The document discusses various topics related to information and data collection methods. It begins by defining information and how data becomes meaningful information when interpreted and organized purposefully. It then discusses different types of primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary methods involve directly collecting raw data through surveys, interviews, experiments, etc. Secondary methods involve using already existing data published in sources like reports, journals, records. The document provides examples and details of various qualitative and quantitative collection techniques for gathering primary data, and discusses merits and limitations of primary versus secondary data.
This document discusses the relationship between data and information. It defines information as meaningfully interpreted data. An information system is defined as a system that gathers data and disseminates information to provide information to users. The main differences between data and information are discussed, with information being interpreted, organized data. Several techniques for collecting data and characteristics of useful information are outlined. The types of information needed at different management levels and sources of information are also summarized.
This document discusses information capture and business intelligence analysis beyond just structured data from core transaction systems. It outlines various internal and external sources of both structured and unstructured data for strategic, tactical and operational intelligence. Challenges with collecting and analyzing unstructured data from sources like social media are also examined.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS) and how they can support decision making in organizations. It defines MIS as an integrated system that provides information to support operations, management, and decision making. MIS deals with systematically collected data stored in databases. This information helps managers with planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, directing and controlling organizational operations. The document then discusses how MIS is used in different functional areas like finance, accounting, sales, marketing, manufacturing, and services. It also outlines frameworks for strategic planning, management control, operational control, and decision making in organizations.
An information system is any organized combination of people, hardware, software, networks, and policies that collects, manages and disseminates information to support business processes and decision making. There are different types of information systems that support various levels and functions within an organization, including transaction processing systems, knowledge work systems, office automation systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. Businesses invest in information systems to achieve objectives like operational excellence, new products and services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and organizational survival.
This document outlines an assessment involving research to identify suitable locations for a bank's roadshow targeting young professionals. It provides a scenario where the student must research census data and use a spreadsheet to analyze locations with substantial numbers of young professional workers. The student must then produce: 1) Notes on the selected dataset; 2) A report identifying potential locations using management information from their analysis; 3) A document validating their findings; and 4) An email to their team justifying the information. The document provides guidance on selecting UK census data from NomisWeb to complete the tasks.
Management: The organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve defined objectives.
Information: It is that which informs, i.e. an answer to a question, as well as that from which knowledge and data can be derived.
System: A set of detailed methods, procedures and routines created to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem.
Management Information System: It broadly refers to a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate and efficiently manage departments within an organization.
Management information system with relevance to NepalDarshan Bhattarai
This document provides an overview of information systems and technology for managers. It discusses basic IT concepts, how IT affects business, management information systems (MIS), MIS subsystems, the role of MIS in decision making, and challenges of MIS. Key points covered include how IT can provide competitive advantages or disadvantages, the objectives and components of MIS, and how effective information and managerial literacy are important for implementing MIS strategies.
This document provides an overview of business information systems (BIS). It defines a system as a collection of interrelated components working towards a collective goal. A BIS includes people, hardware, software, communications, and data resources. It discusses open and closed-loop control systems, as well as different types of systems. The document also covers applications of BIS like transaction processing and decision support. It defines electronic business and commerce, and discusses benefits and limitations. Finally, it examines how BIS can provide competitive advantages.
This document discusses the relationship between data and information. It defines information as meaningfully interpreted data. An information system is defined as a system that gathers data and disseminates information to provide information to users. The main differences between data and information are discussed, with information being interpreted, organized data. Several techniques for collecting data and characteristics of useful information are outlined. The types of information needed at different management levels and sources of information are also summarized.
This document discusses information capture and business intelligence analysis beyond just structured data from core transaction systems. It outlines various internal and external sources of both structured and unstructured data for strategic, tactical and operational intelligence. Challenges with collecting and analyzing unstructured data from sources like social media are also examined.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS) and how they can support decision making in organizations. It defines MIS as an integrated system that provides information to support operations, management, and decision making. MIS deals with systematically collected data stored in databases. This information helps managers with planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, directing and controlling organizational operations. The document then discusses how MIS is used in different functional areas like finance, accounting, sales, marketing, manufacturing, and services. It also outlines frameworks for strategic planning, management control, operational control, and decision making in organizations.
An information system is any organized combination of people, hardware, software, networks, and policies that collects, manages and disseminates information to support business processes and decision making. There are different types of information systems that support various levels and functions within an organization, including transaction processing systems, knowledge work systems, office automation systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. Businesses invest in information systems to achieve objectives like operational excellence, new products and services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and organizational survival.
This document outlines an assessment involving research to identify suitable locations for a bank's roadshow targeting young professionals. It provides a scenario where the student must research census data and use a spreadsheet to analyze locations with substantial numbers of young professional workers. The student must then produce: 1) Notes on the selected dataset; 2) A report identifying potential locations using management information from their analysis; 3) A document validating their findings; and 4) An email to their team justifying the information. The document provides guidance on selecting UK census data from NomisWeb to complete the tasks.
Management: The organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve defined objectives.
Information: It is that which informs, i.e. an answer to a question, as well as that from which knowledge and data can be derived.
System: A set of detailed methods, procedures and routines created to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem.
Management Information System: It broadly refers to a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate and efficiently manage departments within an organization.
Management information system with relevance to NepalDarshan Bhattarai
This document provides an overview of information systems and technology for managers. It discusses basic IT concepts, how IT affects business, management information systems (MIS), MIS subsystems, the role of MIS in decision making, and challenges of MIS. Key points covered include how IT can provide competitive advantages or disadvantages, the objectives and components of MIS, and how effective information and managerial literacy are important for implementing MIS strategies.
This document provides an overview of business information systems (BIS). It defines a system as a collection of interrelated components working towards a collective goal. A BIS includes people, hardware, software, communications, and data resources. It discusses open and closed-loop control systems, as well as different types of systems. The document also covers applications of BIS like transaction processing and decision support. It defines electronic business and commerce, and discusses benefits and limitations. Finally, it examines how BIS can provide competitive advantages.
Management Information System in Agriculture, Types of Information, Historical perspective of Management information system, Components of modern decision support system, Internal information system, External information System, Future use of information system.
This document provides an overview of a Management Information Systems syllabus. It outlines 5 units that will be covered: Foundation of Information Systems, Management Information Systems, Concepts of Planning & Control, Business Applications of Information Technology, and Managing Information Technology. Each unit describes its goals and objectives. The goals aim to provide students with a broad introductory understanding of information systems within organizational contexts. The objectives focus on topics like the role of IS in business, IS architecture, emerging technologies, security/ethics of IS, and using IS for competitive advantage and strategic planning.
Management
• The act, art, or manner of managing, handling, controlling directing, etc. • Origin: to train (a horse) in his paces; cause to do exercises of the manage • To control the movement or behavior of; handle; manipulate • To have charge of; direct; conduct; administer • To get (a person) to do what one wishes
Management Information System (MIS) refers broadly to computer-based systems that provide managers with tools to efficiently run their departments. An MIS processes data into information to support decision making, coordination, and control at the management level of an organization. It primarily serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making for management.
This document discusses a course on management information systems (MIS) presented by graduate students at Mid-Western University in Nepal. It is comprised of six groups that cover various topics relating to the use of MIS in organizations:
1) Integral components of MIS
2) Building customer intimacy through MIS
3) Using MIS for market spacing and digitization
4) The role of MIS in knowledge management
5) Applying MIS to decision-making
6) Outcomes of studying MIS
The document provides an overview of the course and presentations by the student groups on key aspects of using information systems in organizations.
This document discusses various management information systems applications from a functional perspective. It provides data flow diagrams and descriptions of key information systems used in marketing, manufacturing, accounting, finance, and human resource management. These functional area systems support related business processes, maintain important data, and generate reports for operational control, decision making, and regulatory compliance. The systems help businesses integrate and automate activities to plan, monitor, and improve performance across important business functions.
This document provides information about an Information Systems course. The course is taught by Lecturer Tahzeeb-ul-Hassan Chis and covers topics such as why study information systems, the objectives and synopsis of the course, introduction to information systems, data vs. information, system concepts, and system performance and standards. The course aims to help students understand basic IT concepts, participate in developing IS solutions to business problems, and understand real-world IS applications and their advantages.
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as using people, technologies, and procedures to solve business problems by collecting, storing, and disseminating data needed for management functions. Some key advantages of MIS are that it allows companies to identify strengths and weaknesses, gives an overall picture of the company to aid communication and planning, and helps companies align with customer needs. MIS is characterized by a systems approach, management orientation, being need-based, exception-based, and future-oriented with integrated common data flow and long-term planning. Information generated by MIS is interrelated data that has value for decision making.
Unit 1 Introduction to MIS, MIS & Data Mining , MIS & Decision MakingAsmita Singh
this presentation highlights the role and need of MIS. it also includes the data flow within databses, datawarehouses and datamarts. It includes the functions of OLAP AND OLTP. It briefs about how data gets converted into information called as data mining. Further sections include different kinds of MIS management levels and managers . Then the outputs of MIS in the form of MIS reports have been illustrated with diagrams. in the later section, MIS and decision making has been discussed in details. concept of SWOT ANALYSIS and Cost benefit analysis has also been described . Structured, Unstructured and semi-structured decisions have also been discussed in detail.
The document discusses the importance of developing long-range and short-range plans for managing information systems (MIS) within an organization. It states that information should be recognized as a major resource like capital and managed appropriately through planning and control. A long-range MIS plan provides direction for systems development over time and helps achieve specific targets, while a short-range plan allows for a flexible system that can adapt to changing information needs and provide new required information. The document also mentions that a system development life cycle is needed.
This presentation is prepared by Author for Perbanas Institute as a part of Author Lecture Series. It is to be used for educational and non-commercial purposes only and is not to be changed, altered, or used for any commercial endeavor without the express written permission from Author and/or Perbanas Institute. Appropriate legal action may be taken against any person, organization, or entity attempting to misrepresent, charge, or profit from the educational materials contained here.
Authors are allowed to use their own articles without seeking permission from any person, organization, or entity.
"APPLYING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENT PROGR...ststavrino
Proceedings of the CIB (Construction Facing Worldwide Challenges) 2009, Joint International Symposium of CIB Working Commissions: W055-Building Economics and W065: Organization and Management of Construction, Croatia, Dubrovnik
Marketing information System & applicationsAnujith KR
Marketing information systems (MkIS) help support marketing functions and decision making. MkIS has three subsystems: accounting, marketing research, and marketing intelligence. MkIS provides essential information for market monitoring, strategy development, marketing planning and control, quick decision making, quality decision making, tapping business opportunities, and marketing intelligence. It also helps managers recognize changes, integrate information across functions, implement strategies, build relationships, and conveniently store data.
Data is raw facts and events that are recorded, information is processed data that is meaningful and relevant, and intelligence emerges from information that has been analyzed and from which conclusions have been drawn. Management information systems process data into useful information reports and dashboards to help managers make effective decisions. There are three main categories of information technology - functional IT that supports tasks, network IT that enables collaboration, and enterprise IT that structures interactions across the organization.
MIS applications are used in various industries like hospitals, hotels, banking, and manufacturing to support decision making under uncertainty. Hospital information systems integrate various components like clinical, financial, laboratory, and pharmacy systems to efficiently manage patient and administrative information. Hotel information systems provide benefits like improved performance, efficiency, control, and security. Decision making involves gathering information, identifying alternatives, evaluating choices, and selecting the best option to solve problems under uncertainty. Management information systems and decision support systems help managers in decision making processes.
Foundations Of Information Systems In Business(97 2003)Chandan Kumar
Information systems and technologies are vital for businesses to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive position. They can support various business activities from product development to customer support. With Internet technologies, information systems have become necessary for business success globally. The document then outlines key concepts about information systems including components, activities, and applications for business.
This document is a student project paper on Management Information Systems (MIS). It includes an acknowledgements section thanking sources of information. The contents section lists topics to be covered such as the purpose, types, and applications of MIS. The paper then defines MIS as a general term for computer systems providing business operations information. It discusses the purpose of MIS as a decision making process and lists common types of MIS including office automation, decision support, transaction processing, and executive support systems. The conclusion restates that MIS helps companies make important business decisions.
The document discusses internal controls and their importance for businesses. It provides:
1) Three main reasons for internal controls - to achieve business goals, mitigate risks, and ensure compliance.
2) Five interrelated components of internal controls - control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring.
3) A definition of internal control as a system using people, processes, and procedures to reasonably ensure achieving business objectives. Management is responsible for the internal control system.
This document discusses concepts and principles of management information systems (MIS) and how they can support decision making and organizational functions. It defines key elements of information systems including data, hardware, software, telecommunications, and people. Effective information systems capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate and share data to build organizational knowledge and support various levels of management decision making from strategic to operational. Government plays an important role as a major user and owner of public information and can stimulate IT use to improve public services.
This document discusses various concepts related to management information systems including data, information, knowledge, types of information, components of information systems, control in systems, decision making, and structured vs unstructured decisions. It provides definitions and classifications for key terms and describes how management information systems support different levels of management and decision making.
Management Information System in Agriculture, Types of Information, Historical perspective of Management information system, Components of modern decision support system, Internal information system, External information System, Future use of information system.
This document provides an overview of a Management Information Systems syllabus. It outlines 5 units that will be covered: Foundation of Information Systems, Management Information Systems, Concepts of Planning & Control, Business Applications of Information Technology, and Managing Information Technology. Each unit describes its goals and objectives. The goals aim to provide students with a broad introductory understanding of information systems within organizational contexts. The objectives focus on topics like the role of IS in business, IS architecture, emerging technologies, security/ethics of IS, and using IS for competitive advantage and strategic planning.
Management
• The act, art, or manner of managing, handling, controlling directing, etc. • Origin: to train (a horse) in his paces; cause to do exercises of the manage • To control the movement or behavior of; handle; manipulate • To have charge of; direct; conduct; administer • To get (a person) to do what one wishes
Management Information System (MIS) refers broadly to computer-based systems that provide managers with tools to efficiently run their departments. An MIS processes data into information to support decision making, coordination, and control at the management level of an organization. It primarily serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making for management.
This document discusses a course on management information systems (MIS) presented by graduate students at Mid-Western University in Nepal. It is comprised of six groups that cover various topics relating to the use of MIS in organizations:
1) Integral components of MIS
2) Building customer intimacy through MIS
3) Using MIS for market spacing and digitization
4) The role of MIS in knowledge management
5) Applying MIS to decision-making
6) Outcomes of studying MIS
The document provides an overview of the course and presentations by the student groups on key aspects of using information systems in organizations.
This document discusses various management information systems applications from a functional perspective. It provides data flow diagrams and descriptions of key information systems used in marketing, manufacturing, accounting, finance, and human resource management. These functional area systems support related business processes, maintain important data, and generate reports for operational control, decision making, and regulatory compliance. The systems help businesses integrate and automate activities to plan, monitor, and improve performance across important business functions.
This document provides information about an Information Systems course. The course is taught by Lecturer Tahzeeb-ul-Hassan Chis and covers topics such as why study information systems, the objectives and synopsis of the course, introduction to information systems, data vs. information, system concepts, and system performance and standards. The course aims to help students understand basic IT concepts, participate in developing IS solutions to business problems, and understand real-world IS applications and their advantages.
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as using people, technologies, and procedures to solve business problems by collecting, storing, and disseminating data needed for management functions. Some key advantages of MIS are that it allows companies to identify strengths and weaknesses, gives an overall picture of the company to aid communication and planning, and helps companies align with customer needs. MIS is characterized by a systems approach, management orientation, being need-based, exception-based, and future-oriented with integrated common data flow and long-term planning. Information generated by MIS is interrelated data that has value for decision making.
Unit 1 Introduction to MIS, MIS & Data Mining , MIS & Decision MakingAsmita Singh
this presentation highlights the role and need of MIS. it also includes the data flow within databses, datawarehouses and datamarts. It includes the functions of OLAP AND OLTP. It briefs about how data gets converted into information called as data mining. Further sections include different kinds of MIS management levels and managers . Then the outputs of MIS in the form of MIS reports have been illustrated with diagrams. in the later section, MIS and decision making has been discussed in details. concept of SWOT ANALYSIS and Cost benefit analysis has also been described . Structured, Unstructured and semi-structured decisions have also been discussed in detail.
The document discusses the importance of developing long-range and short-range plans for managing information systems (MIS) within an organization. It states that information should be recognized as a major resource like capital and managed appropriately through planning and control. A long-range MIS plan provides direction for systems development over time and helps achieve specific targets, while a short-range plan allows for a flexible system that can adapt to changing information needs and provide new required information. The document also mentions that a system development life cycle is needed.
This presentation is prepared by Author for Perbanas Institute as a part of Author Lecture Series. It is to be used for educational and non-commercial purposes only and is not to be changed, altered, or used for any commercial endeavor without the express written permission from Author and/or Perbanas Institute. Appropriate legal action may be taken against any person, organization, or entity attempting to misrepresent, charge, or profit from the educational materials contained here.
Authors are allowed to use their own articles without seeking permission from any person, organization, or entity.
"APPLYING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENT PROGR...ststavrino
Proceedings of the CIB (Construction Facing Worldwide Challenges) 2009, Joint International Symposium of CIB Working Commissions: W055-Building Economics and W065: Organization and Management of Construction, Croatia, Dubrovnik
Marketing information System & applicationsAnujith KR
Marketing information systems (MkIS) help support marketing functions and decision making. MkIS has three subsystems: accounting, marketing research, and marketing intelligence. MkIS provides essential information for market monitoring, strategy development, marketing planning and control, quick decision making, quality decision making, tapping business opportunities, and marketing intelligence. It also helps managers recognize changes, integrate information across functions, implement strategies, build relationships, and conveniently store data.
Data is raw facts and events that are recorded, information is processed data that is meaningful and relevant, and intelligence emerges from information that has been analyzed and from which conclusions have been drawn. Management information systems process data into useful information reports and dashboards to help managers make effective decisions. There are three main categories of information technology - functional IT that supports tasks, network IT that enables collaboration, and enterprise IT that structures interactions across the organization.
MIS applications are used in various industries like hospitals, hotels, banking, and manufacturing to support decision making under uncertainty. Hospital information systems integrate various components like clinical, financial, laboratory, and pharmacy systems to efficiently manage patient and administrative information. Hotel information systems provide benefits like improved performance, efficiency, control, and security. Decision making involves gathering information, identifying alternatives, evaluating choices, and selecting the best option to solve problems under uncertainty. Management information systems and decision support systems help managers in decision making processes.
Foundations Of Information Systems In Business(97 2003)Chandan Kumar
Information systems and technologies are vital for businesses to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive position. They can support various business activities from product development to customer support. With Internet technologies, information systems have become necessary for business success globally. The document then outlines key concepts about information systems including components, activities, and applications for business.
This document is a student project paper on Management Information Systems (MIS). It includes an acknowledgements section thanking sources of information. The contents section lists topics to be covered such as the purpose, types, and applications of MIS. The paper then defines MIS as a general term for computer systems providing business operations information. It discusses the purpose of MIS as a decision making process and lists common types of MIS including office automation, decision support, transaction processing, and executive support systems. The conclusion restates that MIS helps companies make important business decisions.
The document discusses internal controls and their importance for businesses. It provides:
1) Three main reasons for internal controls - to achieve business goals, mitigate risks, and ensure compliance.
2) Five interrelated components of internal controls - control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring.
3) A definition of internal control as a system using people, processes, and procedures to reasonably ensure achieving business objectives. Management is responsible for the internal control system.
This document discusses concepts and principles of management information systems (MIS) and how they can support decision making and organizational functions. It defines key elements of information systems including data, hardware, software, telecommunications, and people. Effective information systems capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate and share data to build organizational knowledge and support various levels of management decision making from strategic to operational. Government plays an important role as a major user and owner of public information and can stimulate IT use to improve public services.
This document discusses various concepts related to management information systems including data, information, knowledge, types of information, components of information systems, control in systems, decision making, and structured vs unstructured decisions. It provides definitions and classifications for key terms and describes how management information systems support different levels of management and decision making.
introduction to management information systems (MIS)Sujan Oli
Management Information Systems
The document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a computer-based system used within an organization to provide information to various levels of management for decision-making. MIS has several key components, including hardware, software, people, data, and communication networks. It collects and processes organizational data and converts it into useful information for managers. The role of MIS is to supply managers with accurate, timely information needed for planning, controlling, and decision-making. An effective MIS is vital for organizational management, operations, and achieving strategic business goals.
An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate and disseminate data and information to meet an objective. We interact with many information systems daily both personally and professionally like ATMs, checkout systems, and the internet. Information systems turn raw data into useful information through organization and relationships. They have inputs, processing, outputs, and feedback. Computer-based information systems use hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures. Organizations use different types of information systems like transaction processing, workflow, ERP, MIS, and DSS systems to support various functions and decision making.
The document discusses how the changing business environment is driving organizational changes and the role of information systems. Key business drivers include globalization, competition, time-based competition, and technological innovation. Organizations are responding through business process reengineering, continuous improvement efforts, empowering employees, and becoming more customer-focused. The role of information systems is widening from basic data processing to management control, decision support, and treating information as a strategic resource. Contemporary approaches to information systems consider both technical and behavioral elements.
The document defines data and information, explaining that information is processed data that has meaning and value for decision making. It then discusses the attributes of effective information, including timeliness, accuracy, relevance, adequacy, completeness, explicitness, and impartiality. Finally, it examines models of decision making, contrasting the classical rational model with the more realistic administrative model that recognizes limitations in human cognition.
Information system in business assignmentACCA Global
This document discusses various information systems used in business such as accounting information systems, marketing information systems, sales information systems, human resource information systems, library information systems, research and development information systems, and purchase information systems. It provides details on the inputs, processes, outputs, storage, and other elements of each system. The document was submitted to Ma'am Saman Naz by Omer Shahzad for his class at the Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University in Multan, Pakistan.
This document provides an overview of accounting information systems, including:
- Defining key terms like systems, data, information, and accounting information systems
- Describing the primary information flows within a business environment
- Explaining the differences between financial and non-financial transactions
- Detailing the components of an accounting information system
- Outlining the roles of accountants in an information systems environment as users, designers, and auditors
MIS stands for Management Information System. It provides managers with processed data to help them make decisions. There are three types of information needed at different management levels: strategic, tactical, and operational. Strategic information is for long-term planning, tactical for short-term decisions, and operational for daily operations. Quality information must be accurate, complete, timely, relevant, and understandable to support effective management.
MIS lecture notes by Yihune Ephrem Kassahun.pdfYihune Ephrem
The lecture notes on Management Information Systems (MIS) provide an in-depth understanding of the role of information systems in modern organizations. The notes cover a range of topics, including the basics of information systems, the types of information systems, the role of information systems in decision-making, and the impact of information systems on organizational performance.
The notes begin by introducing the concept of information systems and their importance in modern organizations. They then cover the different types of information systems, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. The notes also discuss the role of information systems in decision-making, including the use of data analytics and business intelligence tools.
The lecture notes also cover the impact of information systems on organizational performance. This includes the benefits of information systems, such as increased efficiency, improved decision-making, and enhanced communication. The notes also discuss the challenges of implementing information systems, such as the need for training and support, and the potential for security breaches.
Throughout the lecture notes, real-world examples and case studies are used to illustrate the concepts and theories discussed. This helps students to understand how information systems are used in practice and how they can be applied in different organizational contexts.
Overall, the lecture notes on Management Information Systems provide a comprehensive overview of the role of information systems in modern organizations. They are an essential resource for students studying business, management, and information technology, as well as for professionals looking to enhance their knowledge and skills in this area.
Lecture 5 the information system - a general model of aisHabib Ullah Qamar
The document discusses accounting information systems (AIS). It describes the key components of an AIS model, including end users, data collection, data processing, data sources, and feedback. It explains that an AIS must collect relevant and efficient data from internal and external financial transactions. The data is then processed, stored in a database, and generated into useful information reports. Finally, feedback from these information reports is sent back into the AIS as a new data source.
This document provides an overview of accounting information systems. It begins by defining key terms like accounting, information, systems, and accounting information systems. It distinguishes data from information and identifies characteristics of useful information. It explains how an organization determines the value of information by comparing benefits to costs. The document describes how an accounting information system adds value through its six components: people, procedures, data, software, technology infrastructure, and controls. It provides reasons for studying accounting information systems and how they are impacted by and impact organizational culture, strategy, and information technology.
This document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). It defines MIS as systems that produce information for management at different levels to support operations, planning, control, and decision making. While computers are not essential for MIS, they have made it possible to handle large data volumes quickly and accurately. The document also discusses the difference between data and information, with information being relevant knowledge produced from processed data. It provides examples of different types of information systems like Transaction Processing Systems, Management Information Systems, and Decision Support Systems that support different management levels.
System Analysis and Design chap 1 to 8.docxAmdework Belay
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It begins with definitions of key terms like data, information, information system, end users, and information technology. It then discusses the fundamentals of information systems, describing the basic components and activities of an information system like input, processing, output, storage, and control. It also discusses organizations and how information needs to flow within an organization to help managers achieve objectives. The goal is to provide students with basic concepts about information systems and system analysis and design.
Types of information systems are defined by their level and source of information. Management information systems (MIS) integrate organizational subsystems and support decision making across different management levels. An MIS contains transaction processing, reporting, decision support, and other subsystems. It can be structured by its operational elements, organizational functions, management activities, and role in decision making. Both formal and informal information flows are important, and an MIS aims to effectively integrate different information systems.
The document summarizes the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS emerged as a field to bridge the gap between computer programmers and business needs. It traces the evolution from early computers used for scientific calculations to modern systems that process business data and support decision making. It also outlines key components of business information systems and typical career paths for MIS professionals.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
3. Information can be defined as meaningfully interpreted data. If we give you a number 1-212-290-4700, it
does not make any sense on its own. It is just a raw data. However if we say Tel: +1-212-290-4700, it
starts making sense. It becomes a telephone number. If I gather some more data and record it
meaningfully like −
Address: 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1-212-290-4700 Fax: +1-
212-736-1300
It becomes a very useful information - the address of New York office of Human Rights Watch, a non-
profit, non-governmental human rights organization.
So, from a system analyst's point of view, information is a sequence of symbols that can be construed to a
useful message.
An Information System is a system that gathers data and disseminates information with the sole purpose
of providing information to its users.
The main object of an information system is to provide information to its users. Information systems vary
according to the type of users who use the system.
A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and processes an
organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which the management can
take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
4. Information Definition:-
According to Davis and Olson −
information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. Therefore, in a general
sense, information is "Knowledge communicated or received, concerning a particular fact or
circumstance". Information cannot be predicted and resolves uncertainty.“
"Information is a data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to recipient and is of
real or perceived value in the current or the prospective action or decision of recipient."
5. MIS
Information/Data CollectionTechniques
The most popular data collection techniques include:
Surveys: A questionnaire is prepared to collect the data from the field.
Secondary data sources or archival data: Data is collected through old records, magazines,
company website, etc.
Objective measures or tests: An experimental test is conducted on the subject and the data is
collected.
Interviews: Data is collected by the system analyst by following a rigid procedure and collecting
the answers to a set of pre-conceived questions through personal interviews.
6. •Increasing impact of information processing for organizational decision making.
•Dependency of services sector including banking, financial organization, health care, entertainment,
tourism and travel, education and numerous others on information.
•Changing employment scene world over, shifting base from manual agricultural to machine-based
manufacturing and other industry related jobs.
•Information revolution and the overall development scenario.
•Growth of IT industry and its strategic importance.
•Strong growth of information services fuelled by increasing competition and reduced product life
cycle.
•Need for sustainable development and quality life.
•Improvement in communication and transportation brought in by use of information processing.
7. •Need for sustainable development and quality life.
•Improvement in communication and transportation brought in by use of information processing.
•Use of information processing in reduction of energy consumption, reduction in pollution and a
better ecological balance in future.
•Use of information processing in land record managements, legal delivery system, educational
institutions, natural resource planning, customer relation management and so on.
8. Reliability − It should be verifiable and dependable.
Timely − It must be current and it must reach the users well in time, so that important
decisions can be made in time.
Relevant − It should be current and valid information and it should reduce uncertainties.
Accurate − It should be free of errors and mistakes, true, and not deceptive.
Sufficient − It should be adequate in quantity, so that decisions can be made on its basis.
9. Unambiguous − It should be expressed in clear terms. In other words, in should be comprehensive.
Complete − It should meet all the needs in the current context.
Unbiased − It should be impartial, free from any bias. In other words, it should have integrity.
Explicit − It should not need any further explanation.
Comparable − It should be of uniform collection, analysis, content, and format.
Reproducible − It could be used by documented methods on the same data set to achieve a
consistent result.
10. The following list summarizes the five main uses of information by businesses and other organizations
−
Planning − At the planning stage, information is the most important ingredient in decision making.
Information at planning stage includes that of business resources, assets, liabilities, plants and
machineries, properties, suppliers, customers, competitors, market and market dynamics, fiscal policy
changes of the Government, emerging technologies, etc.
Recording − Business processing these days involves recording information about each transaction or
event. This information collected, stored and updated regularly at the operational level.
Controlling − A business need to set up an information filter, so that only filtered data is presented to
the middle and top management. This ensures efficiency at the operational level and effectiveness at the
tactical and strategic level.
Measuring − A business measures its performance metrics by collecting and analyzing sales data, cost
of manufacturing, and profit earned.
Decision-making − MIS is primarily concerned with managerial decision-making, theory of
organizational behavior, and underlying human behavior in organizational context. Decision-making
information includes the socio-economic impact of competition, globalization, democratization, and the
effects of all these factors on an organizational structure.
USES OF INFORMATION
11.
12. MIS
Information can be classified in a number of ways and in this chapter, you will learn two of
the most important ways to classify information.
13. Action Versus No-action Information
The information which induces action is called an action information. The information which
communicates only the status of a situation is a no-action information. ‘No stock’ report call- ing a
purchase action is an action information but the stock ledger showing the store transac- tions and the
stock balances is a No-action information.
Recurring Versus Non-recurring Information
The information generated at regular intervals is a recurring information. The monthly sales reports, the
stock statements, the trial balance, etc. are recurring information. The financial analysis or the report on
the market research study is a non-recurring information.
Internal Versus External Information
The information generated through the internal sources of the organisation is termed as an internal
information, while the information generated through the Government reports, the industry surveys, etc.
is termed as an external information, as the sources of the data are outside the organisation.
The action information, the recurring information and the internal information are the prime areas for
computerisation and they contribute qualitatively to the MIS.
14. Based on Anthony's classification of Management, information used in business for decision-
making is generally categorized into three types:
Strategic Information: Strategic information is concerned with long term policy decisions
that defines the objectives of a business and checks how well these objectives are met. For
example, acquiring a new plant, a new product, diversification of business etc., comes under
strategic information.
Tactical Information: Tactical information is concerned with the information needed for
exercising control over business resources, like budgeting, quality control, service level,
inventory level, productivity level etc.
Operational Information: Operational information is concerned with plant/business level
information and is used to ensure proper conduction of specific operational tasks as
planned/intended. Various operator specific, machine specific and shift specific jobs for quality
control checks comes under this category.
15. MIS
ClassificationbyApplication
In terms of applications, information can be categorized as:
Planning Information: These are the information needed for establishing standard norms and
specifications in an organization. This information is used in strategic, tactical, and operation planning
of any activity. Examples of such information are time standards, design standards.
Control Information: This information is needed for establishing control over all business activities
through feedback mechanism. This information is used for controlling attainment, nature and
utilization of important processes in a system. When such information reflects a deviation from the
established standards, the system should induce a decision or an action leading to control.
Knowledge Information: Knowledge is defined as "information about information". Knowledge
information is acquired through experience and learning, and collected from archival data and
research studies.
Organizational Information: Organizational information deals with an organization's environment,
culture in the light of its objectives. Karl Weick's Organizational Information Theory emphasizes that
an organization reduces its equivocality or uncertainty by collecting, managing and using these
information prudently. This information is used by everybody in the organization; examples of such
information are employee and payroll information.
16. Functional/Operational Information: This is operation specific information. For
example, daily schedules in a manufacturing plant that refers to the detailed
assignment of jobs to machines or machines to operators. In a service oriented
business, it would be the duty roster of various personnel. This information is mostly
internal to the organization.
Database Information: Database information construes large quantities of
information that has multiple usage and application. Such information is stored,
retrieved and managed to create databases. For example, material specification or
supplier information is stored for multiple users.
19. • Data can be define as the quantitative or
qualitative value of a variable (e.g. number,
images, words, figures, facts or ideas)
• It is a lowest unit of information from
which other measurements and analysis
can be done.
• Data is one of the most important and vital
aspect of any research study.
20. • Ac c ur ate and s ys tematic data c ollec tion is c r itic al to
c onduc ting s c ientific r es earc h.
• Data c ollec tion allows to c ollec t information about s tudy
objec ts /s ubjects/partic ipants.
• Inc ludes doc uments r eview, obs er vation, ques tioning,
meas ur ing, or a c ombination of differ ent methods .
21. o Objectives andscopeof the enquiry (research question).
o Sourcesof information (type,accessibility).
o Quantitative expression(measurement/scale).
o Techniquesof datacollection.
o Unit ofcollection.
24. “Data about the data” (e.g., method of collection,
relationship of data to the events in the research
protocol, etc.)
- Temporal metadata require particular attention
-Understand the implications of atime (e.g., if a
blood specimen is drawn to measure adrug level, we
must know the time that the specimen was drawn
and the time the drug wasadministered
- Need to choosewhen to measure and how often
25. I- Quantitative data - measurements that can be manipulated
mathematically
• Precision - body temperature, serum chloride , absolute
eosinophil count.
II- Qualitative data - conceptual entities rather than numeric
values (subject gender and race, signs and symptoms,
diagnoses)
•May represent concepts that relate to quantitative data
[“blood pressure” is numeric, but the procedures themselves
are qualitative]
III. Ordinal data look like numbers (e.g., urine protein
measurements “0”, “1+”, “2+”, etc.)
IV.Signal data - quantitative in nature but are treated as
qualitative (e.g., electrocardiogram tracings)
27. the data collection is a process of gathering information from all the relevant
sources to find a solution to the research problem. It helps to evaluate the
outcome of the problem. The data collection methods allow a person to conclude
an answer to the relevant question. Most of the organizations use data collection
methods to make assumptions about future probabilities and trends. Once the
data is collected, it is necessary to undergo the data organization process. The
main sources of the data collections methods are “Data”. A data can be classified
into two types, namely primary data and the secondary data. The primary
importance of data collection in any research or business process is that it helps
to determine many important things about the company, particularly the
performance. So, the data collection process plays an important role in all the
streams. Depends on the type of data, the data collection method is divided into
two categories namely,
Primary Data Collection methods
Secondary Data Collection methods
DATA/INFORMATION COLLECTION METHODS
29. Internal
o Many institutions anddepartments
have information about their
regular functions, for their own
internal purposes.
o When those information areused
in any survey is called internal
sourcesof data.
Routine surveillance, hospital records
.
External
o When information iscollected
from outside source.
o Suchtypes of data are either
primary or secondary.
o This type of information can be
collected by censusor sampling.
30. Primary Data Collection Methods
Primary data or raw data is a type of information that is obtained directly from
the first-hand source through experiments, surveys, or observations. The
primary data collection method is further classified into two types. They are
Quantitative Data Collection Methods
Qualitative Data Collection Methods
Let us discuss the different methods performed to collect the data under these
two data collection methods.
Quantitative Data Collection Methods
It is based on mathematical calculations using various formats like close-ended
questions, correlation and regression methods, mean, median or mode
measures. This method is cheaper than qualitative data collection methods, and
it can be applied in a short duration of time.
Qualitative Data Collection Methods
It does not involve any mathematical calculations. This method is closely
associated with elements that are not quantifiable. This qualitative data
collection method includes interviews, questionnaires, observations, case
studies etc. There are several methods to collect this type of data. They are
31. Observation Method
Observation method is used when the study relates to behavioural
science. This method is planned systematically. It subjects many controls
and checks. The different types of observations are:
•Structured and unstructured observation
•Controlled and uncontrolled observation
•Participant, non-participant and disguised observation
Interview Method
The method of collecting data in terms of oral or verbal responses. It is
achieved in two ways, such as
•Personal Interview – In this method, a person known as an interviewer is
required to ask questions face to face to the other person. The personal
interview can be structured or unstructured, direct investigation, focused
conversation etc.
•Telephonic Interview – In this method, an interviewer obtains information
by contacting people on the telephone to ask the questions or views
orally.
32. Questionnaire Method
In this method, the set of questions are mailed to the respondent. They
should read, reply and subsequently return the questionnaire. The
questions are printed in the definite order on the form. A good survey
should have the following features:
Short and simple
Should follow a logical sequence
Provide adequate space for answers
Avoid technical terms
Should have good physical appearance such as colour, quality of the
paper to attract the attention of the respondent
Schedules
This method is similar to the questionnaire method with a slight
difference. The enumerations are specially appointed for the purpose
of filling the schedules. It explains the aims and objects of the
investigation and may remove misunderstandings if any have come up.
Enumerations should be trained to perform their job with hard work
and patience.
33. Collected from first-hand experiences is known asprimary
data. More reliable, authentic and not been published
anywhere.
Primary data hasnot been changed or altered by human
being, therefore its validity is greater than secondarydata.
34. Methods of
collecting
primary data
Direct Personal
Investigation
(interviewing)
Indirect oral
investigation
Casestudies
Measurements
Lab. results
Experimentation
Investigation
through
observation
35. Merits
Targeted issues are
addressed
Data interpretation is better
High accuracy of data
Addressing specific
research issues
Greater control
Demerits
Cost
Time
More personnel / resources
Inaccurate feedback
Training, skill and
laborious.
36. Secondary Data Collection Methods
Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the actual user. It means that the
information is already available, and someone analyses it. The secondary data includes
magazines, newspapers, books, journals etc. It may be either published data or
unpublished data.
Published data are available in various resources including
•Government publications
•Public records
•Historical and statistical documents
•Business documents
•Technical and trade journals
Unpublished data includes
•Diaries
•Letters
•Unpublished biographies etc.
37. Already been collected by others.
Journals, periodicals, research publication ,official
record etc.
May beavailable in the published or unpublished
form.
Resorted to when primary data sources/methods are
infeasible -, inaccessible.
39. Merits
Quick andcheap
Wider geographical area
Leading to primary data
Demerits
Not fulfilling specific
research needs
Poor accuracy
Not up to date
Longer orientation period
Poor accessibility in some
cases
40. Primary data
Real time
Sureabout the sources
Can answer research
question.
Cost and time
Can avoid bias
More flexible
Secondary data
o Past data
o Not sure about sources
o Refining the research
problem
o Cheapand no time
o Biascan’t beruled out
o Lessflexible
41. Value of information (VOI or VoI) is the amount a decision
maker would be willing to pay for information prior to
making a decision.
VoI is sometimes distinguished into value of perfect
information, also called value of clairvoyance (VoC), and value
of imperfect information. They are closely related to the
widely known expected value of perfect information (EVPI)
and expected value of sample information (EVSI).
Its value is related to the person who uses it, when he uses
it and for what he uses it.
Any assessment of the value of information is therefore
related to the value of the decision-making supported by
such information.
Value Of Information
42. For example consider two persons lost in the Sahara desert. One
person has an adequate supply of drinking water (more than he
could desire) and another has exhausted his supply. If one were to
approach these two individuals with information about a drinking
water well in the surrounding, such information will obviously
have greater value for the one who has exhausted his water
supply. For the one who is thirsty, this information is the most
valuable piece of information for him at that point of time as it
will determine if he will survive. If by chance the information
reaches this thirsty person late and he dies of thirst, then the value
of the same information becomes zero. So we can see that the
same information can have different value for different people at
different points in time. Hence, it will be fair to conclude that
value of information is relative. There is no absolute value of
information.
43.
44.
45. Key Factor Affecting Value of Information (CARE)
•Creditability. The source of information is a key factor in affecting the value of
information, logically an information from a credible source will hold more value,
compared to hearsay or myth passed around. ...
•Availability.
•Relativity.
•Efficiency.
By knowing the value of information and its foundation, information
can be improved and can provide better support in decision making. The
model is concise, clear and broadly applicable, though it should be
adapted to the organization to get the most out of it.
46. S.NO INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE
1 Information denotes the organized data about
someone or something obtained from various
sources such as newspaper, internet, television,
discussions, etc.
Knowledge refers to the
awareness or understanding
on the subject acquired
from education or
experience of a person.
2 Information is nothing but the refined form of
data, which is helpful to understand the meaning.
knowledge is the relevant
and objective information
that helps in drawing
conclusions.
3 Data compiled in the meaningful context provides
information.
when information is
combined with experience
and intuition, it results in
knowledge.
4 Information brings on comprehension of the facts
and figures.
knowledge which leads to
the understanding of the
subject.
47. S.NO INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE
5 The transfer of information is easy through
different means, i.e. verbal or non-verbal signals.
the transfer of knowledge is
a bit difficult, because it
requires learning on the
part of the receiver.
6 Information can be reproduced in low cost. reproduction of knowledge
is not possible because it is
based on experiential or
individual values,
perceptions, etc.
7 Information alone is not sufficient to make
generalisation or predictions about someone or
something.
knowledge has the ability
to predict or make
inferences.
8 Every information is not necessarily a knowledge but all knowledge is an
information.
48.
49. An Information system is a combination of hardware
and software and telecommunication networks that
people build to collect, create and distribute useful
data, typically in an organisational, It defines the flow
of information within the system. The objective of an
information system is to provide appropriate
information to the user, to gather the data,
processing of the data and communicate information
to the user of the system.
50.
51. Components of the information system are as follows:
1. Computer Hardware:
Physical equipment used for input, output and processing. What hardware to use it
depends upon the type and size of the organisation. It consists of input, an output
device, operating system, processor, and media devices. This also includes computer
peripheral devices.
2. Computer Software:
The programs/ application program used to control and coordinate the hardware
components. It is used for analysing and processing of the data. These programs include
a set of instruction used for processing information:
Software is further classified into 2 types:
System Software
Application Software
3. Databases:
Data are the raw facts and figures that are unorganised that are and later processed to
generate information. Softwares are used for organising and serving data to the user,
managing physical storage of media and virtual resources. As the hardware can’t work
without software the same as software needs data for processing. Data are managed
using Database management system.
Database software is used for efficient access for required data, and to manage
knowledge bases.
52. 4. Network:
Networks resources refer to the telecommunication networks like the intranet,
extranet and the internet.
These resources facilitate the flow of information in the organisation.
Networks consists of both the physicals devises such as networks cards, routers,
hubs and cables and software such as operating systems, web servers, data servers
and application servers.
Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications processors,
and other devices interconnected by communications media and controlled by
software.
Networks include communication media, and Network Support.
5. Human Resources:
It is associated with the manpower required to run and manage the system. People
are the end user of the information system, end-user use information produced for
their own purpose, the main purpose of the information system is to benefit the end
user. The end user can be accountants, engineers, salespersons, customers, clerks,
or managers etc. People are also responsible to develop and operate information
systems. They include systems analysts, computer operators, programmers, and
other clerical IS personnel, and managerial techniques.
53. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM – ” An information system is a set of interrelated
components that works together to collect, process, store and breakdown the
information to support decision making. ”
Following are the DIMENSIONS of information system:
1.ORGANIZATIONAL DIMENSION : Information system are part of organization.
Information system will have the standard operating procedure and culture of an
organization embedded within them. This involves:
a)Functional specialties b)Business processes c)Culture d)Political interest groups.
2.MANAGEMENT DIMENSION : Managers perceive business challenges in the
environment. Information systems supply tools and information needed by the
managers to allocate, coordinate and monitor their work, make decision, create new
products and services and make long range strategic decision.
3.TECHNOLOGY DIMENSION : Management uses technology to carry out their functions.
It consists of – computer hardware/software, data management technology,
networking/telecom technology. Its one of the many tools managers use to cope with
the change.
54. Information Systems are classified by organisational levels, mode of data,
processing, system objectives and type of support provided.
Following are the TYPE of information system:
1. Transaction Processing System (TPS):
Transaction Processing System are information system that processes data resulting
from the occurrences of business transactions
Their objectives are to provide transaction in order to update records and generate
reports i.e to perform store keeping function
The transaction is performed in two ways: Batching processing and Online
transaction processing.
Example: Bill system, payroll system, Stock control system.
2. Management Information System (MIS):
Management Information System is designed to take relatively raw data available
through a Transaction Processing System and convert them into a summarized and
aggregated form for the manager, usually in a report format. It reports tending to be
used by middle management and operational supervisors.
Many different types of report are produced in MIS. Some of the reports are a
summary report, on-demand report, ad-hoc reports and an exception report.
Example: Sales management systems, Human resource management system.
55. 3. Decision Support System (DSS):
Decision Support System is an interactive information system that provides
information, models and data manipulation tools to help in making the
decision in a semi-structured and unstructured situation.
Decision Support System comprises tools and techniques to help in
gathering relevant information and analyze the options and alternatives, the
end user is more involved in creating DSS than an MIS.
Example: Financial planning systems, Bank loan management systems.
4. Experts System:
Experts systems include expertise in order to aid managers in diagnosing
problems or in problem-solving. These systems are based on the principles
of artificial intelligence research.
Experts Systems is a knowledge-based information system. It uses its
knowledge about a specify are to act as an expert consultant to users.
Knowledgebase and software modules are the components of an expert
system. These modules perform inference on the knowledge and offer
answers to a user’s question