycling policy at ABC company
• evaluating a charity for corporate giving at ABC company
• recommending a site for the annual convention of ABC association
• starting an employee newsletter at ABC company
• starting an onsite wellness program at ABC company or university
• best online source for office supplies at ABC company
• best shipping service (e.g. UPS, USPS, FedEx)
• most appropriate laptop computer for ABC company managers who travel
ENG 3107: Writing for the Professions—Business & Social Sciences
Rev.6.26.18
RHETORICAL STRUCTURE: Use the subheadings in bold below in your memo.
• Description: What problem or challenge will you address in your Recommendation
Report? Provide an overview in two or three sentences, explaining why the memo has
been written. Why is the problem/challenge important to address?
• Objective: What should your audience know and do/change as a result of your
Recommendation Report?
• Information: What evidence will you will need to gather to support your
recommendations in the Recommendation Report? Where do you think you will find
this information? How will this information help you persuade your reader of your
recommendation? (Do not conduct any research for this memo assignment, just
describe your research plans.)
• Audience: Who is .
ENG 271Plato and Aristotlea Classical Greek philosophe.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 271
Plato and Aristotle
a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician
student of Socrates
writer of philosophical dialogues
founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world
Plato (@427 [email protected] BCE)
a genre of prose literary works in which characters discuss moral and philosophical problems, illustrating a version of the Socratic method (learning through open ended, critical thinking questioning)
The Republic is one of Plato’s Socratic dialogues
Socratic dialogue
a Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition of justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just man.[
The Republic
Allegory: A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. An extended metaphor.
In Book VII of The Republic, it follows the “metaphor of the sun.” In it, the sun symbolizes illumination or enlightenment.
Ideas are the highest form of knowledge—not physical sensations
Explores the philosopher’s role in society (they are best for leadership roles)
Knowledge is freedom
Those with knowledge are obliged to share it
The Allegory of the Cave
The Allegory of the Cave
Greek philosopher and sage
student of Plato
teacher of Alexander the Great
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
335 BCE: the earliest-surviving work of dramatic theory and the first philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.
Key terms:
Mimesis or "imitation", "representation"
Catharsis or, variously, "purgation", "purification", "clarification"
Mythos or "plot"
Ethos or "character"
Dianoia or "thought", "theme"
Lexis or "diction", "speech"
Melos, or "melody"
Opsis or "spectacle"
The Poetics
Theogony and Metamorphoses
eng 271
Jf drake state technical college
Hesiod
Hesiod was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer
The invocation of the muses
Muses dancing on Mount Helicon. Hesiod claimed he was inspired by the Muses to become a poet after they appeared to him on Mount Helicon. His poetry was partly an account of heroes and divinities, such as the Muses themselves, and included praise of kings.
Theogony
“the generation (or birth) of the gods”
The Theogony concerns the origins of the world (cosmogony) and of the gods (theogony), beginning with Chaos, Gaia, and Eros, and shows a special interest in genealogy.
The creation myth in Hesiod has long been held to have Eastern influences, such as the Hittite Song of Kumarbi and the Babylonian Enuma Elis. This cultural crossover would have occurred in the eighth and ninth century Greek trading colonies such as Al Mina in North Syria.
Chaos, Gaia, and Eros
Chaos (Greek χάος khaos) refers to the formless or void state preceding the creation of the universe or cosmos in the Greek creation myths, more specifically the initial.
ENG 315 Professional Communication Week 4 Discussion Deliver.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 315: Professional Communication
Week 4 Discussion: Delivering Bad News Messages
Delivering Bad News Messages
In the Chapter 7 reading, you learned about inductive and deductive methods of reasoning and communication. Share an example of a "bad news message" either from the text or from an online article you've seen (provide a link, please, if you choose the latter option). Explain whether you believe inductive OR deductive reasoning would be more effective to share that bad news with others and why.
After you have responded to this starter thread, don't forget to reply to at least one classmate to meet the minimum posting frequency requirement.
Student Response:
Erica Collins
RE: Week 4 Discussion: Delivering Bad News Messages
"They never gave me a fair chance," That's unfair," "This just can't be." In this case I will have to go with inductive reasoning after reviewing in some ways they are so similar to one another. Inductive reasoning is more based on uncertainty and deductive reasoning is more factual. In this case the conversation is more of an assumption.
I would think deductive would be more effective to share because deductive focus more on facts. Deductive Reasoning is the basic form of valid reasoning in my words accurate information that can be proven. Inductive reasoning is the premises in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for truth. In my words this seems more of an opinion until proven. Tom me they are similar you have to really read to understand the difference of inductive and deductive reasoning.
ENG 315: Professional Communication
Due Week 4 and worth 150 points
Choose one of the professional scenarios provided in Blackboard under the Course Info tab, (see next page) or click here to view them in a new window.
Write a Block Business Letter from the perspective of company management. It must provide bad news to the recipient and follow the guidelines outlined in Chapter 7: Delivering Bad-News Messages in BCOM9 (pages 116-136).
The message should take the block business letter form from the posted example; however, you will submit your assignment to the online course shell.
The block business letter must adhere to the following requirements:
Content:
Address the communication issue from the scenario.
Provide bad news from the company to the recipient.
Concentrate on the facts of the situation and use either the inductive or deductive approach.
Assume your recipient has previously requested a review of the situation via email, letter, or personal meeting with management.
Format:
Include the proper introductory elements (sender’s address, date, recipient’s address). You may create any details necessary in the introductory elements to complete the assignment.
Provide an appropriate and professional greeting / salutation.
Single space paragraphs and double space between paragraphs.
Limit the letter to one page in length.
Clarity / Mechanics:
Focus on clarity, writing mechanics, .
ENG 315 Professional Communication Week 9Professional Exp.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 315: Professional Communication
Week 9
Professional Experience #5
Due at the end of Week 9 and worth 22 points
(Not eligible for late policy unless an approved, documented exception provided)
For Professional Experience #5, you will develop a promotional message. This can be an email, letter, info graphic, image, or any other relevant material that answers the following question:
Why should students take a Professional Communications course?
Instructions:
Step One: Choose the type of file you want to use to develop your promotional message (Word document, PowerPoint, etc.) and open a new file in that type and save to your desktop, using the following file name format:
Your_Name_Wk9_Promotion
Example: Ed_Buchanan_Wk9_Promotion
Step Two: Develop a promotional message that is no more than one page to explain why students should take a professional communications course.
Step Three: Submit your completed promotional message file for your instructor’s review using the Professional Experience #5 assignment link the Week 9 in Blackboard. Check that you have saved all changes and that your file name is follows this naming convention: Your_Name_Wk9_Promotion.
In order to receive credit for completing this task, you must:
Ensure your message is no more than one page.
Provide an effective answer to the question of why students should take a professional communication’s class.
Submit the file to Blackboard using the Professional Experience #5 link in the week 9 tab in Blackboard.
Note: This is a pass/fail assignment. All elements must be completed simulating the workplace environment where incomplete work is not accepted.
The professional experience assignments are designed to help prepare you for that environment. To earn credit, make sure you complete all elements and follow the instructions exactly as written. This is a pass/fail assignment, so no partial credit is possible. Assignments that follow directions as written will receive full credit, 22 points. Assignments that are incomplete or do not follow directions will be scored at a zero.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Plan, create, and evaluate professional documents.
Write clearly, coherently, and persuasively using proper grammar, mechanics, and formatting appropriate to the situation.
Deliver professional information to various audiences using appropriate tone, style, and format.
Learn communication fundamentals and execute various professional tasks in a collaborative manner.
Analyze professional communication examples to assist in revision.
ENG 315: Professional Communication
Week 9 Discussion: Professional Networking
Part 1:
Professional Networking
Select ONE of the following:
Discuss three (3) reasons for utilizing professional networking during the job-hunting process. Note: Some potential points to consider include: developing a professional network, experiences you had presenting your resume at a job fair, or inter.
ENG 202 Questions about Point of View in Ursula K. Le Guin’s .docxchristinemaritza
ENG 202: Questions about Point of View in Ursula K. Le Guin’s “The Wife’s Story” (284-287), Alice
Walker’s “Olive Oil” and Meron Hadero’s “The Suitcase” (both in folder) 7 questions: 50 points total
Read everything carefully. This is designed to provide a learning experience.
Writers often use one of these three types of narration:
First-person narration uses “I” because “one character is telling the story from [his/her] point
of view.” In other words, we step into the skin of this character and move through the story
seeing everything through his/her eyes alone. To best illustrate first-person narration, choose
parts of the story that show the character revealing intimate thoughts/feelings, something we
can see only by having access to his/her heart & mind. This is a useful point of view to show a
character’s change of heart, to trick a reader, and/or to make the reader realize that s/he
understands more than the narrator does.
Third-person omniscient narration: “The narrator sees into the minds of any or all of
the characters, moving when necessary from one to another.” In other words, the
narrator is god-like (all-knowing) with the ability to report on the thoughts of multiple
characters. To best illustrate omniscient third-person narration, choose parts of the
story that show characters’ private thoughts/feelings revealed only to us, not the
others. This can be a very satisfying point of view because we know what is on many or
all characters' minds and do not have to guess. This is a useful point of view to show
how events impact characters in the story.
Third-person limited narration “reduces the narrator’s scope to a single
character.” In other words, the narrator does not know all but is rather
limited to the inner thoughts of one character; however, this narrator can
also objectively report on the environment surrounding this character. To
best illustrate third-person limited, choose parts of the story that
illustrate this character’s thoughts/feelings that are only revealed to
us, not to the others; additionally, choose parts of the story that show
objective reporting of events. This is a useful point of view for stories
that highlight a dynamic between a character and the world.
Each story this week uses a different type of narration.
“The Wife’s Story” uses first-person narration: the story is told from the point of view of the
wife.
1) Quote a part of the story that proves it is written in first-person narration. To earn
full points, choose wisely. To best illustrate first-person narration, choose a part of
the story that shows the wife revealing an intimate thought/feeling, something we can
see only by having access to her heart/mind. To earn full points, achieve correct
integration, punctuation, and citation by using the format below. (8 points)
Highlighting is just for lesson clarity.
Quotation Format
The wife reveals, “Quotation” (#)..
ENG 220250 Lab Report Requirements Version 0.8 -- 0813201.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 220/250 Lab Report Requirements
Version 0.8 -- 08/13/2018
I. General Requirements
The length of a lab report must not exceed 10 typewritten pages. This
includes any and all attachments included in the report.
The font size used in the body of the report must not exceed 12 pts.
The lab report must be submitted as a single document file with all of
the required attachments included.
[Refer to Exhibit #1]
Reports submitted electronically must be in the Adobe PDF format.
For any videos submitted (online students only):
They must have a minimum video resolution of 480p.
The maximum length for any video submitted must not exceed 5
minutes.
Due to their large file size, the video files must not be sent as
email attachments.
They can be uploaded to cloud storage (Dropbox, Google Drive, One
Drive, etc.). The link to the video file can then be submitted
via email.
II. Required Attachments
MultiSim simulation screenshots
The only simulation software that can be used for any lab
assignments in this course is MultiSim.
[Refer to Exhibit #2]
The simulation(s) shown on the lab report must show the same
types of measuring instruments that were used to perform the lab.
[Refer to Exhibit #3]
The illustration(s) included in the lab report must be actual
screenshots of the circuit simulation.
[Refer to Exhibit #4]
All screenshots of circuit simulations included in the report
must show the values being measured.
[Refer to Exhibit #5]
The screenshot(s) must be included in the body of the report.
They must be properly labelled and referenced in the lab report.
Printouts from MultiSim are not acceptable.
[Refer to Exhibit #6]
Raw Data
A copy of the original hand-written data sheet that you used to
record the data must be included in the lab report.
[Refer to Exhibit #7]
If the data is recorded on the lab assignment sheet, include only
the portion of the assignment sheet that you wrote your data on.
[Refer to Exhibit #8]
III. Lab Report Requirements
Equipment Documentation
The lab reports must include the make, model, and serial number
of lab equipment used in performing the lab. The equipment
includes
● Multimeters
● Capacitance and inductance testers
● Oscilloscopes
● Function generators
● Power Supplies
[Refer to Exhibit #9]
Lab Procedure
The lab procedure that you used must be documented in the report
as a step-by-step process. Bullet points or numbers must be used
to identify each step.
[Refer to Exhibit #10]
Data
Data must be shown in tabular format and all headings must be
clearly labelled along with the proper units of measurement.
[Refer to Exhibit #11]
No more than 2 to 4 decimal places are required for the showing
of data values. The use of engineering notation and/or metric
units of measurement is strongly recommended.
[Refer to Exhibit #12]
Showing ca.
ENG 203 Short Article Response 2 Sample Answer (Worth 13 mark.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 203: Short Article Response 2
Sample Answer
(Worth 13 marks)
ENGL 203 -Response Assignment 2: Sample Answer
1
Writing a Short Article Response (3 paragraph format + concluding sentence)
Paragraph 1:
Introduction
Introduction (summary) paragraph
· include APA citation of title, author, date + main idea of the whole article
· Brief summary of article (2 to 3 sentences)
· Last sentence is the thesis statement –
o must include your opinion/position + any two focus points from the article you have chosen to respond to
Paragraph 2:
Response Paragraph 1
Response to your first focus point from article #1
Paragraph 3:
Response Paragraph 2
Response to 2nd focus point from the article # 2
Paragraph 4: (optional)
Conclusion
Restate your thesis in slightly different words with concluding thoughts/summary of your responses
Length
300 to 400 words
*No Quotations, please paraphrase all sentences
A Response to “Access to Higher Education”
First sentence: APA Citation + reporting verb + main idea of whole article
In the article “Access to Higher Education,” Moola (2015) discussed the possible factors affecting one’s choice in attending higher education. Many people believe that the dramatic rise in college tuition is the main cause of inaccessibility to college. However, parental education backgrounds and their influence on children, admission selectivity categories in universities, unawareness of student aid opportunities, and coping with personal and social challenges are all having effects on a person’s option regarding their enrollment in colleges. Several negative consequences may occur if tertiary education is considered as a right such as negligence of studies and decrement in pass rate. While it is true that higher educational institutes admit students based on certain criteria, one could argue that it is unfair that universities prefer the wealthy, and those who are academically excellent.
Summary sentences (2 to 3)
Student Thesis: 2 focus points + opinion/position phrases (one positive, one negative)
Firstly, this article overlooked the fact that financial aid is not available for everyone and student loans have to be paid back. The author suggested that if university fees are not affordable, students can apply for academic grants and loans. However, scholarships and academic awards are distributed on a highly competitive basis, and therefore, only students who meet the eligibility requirements can benefit from them. Student financial aid does not cover all fees as well, and students awarded grants have to find other sources of financial aid to cover university fees and living costs. Many universities have a limited number or do not offer merit-scholarships at all, making it difficult for low-income students to be enrolled in their institution. Moreover, student loans usually carry interests that will keep increasing until repaid, resulting in large numbers of fresh graduates getting into debts.
Topic sentence: 1st focu.
ENG 130 Literature and Comp ENG 130 Argumentative Resear.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 130: Literature and Comp
ENG 130: Argumentative Research Essay
Background:
You have completed research on August Wilson, his life, and his plays.
You have completed reading/viewing Fences by August Wilson.
You have read the resources on Conflict in this unit.
Prompt (what will you be writing about):
Which conflict does Wilson use most to drive (bring forth, move forward) all the other
elements of the story?
Choose ONE that you feel is more apparent and easier to defend than the others.
o Troy vs Society
o Troy vs Himself
o Troy vs Family
o Troy vs Death
Helpful Notes:
Thesis:
o Your thesis is the response to the prompt question plus the supporting areas
that you will be using to defend your argument. Be sure to have a thesis that
clearly states which conflict you feel is the most important and drives the other
conflicts.
o Your thesis could begin with, “In the play, Fences, August Wilson uses the
conflict of __________ to drive the other conflicts and elements of the story as
evidenced by….
Sources and evidence:
o Be sure to use things that you have learned about Wilson’s life and his writings.
For example, if you are analyzing Troy and his father’s conflict, you could bring
in information that you researched about Wilson’s relationship with his own
father.
o Include direct quotations from the play. To cite a direct quote from a play, the
format is:
“quotation” (Wilson,1985, act #, scene #, line #).
OR
As Wilson (1985) writes, “quote” (act#, scene #, line#).
o Use at least three outside sources. Two of them could be from your previous
research essay. Be sure to include all of these in your reference page.
Requirements:
Length and format: 3-4 pages.
The title page and reference page are also required, but they should not be factored
into the 3-4 page length of the essay.
It should also be double spaced, written in Times New Roman, in 12 point font and
with 1 inch margins. Essay should conform to APA formatting and citation style.
Use the third-person, objective voice, avoiding personal pronouns such as “I,” “you,”
“we,” etc.
Use APA format for in-text citations and references when using outside sources and
textual evidence.
Skills to be assessed with this assignment: creating effective thesis statements,
incorporating research, analyzing rhetoric.
Please be cautious about plagiarism. Make sure to use in-text citations for direct
quotes, paraphrases, and new information.
Argumentative Research Essay Rubric
Does Not Meet
Expectations
0-11
Below
Expectations
12-13
Needs
Improvement
14-15
Satisfactory
16-17
Meets
Expectations
18-20
Introduction Introduction is not
present.
Background details
are a random
collection of
information,
unclear, or not
related to the topic.
Introduction is
attempted and
explains the
background, but
may lack detail.
Introdu.
ENG 132What’s Wrong With HoldenHere’s What You Should Do, .docxchristinemaritza
ENG 132
What’s Wrong With Holden?/Here’s What You Should Do, Holden…
Spring 2019
Your next project will involve gathering, recording, and analyzing information about
The Catcher in the Rye
.
The goal is to provide the reader with a better understanding of the novel’s main character, Holden Caulfield.
Think about his behavior in terms of cause and effect.
Your essay should focus either on reasons for his behavior (What’s Wrong With Holden?), or the results of Holden’s choices (Here’s What You Should Do, Holden…).
If you choose the latter, include a section that presents advice/guidance (kind of like Old Spencer).
Make sure to use research to support your ideas!
Here are the requirements:
1. 3-4 sources (books, articles, interviews, media, etc.)
2. A 2-page summary of the novel
3. A short essay (2-3 pages) that incorporates the information you gathered and supports some type of causal argument.
4. An MLA “Works Cited” in the essay (it doesn’t count as a page).
.
ENG 130- Literature and Comp Literary Response for Setting.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 130- Literature and Comp
Literary Response for Setting as a Device
Essay ENG 130: Literary Response for Setting
Sources: Choose one of the stories that you read in Unit 2/Setting Unit
“To Build a Fire” by Jack London
“The Storm” by Kate Chopin
“This is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona” by Alexie
“The Cask of Amontillado” by Edgar Allan Poe
Prompt (What are you writing about?):
How does Setting affect/contribute to the plot of your chosen story?
Note: Remember that Setting is not only the place in which a story occurs. It is also mood,
weather, time, and atmosphere. These things drive other parts of the story.
How to get started:
Choose a story from this unit and discern all the elements of the Setting.
Decide in what three ways the setting contributes to the plot of your chosen story.
Formulate a thesis about setting and these three areas.
Mini lesson on thesis statements:
If you were writing about Star Wars, a sample thesis might read:
The setting in the Star Wars movies contributes to the desperateness of the
Resistance forces, provides a vast space for action and conflicts to occur,
focuses on how advances will affect society.
Broken down, this thesis would read:
The Setting in the Star Wars movies:
a. contributes to the desperateness of the Resistance forces (write
a supporting section with text examples)
b. provides a vast space for action and conflicts to occur, focuses
on how advances will affect society (write a supporting section
with text examples)
c. focuses on how advances will affect society (write a supporting
section with text examples)
Ask yourself, what is the setting of my story and how does it affect the plot
in the story?
For example, it is apparent that in London’s “To Build a Fire,” you would
devote a supporting section to how the weather conditions drive both the
conflict and the character’s actions.
After you have made connections to the three areas that setting affects, then
form your thesis. Here is a template for your thesis:
The Setting in author’s name and title of the story, contributes to first way
in which the setting affects the story, second way in which setting affects
the story, third way in which setting affects the story.
Instructions:
Read through all of the instructions of this assignment.
Read all of the unit resources.
Select one of the short stories to write about.
Your audience for this essay is people who have read the stories.
Your essay prompt is: How does Setting affect/contribute to the plot of your chosen story?
Your essay will have the following components:
o A title page
o An Introduction
o A thesis at the end of the introduction that clearly states how setting affects the story
o Supporting sections that defend your thesis/focus of the essay
o Text support with properly cited in-text citations
o A concluding paragraph
o A re.
ENG 130 Literature and Comp Literary Response for Point o.docxchristinemaritza
ENG 130: Literature and Comp
Literary Response for Point of View as a Device
Essay for Eng130: Point of View/Perspective
Sources: All of the short stories and plays you have read so far in this course.
Prompt (what are you writing about?):
Choose any of the literature that you have read in this course and choose one of the
following options:
a. In 3 pages or more, write an additional part of the story from a different character’s
perspective (example: write from Fortunatos’ perspective as he is being walled up
in to the catacombs, or perhaps from the perspective of Mrs. Hutchinson as she
prepares food on the morning of The Lottery).
OR
b. In 3 pages or more, write an additional part of the story from a different point of
view than that in which the story is written (example: write from the 1st person point
of view of the man in “To Build a Fire” as he realizes he is going to freeze to death,
or perhaps from the first person point of view of Cory in Fences as his father
blocks his dreams of going to college. Let the reader know what is going on in
their minds).
Note: Take a moment to email your instructor with your creative plan so that you know you
are on the right track.
Instructions (how to get it done):
Choose any of the short stories or plays you have read in this course.
Write a 3 or more page response in which you write an additional part of the story
from a different character’s perspective or a character’s different point of view.
Your audience for this response will be people who have read the stories.
Requirements:
Your response should be a minimum of 3 pages.
Your response should have a properly APA formatted title page.
It should also be double spaced, written in Times New Roman, in 12 point font and
with 1 inch margins.
You should have a reference page that includes the piece of literature you chose.
Please be cautious about plagiarism.
Be sure to read before you write, and again after you write.
Rubric for Point of View Response
Does Not Meet
Expectations
0-11
Below
Expectations
12-13
Needs
Improvement
14-15
Satisfactory
16-17
Meets
Expectations
18-20
Content
Writing is
disorganized or
not clearly
defined and/or
shows a
misunderstanding
of the task.
Writing is
minimally
organized. Use of
different
perspective is
underdeveloped.
Writing is
effective. Use of
different
perspective is
basic and
requires more
creativity.
Writing contains
related, quality
paragraphs. Use
of different
perspective is
effective
Writing is
purposeful and
focused. Use of
different
perspective is
highly effective
and thought
provoking.
Vocabulary/
Word Choice
Word choice is
weak.
Language and
phrasing is
inappropriate,
repetitive or lacks
meaning.
Dialogue, if used,
sounds forced.
Word choice is
limited.
Language and
phrasing lack
inspiration.
Dialogue, if used,
.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Chapter-6Cell Cycle and DivisionCell Divisio.docx
1. Chapter-6
Cell Cycle and Division
Cell Division
Cells reproduce by cell division, in which a parent cell normally
gives rise to two daughter cells
Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary
information (DNA) from the parent cell and about half its
cytoplasm
The hereditary information DNA is usually identical with that
of the parent cell
2. The cell division of eukaryotic cells by which organisms grow
or increase in number is called mitotic cell division
After cell division, the daughter cells may differentiate,
becoming specialized for specific functions
The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then
divide again is called the cell cycle
Most multicellular organisms have three categories of cells
1. stem cells
2. Other cells capable of dividing
3. Permanently differentiated cells
3. 1.Stem cells :
- have two important characteristics: self-renewal, and the
ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types
-Stem cells self-renew because they retain the ability to divide,
perhaps for the entire life of the organism
-Some stem cells in early embryos can produce any of the
specialized cell types of the entire body
4. 2. Other cells capable of dividing
-Some cells other than stem cells are capable of continuing
to divide, but typically differentiate into only one or two
different cell types
-Dividing liver cells, for example, can only become more liver
cells
3. Permanently differentiated cells
-Permanently differentiated cells differentiate and never
divide again
-For example, most heart and brain cells cannot divide
CELL CYCLE
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cell cycles that
include growth, metabolic activity, DNA replication, and cell
division
However, they have major structural and functional differences
5. Eukaryotic chromosome
Eukaryotic chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotic cells always have multiple chromosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes are longer and have more DNA than
prokaryotic chromosomes (human chromosomes are 10 to 80
times longer and have 10 to 50 times more DNA)
Genes
Genes are segments of the DNA of a chromosome
Genes are sequences of DNA from hundreds to thousands of
nucleotides long
6. Each gene occupies a specific place, or locus (plural, loci) on
the chromosome
Two important parts of chromosome
Two telomeres
One centromere
It temporarily holds two daughter DNA double helices together
after DNA replication
It is the attachment site for microtubules that move the
chromosomes during cell division
Homologous
7. 11
Chromosomes that contain the same genes are called
homologous chromosomes, or homologues
Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid,
which means “double”
Cells with half the number of chromosomes are called haploid
Human Chromosomes
A typical human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of
46
Twenty-two out of 23 pairs are called autosomes
8. The twenty-third pair are called sex chromosomes and are
different in the male and the female
The female has two X chromosomes that usually look similar
The male has an X and a Y chromosome that appear very
different
However, in a male, the X and Y chromosomes behave as a pair
during meiotic cell division
9. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of interphase and cell
division
Interphase is a time for acquisition of nutrients, growth, and
chromosome duplication
During cell division, one copy of every chromosome and half of
the cytoplasm and organelles are parceled out into the two
daughter cells
Most eukaryotic cells spend the majority of their time in
interphase
Interphase is divided into three phases
G1 (growth phase 1):
--cell acquires nutrients
--It grows in size
--It specializes or differentiates
10. --It decides whether to divide
S (synthesis phase) is characterized by DNA synthesis, during
which every chromosome is replicated
G2 (growth phase 2) includes completion of cell growth, protein
synthesis for division and preparation for division of the cell
into daughter cells
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
11. Types of Cell division
There are two types of cell division in eukaryotic cells
Mitotic cell division (mitosis)
Meiotic cell division (meiosis)/reduction division
Over view of mitosis
Prior to cell division, the DNA is replicated
At the end of DNA replication, a duplicated chromosome
consists of two identical DNA double helices, called sister
chromatids, which are attached to each other at the centromere
During mitotic cell division, the two sister chromatids separate,
each becoming an independent chromosome that is delivered to
one of the two daughter cells
12. Mitotic cell division involves two steps
During mitosis (nuclear division), the nucleus of the cell and
the chromosomes divide
Each daughter nucleus receives one copy of each of the
replicated chromosomes of the parent cell
During cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), the cytoplasm is
divided roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and one
daughter nucleus enters each of the daughter cells
13. Mitosis consists of four phases followed by cytokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Three major events occur in prophase
14. 1. Duplicated chromosomes condense and the nucleolus begins
to disappear
2. Spindle microtubules form from centrioles and move toward
the nucleus, at the same time nuclear envelop disintegrates,
releasing the duplicated chromosome.
3.Chromosomes are captured by the spindle fiber. Each
chromatid is attached to a microtubule from opposite pole
PROPHASE
15. Metaphase
microtubule from one pole that is attached to a chromatid’s
centromere complex lengthens or shortens, as necessary, to
draw the chromosome to the cell’s equator, in a line
perpendicular to the spindle….creating a metaphase plate
During mitotic anaphase, daughter chromosomes (formerly
sister chromatids) are drawn to opposite poles
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase into daughter
chromosomes
chromatids are pulled apart along the microtubules and toward
opposite poles
16. Clusters of chromosomes that gather at each pole contain one
copy of every chromosome
Mitotic stages of animal cell
17. Telophase is the end stage of mitotic cell division
The spindle microtubules disintegrate
A nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes
at the pole
Chromosomes unwind (decondense) and revert to their extended
state
The nucleoli (which disappeared in prophase) reappear
Cytokinesis in animal cells
18. Microfilaments attached to the plasma membrane form a ring
around the equator of a cell
The ring contracts and constricts the cell’s equator
Eventually, contraction of the ring pinches off the membrane,
forming two daughter cells, each with a nucleus identical with
the other
Following cytokinesis, animal cells enter G1 of interphase, thus
completing the cell cycle
Cytokinesis in plant cells
Stiff plant cell walls prevent the “pinching off” of cytokinesis
19. seen in animal cells, which only have a plasma membrane
Instead, carbohydrate-filled vesicles assemble along the cell’s
equator, between the daughter nuclei
The vesicles fuse into a continuous flattened sac, surrounded by
plasma membrane and filled with sticky carbohydrates
This is called a cell plate
The plasma membranes of the plate fuse with the plasma
membrane of the cell, forming two cells, with the carbohydrate
in between becoming part of the cell wall
As in animals, plant cells enter G1 of interphase following
cytokinesis, thus completing the cell cycle
20. Cytokinesis in plant cells
Meiosis
Meiosis separates homologous chromosomes, producing haploid
daughter nuclei
Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that produces
haploid gametes
Each gamete receives one member of each pair of homologous
chromosomes
Meiosis consists of one round of DNA replication, followed by
two rounds of nuclear divisions
21. One round of DNA replication produces two chromatids in each
duplicated chromosome
Because diploid cells have pairs of homologous chromosomes,
with two chromatids per homologue, a single round of DNA
replication creates four chromatids for each type of chromosome
The first nuclear division, meiosis I, separates the pairs of
homologues, with each daughter nucleus receiving one. Each
daughter nucleus is haploid, even though each homologue it
receives had two chromatids
The second nuclear division, meiosis II, separates the
chromatids and parcels one chromatid into each of two more
daughter nuclei
22. At the end of meiosis, there are four haploid daughter nuclei,
each with one copy of each homologous chromosome
Meiotic cell division normally produces four haploid cells from
a single diploid parent cell
Meiosis Is a Reduction Division That Halves the Number of
Chromosomes
Importance of Meiosis
Fusion of gametes keeps the chromosome number constant
between generations
23. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, producing
haploid (n) gametes (eggs and sperm)
Fusion of the gametes (fertilization) combines the two haploid
chromosome sets to produce a diploid (2n) zygote
If halving of the chromosome number did not occur in gametes,
sexual reproduction would double the chromosome number in
each new generation, leading to inviability
Meiotic Cell Division Is Essential for Sexual Reproduction
24. Meiotic Cell Division in an Animal Cell
Meiotic Cell Division in an Animal Cell
The life cycles of all eukaryotic organisms have a common
overall pattern
Two haploid cells from different parental organisms fuse during
the process of fertilization, creating a diploid cell with new
gene combinations
Meiotic cell division occurs, re-creating haploid cells
Mitotic cell division results in the growth of multicellular
bodies, or in asexual reproduction
25. The Human Life Cycle
Chapter-5
Cell membrane structure and function
26. Chapter at a glance
How Is the Structure of a Membrane Related to Its Function?
How Do Substances Move Across Membranes?
How Do Specialized Junctions Allow Cells to Connect and
Communicate?
Functions of the plasma membrane:
It isolates the cell’s contents from the external environment
It regulates the exchange of essential substances
It allows communication between cells
It creates attachments within and between cells
It regulates biochemical reactions
27. Phospholipids are responsible for the isolating function of
membranes
Proteins are responsible for selectively exchanging substances
and communicating with the environment, controlling
biochemical reactions, and forming attachments
Membrane structure
Membranes are “fluid mosaics” in which proteins move within
layers of lipids
The “fluid mosaic” model of a membrane was proposed in 1972
by S. J. Singer and G. L. Nicolson
This model indicates that each membrane consists of a mosaic,
or “patchwork,” of different proteins that constantly shift and
flow within a viscous fluid formed by a double layer of
phospholipids
The phospholipid bilayer is the fluid portion of the membrane
It consist of two very different parts:
28. A polar, hydrophilic head
Two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails
Plasma membranes face both exterior and interior watery
environments
Water-soluble substances such as salts, amino acids, and sugars
cannot easily cross phospholipid bilayers
However, very small molecules such as water, oxygen, and
carbon dioxide as well as larger, lipid-soluble molecules can
29. pass through this selective barrier
A variety of proteins form a mosaic within the membrane
Proteins are embedded within, or attached to, the phospholipid
bilayer
Many proteins have attached carbohydrates (glycoproteins) on
their outer membrane surface
Categories of membrane proteins
31. 1. Receptor proteins trigger cellular responses upon binding of
specific molecules, such as hormones, sent by other cells
2. Recognition proteins are glycoproteins that serve as
identification tags on the surface of a cell
3. Enzymatic proteins are proteins that promote chemical
reactions that synthesize or break apart biological molecules
4. Attachment proteins
anchor the
- cell membrane to the inner cytoskeleton,
-to proteins outside the cell,
- to other cells
Transport proteins: Regulate the movement of hydrophilic
32. molecules through the membrane
There are two types of transport proteins
Channel proteins form channels whose central pores allow
specific ions or water molecules to pass through the membrane
Carrier proteins have binding sites that can temporarily attach
to specific molecules on one side of the membrane and then
move them through the membrane to the other side
Understanding molecular movement
A fluid is a substance whose molecules can flow past one
another and, therefore, have no defined shape
A solute is a substance that can be dissolved (dispersed as
atoms, ions, or molecules) in a solvent
33. A solvent is a fluid capable of dissolving a solute
Gradient
The concentration of a substance defines the amount of solute in
a given amount of solvent
A gradient is a physical difference in temperature, pressure,
charge, or concentration of a particular substance in a fluid
between two adjoining regions of space
Gradients cause molecules to move from one place to another
Gradients of concentration or pressure cause molecules or ions
to move from one region to another in a manner that tends to
34. equalize the difference
Cells use energy and cell membrane proteins to generate
concentration gradients of various molecules and ions dissolved
in their cytoplasm
Why gradients cause molecules to move from one place to
another:
Molecules and ions in solution are in constant random motion
An increase in temperature increases the rate of this random
motion
Random motion produces a net movement from regions of high
concentration to regions of low concentration by a process
called diffusion
35. Diffusion
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable because
they only allow only certain ions or molecules to permeate
There are two types of movement across the plasma membrane
Passive transport is the diffusion of substances across cell
membranes down concentration gradients
Energy-requiring transport is transport that requires the use of
cellular energy
37. Simple diffusion: Substances move down their concentration
gradients across a membrane.
Examples include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-
soluble molecules like alcohol and vitamins A, D, and E
Facilitated diffusion: Water soluble molecules like ions, amino
acids, and sugars diffuse down their concentration gradients
with the aid of channel and carrier transport proteins
Many cells have specialized water channel proteins called
aquaporins.Their small size and positive charges attract the
negative pole of water molecules making aquaporins selective
for water molecules
38. Types of Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across selectively permeable
membranes
Water diffuses from a region of high water concentration to one
of low water concentration across a membrane
Dissolved substances reduce the concentration of free water
molecules in a solution
Dissolved substances displace water molecules, lowering water
concentration
Dissolved substances form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules, reducing the number that are free to move across a
water-permeable membrane
Types of solution
Isotonic solutions have equal concentrations of water and equal
concentrations of dissolved substances
-No net water movement occurs across the membrane
A hypertonic solution is one with a greater solute concentration
39. Water moves across a membrane toward the hypertonic
solution
A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration
Water moves across a membrane away from the hypotonic
solution
The effects of osmosis are illustrated when red blood cells are
placed in various solutions
When cells are placed into a hypertonic solution, they shrivel,
owing to water loss
When cells are placed into a hypotonic solution, they swell,
owing to water entry
Cells in isotonic solutions remain unaffected
40. Active transport/energy requiring transport
During active transport, membrane proteins use cellular energy
to move molecules or ions across plasma membranes against
their concentration gradients
Active transport proteins span the entire membrane
They often have a molecule binding site and an ATP binding
site
When the high-energy third phosphate of bound ATP is
released, some of its stored energy is donated to the protein to
move molecules against gradients
Active transport proteins are often referred to as pumps
41. Active transport
recognition
site
Cells engulf particles or fluids by endocytosis. The engulfed
particles are transported within the cell inside vesicles
There are three types of endocytosis
Pinocytosis (“cell drinking”) moves liquids into the cell
Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves specific molecules into
the cell
Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) moves large particles into the cell
43. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
The plasma membrane extends pseudopods toward an
extracellular particle (for example, food). The ends of the
pseudopods fuse, encircling the particle. A vesicle called
a food vacuole is formed containing the engulfed particle.
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Exocytosis moves material out of the cell
44. --Cells use energy to dispose of undigested particles of waste or
to secrete substances into the extracellular fluid by exocytosis
--Vesicles containing the material to be expelled move to the
cell surface, where they fuse with the cell membrane, allowing
their contents to diffuse into the outside fluid
Attachment Proteins
Desmosomes attach cells together
Desmosomes are found where cells need to adhere tightly
together under the stresses of movement
Examples include the skin, intestine, and urinary bladder
Tight junctions make cell attachments leakproof
Tight junctions are found where tubes and sacs must hold
contents without leaking
Examples include the skin and the urinary bladder
45. Gap junctions and plasmodesmata allow direct communication
between cells
Cell-to-cell protein channels allowing for passage of hormones,
nutrients, and ions in animal cells are gap junctions
Plant cells have holes in the walls of adjacent cells forming
cytoplasmic connections called plasmodesmata
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY (BIOL-1411)
FALL SEMESTER-2014
Worksheet chapter-5 Cellmembrane and function
I. Choose the correct answer: (0.25 points each)
1. Channel proteins that allow water to pass through them are
called _________
a. Glycoprotein’s
46. c. Aqua proteins
b. Gap junctions
d. Desmosomes
2. Osmosis means ___________________________.
a. Movement of water
c. movement of solute
b. Movement of solution
d. neither of them
3. If a cell is placed in a Isotonic solution, the cell will
_________
a. swell
c. shrink
b. remain the same
d. none of the above
4. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell will ___
_____
a. swell
c. shrink
b. remain the same
d. none of the above
47. 5. The fluid mosaic membrane describes the membrane as
a. containing a huge quantity of water in the interior
b. composed of fluid phospholipids on outside and proteins on
inside
c. composed on protein outside and fluid phospholipid inside
d. made of proteins and lipids that can freely move
6. Which of the following is not a mechanism for bringing
material into the cell?
a. Exocytosis
c. Pinocytosis
b. Endocytosis
d. Phagocytosis
7. Which of these types of cellular transport requires energy
a. facilitated diffusion
c. osmosis
b. Active transport
48. d. a and b
8. What chemical property characterizes the interior of the
phospholipid bilayer
a. It is hydrophobic
c. IT is polar
b.it is hydrophilic
d.it is saturated
9. If someone at the other end of a restaurant smokes a
cigarette, you may breathe in some smoke. The movement of
smoke is similar to what type of transport.
a. osmosis
c. diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
d. active transport
10. plasma membrane is made up of a ________
a. lipid layer
49. c. lipid bilayer
b. phospholipid layer
d. phospholipid bilayer
II. Answer whether true or false: (0.25 points each)
1. Diffusion is movement of water from a region of low
concentration to a region of high concentration. ( )
2. If phagocytosis means eating solid particles, pinocytosis
means drinking solid particles. ( )
3. In plant, cell to cell connection is due to the presence of
plamodesmata. ( )
4. A membrane that allows certain things to pass through it and
prevents certain things to pass is called permeable membrane. (
)
5. Gradient means a physical difference such as temperature,
pressure, concentration etc between two regions. ( )
III. Choose any three questions and Write any four differences
between them (each question 1 point).
1. Identify the picture and explain the process in few points
2. The picture shows human red blood cell in different
solutions. Explain what happens to the cell in each solution
3. Active transport and passive transport
4.Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
5.Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic. What would be
the fate of an animal cell immersed in each of these three types
of solution?
6. Briefly write about the structure and function of plasma
membrane.
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY (BIOL-1411)
50. FLL SEMESTER-2014
I. Choose the right answer:
1. Bacteria divides to produce daughter cells by the process of
_________
a. Mitosis
c. Binary fission
b. Meiosis
d. None of them
2. During meiosis gametes produced have _________number of
chromosome.
a. Diploid
c. both of them
b. Haploid
d. None of them
3. Sister chromatids are aligned in the centre of the cell during
_________stage
a. Prophase
c. Telophase
b. Metaphase
51. d. Anaphase
4. Chromosomes attach to fibers at structures called
__________________.
a. Telomeres
c. Centromeres
b. Genes
d. neither of them
5. Which of the following is not a function of mitosis in
humans?
a. Repair of wounds
c. Production of gametes
b. growth
d. Replacement of lost cells
6. A biochemist measures the amount of DNA in cells growing
in the lab. The quantity of DNA in a cell would be found double
a. Between prophase and anaphase
c. Between metaphase and telophase
b. between G1 and G2 of cell cycle d. during M phase of
cell cycle
52. 7. In comparing somatic cells and gametes, somatic cells are
a. diploid with half the number of chromosomes
b. haploid with half the number of chromosomes
c. diploid with twice the number of chromosomes
d. haploid with twice the number of chromosomes
8. What are homologous chromosomes?
a. two halves of a replicated chromosomes
b, two identical chromosomes from one parent
c. two identical chromosomes, one from each parent
d. Two similar chromosomes, one from each parent.
9. Duplicated chromosomes consist of two identical DNA
double helices, called __________.
a. Homologous
c. Sister Chromatids
b. Chromatin strands
d. neither of them
II. Answer whether true or false: (0.25 points each)
1. Diploid means n chromosomes and haploid means 2n
chromosomes.
2. If an intestinal cell in a dog contains 78 chromosomes, a dog
53. sperm cell would contain ______chromosomes
3. A micrograph of a dividing mouse cell shows 19
chromosomes each consisting of two sister chromatids. During
which stage of meiosis could this picture be taken,
4. Meiosis is a cell division that occurs only in sex cells
5. Prophase is the last stage in mitosis where the two daughter
cells separate
6. Cell cycle involves the G1, S and G2 phase only.
7. Cytokinesis in plant cells takes place by the formation of cell
plate
8. Movement of sister chromatids to the same pole occurs in
meiosis.
9. During meiosis there is only one round of replication for two
divisions
10. Gametes are diploid with double the number of
chromosomes
III. Answer any four of the following ( each carries 1.5 mark)
1. Diagram and describe the eukaryotic cell cycle. Name the
various phases, and briefly describe the events that occur during
each.
LABEL THE PARTS FROM PRESENTATION OR TEXT
1. Eukaryotic cell cycle is divided into two major phases:
interphase and cell division
2. Interphase is the stage where the cell acquires nutrients from
its environment, grows and duplicates its chromosomes it
contains three sub phases
G1_ a newly formed daughter cell enters this stage, and carries
out activities like: it grows in size, specializes to perform
specific function and it decides whether to divide or not, and
enters the next phase
54. S-phase: DNA synthesis takes place via semiconservative
replication
G2: cell grows some more and then synthesize the proteins
needed for cell division.
Cell division: cell carries out either mitosis or meiosis’ in order
to form new daughter cells
2. Explain the process of Mitosis.
Mitosis consists of nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic
division.
Mitosis occurs in the following phases
1: Prophase is the first phase, duplicated chromosome condense,
spindle microtubules form , chromosomes are captured by
microtubules
2 : Metaphase – duplicated chromosome are connected to
spindle fibers leading to opposite poles of the cell.
Microtubules shorted and lengthen until each chromosome lines
up along the equator of the cell
3: Anaphase- sister chromatids formed during S-phase separates
becoming independent daughter chromosomes, one of the 2
daughter chromosomes from each original parental
chromosomes move to each pole of the cell
4: telophase- spindle fibers disintegrate nuclear envelope forms
around each group of chromosome. The DNA revert to its
original extended state, nucleoli begin to form
5: cytokinesis- microfilaments attached to membrane form a
ring around the equator of the cell, constricts dividing the cell,
in plants cell plate is formed forming 2 daughter cells
3. Compare the process of cytokinesis in plant cell and animal
cell.
55. Cytokinesis in animal cells
a. Microfilaments attached to the plasma membrane form a ring
around the equator of a cell . The ring contracts and constricts
the cell’s equator
b. Eventually, contraction of the ring pinches off the membrane,
forming two daughter cells, each with a nucleus identical with
the other
c. Following cytokinesis, animal cells enter G1 of interphase,
thus completing the cell cycle
Cytokinesis in plant cells
a. Stiff plant cell walls prevent the “pinching off” of
cytokinesis seen in animal cells, which only have a plasma
membrane
b. Instead, carbohydrate-filled vesicles assemble along the
cell’s equator, between the daughter nuclei
c.The vesicles fuse into a continuous flattened sac, surrounded
by plasma membrane and filled with sticky carbohydrates .This
is called a cell plate
d. The plasma membranes of the plate fuse with the plasma
membrane of the cell, forming two cells, with the carbohydrate
in between becoming part of the cell wall
e. As in animals, plant cells enter G1 of interphase following
cytokinesis, thus completing the cell cycle
4. Describe in humans the three categories of cells, based on
their ability to divide and differentiate
56. 1.Stem cells :
- have two important characteristics: self-renewal, and the
ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types
-Stem cells self-renew because they retain the ability to divide,
perhaps for the entire life of the organism
-Some stem cells in early embryos can produce any of the
specialized cell types of the entire body
2.Other cells capable of dividing
-Some cells other than stem cells are capable of continuing to
divide, but typically differentiate into only one or two different
cell types
· Dividing liver cells, for example, can only become more liver
cells
3. Permanently differentiated cells
· Permanently differentiated cells differentiate and never
divide again
· For example, most heart and brain cells cannot divide
5. Complete the following table to compare mitosis and meiosis
mitosis
Meiosis
a. Number of chromosomal duplications
b. Number of cell divisions
57. c. Number of daughter cells produced
d. Number of chromosomes in daughter cells
e. How chromosomes line up during metaphase
f. Genetic relationship of daughter cells to parent cells
g. functions performed in the human body