This document provides an overview of week 1 topics on physical and thermal waste processing. It introduces the learning objectives, references, and various waste processing methods including physical, chemical, thermal, and biological. Specifically, it discusses size reduction, separation, compaction, and other physical processing techniques. It also explains thermal processing methods like combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and their chemical transformations. Proximate analysis, fusing point, ultimate analysis and energy content testing for thermal waste treatment are outlined.

1. PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH MINGGU 1
PENDAHULUAN, PENGOLAHAN FISIKA,
DAN TERMAL)
Disiapkan oleh:
Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
- Institut Teknologi Yogyakarta -

2. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN - REFERENSI
Tujuan
Mahasiswa dapat memahami dan menjelaskan macam, contoh, dan cara mendesain
pengolahan sampah
Referensi
1. Tchobanoglous et all, Integrated Solid Waste Management, Engineering Principles
and Management Issues, Mc Graw Hill, Inc.
2. Jurnal-jurnal pengolahan sampah
3. Peraturan-peraturan terkait pengelolaan dan pengolahan sampah

3. METODE PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH
Fisika Kimia Termal Biologi

4. PENDAHULUAN

5. CONTOH VISUAL SAMPAH

6. CONTOH VISUAL DAMPAK SAMPAH AN-ORGANIK

7. SUMBER SAMPAH B3
&
Non-B3
B3
&
Non-B3

8. PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH B3

9. PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH NON B3

10. PRINSIP PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH
Knowing the composition of solid wastes
The key is material balance of solid waste management!
Material balance:
60 % is organic material
40 % is an-organic material
3R (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse)
How? (the answer is separate it by its composition)

11. ORGANIC MATERIAL
3R (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse)
The most used is composting/recycle (conventional)
The others are:
1. Anaerobic Digestion/recycle
2. Mechanical-biological (MB) treatment/recycle and reuse
3. Combustion

12. COMPOSTING/RECYCLE
Composting is an aerobic process and a large fraction of the degradable
organic carbon (DOC) in the waste material is converted into carbon dioxide
(CO2). CH4 is formed in anaerobic sections of the compost, but it is
oxidised to a large extent in the aerobic sections of the compost. The
estimated CH4 released into the atmosphere ranges from less than 1 percent
to a few percent of the initial carbon content in the material (Beck-Friis, 2001;
Detzel et al., 2003; Arnold, 2005).
Composting can also produce emissions of N2O. The range of the estimated
emissions varies from less than 0.5 percent to 5 percent of the initial nitrogen
content of the material (Petersen et al., 1998; Hellebrand 1998; Vesterinen,
1996; Beck-Friis, 2001; Detzel et al., 2003).
Poorly working composts are likely to produce more
both of CH4 and N2O (e.g., Vesterinen, 1996).

13. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION/RECYCLEAnaerobic digestion of organic waste expedites the
natural decomposition of organic material without
oxygen by maintaining the temperature, moisture
content and pH close to their optimum values.
Generated CH4 can be used to produce heat and/or
electricity, wherefore reporting of emissions from the
process is usually done in the Energy Sector. The CO2
emissions are of biogenic origin, and should be
reported only as an information item in the Energy
Sector. Emissions of CH4 from such facilities due to
unintentional leakages during process disturbances or
other unexpected events will generally be between 0
and 10 percent of the amount of CH4 generated. In
the absence of further information, use 5 percent as a
default value for the CH4 emissions. Where technical
standards for biogas plants ensure that unintentional
CH4 emissions are flared, CH4 emissions are likely to
be close to zero. N2O emissions from the process are
assumed to be negligible, however, the data on these
emissions are very scarce.
Riitta Pipatt, 2006

14. MECHANICAL-BIOLOGICAL (MB) TREATMENT/RECYCLE
AND REUSE Mechanical-biological (MB) treatment of waste is becoming popular
in Europe. In MB treatment, the waste material undergoes a series of
mechanical and biological operations that aim to reduce the volume of
the wasteas well as stabilise it to reduce emissions from final disposal.
The operations vary by application. Typically, the mechanical
operations separate the waste material into fractions that will under
go further treatment (composting, anaerobic digestion,
combustion, recycling). These may include separation, shredding
and crushing of the material. The biological operations include
composting and anaerobic digestion. The composting can take place
in heaps or in composting facilities with optimisation of the conditions
of the process as well as filtering of the produced gas. The possibilities
to reduce the amount of organic material to be disposed at landfills
are large, 40 - 60 percent (Kaartinen, 2004). Due to the reduced
amount in material, organic content and biological activity, the MB-
treated waste will produce up to 95 percent less CH4 than untreated
waste when disposed in SWDS. The practical reductions have been
smaller and depend on the type and duration of MB treatments in
question (see e.g., Binner, 2002). CH4 and N2O emissions during the
different phases of the MB treatment depend on the specific
operations and the duration of the biological treatment.
Riitta Pipatt, 2006

15. COMBUSTION
Incineration is a waste treatment
process that involves the combustion of
organic substances contained in waste
materials.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Incineration#cite_note-0)
The most publicized concerns from
environmentalists about the incineration
of municipal solid wastes (MSW)
involve the fear that it produces
significant amounts of dioxin and furan
emissions.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Incineration#cite_note-14)
Dioxins and furans are considered by
many to be serious health hazards.

16. AN-ORGANIC MATERIAL
3R (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse)
The most used is recycle and reuse (conventional)
The others are:
1. Combustion
2. etc

17. RECYCLE
Prinsip:
Merubah raw material menjadi
bentuk material baru

18. REUSE
Prinsip:
Menggunakan raw material tanpa
mengubah struktur material atau
alih fungsi/fungsi berbeda atau
fungsi sama

19. CONTOH VISUAL RECYCLE KALENG
http://fadhilahfebriani.blogspot.com/2012/01/sampah-anorganik-yaitu-sampah-yang.html

20. CONTOH VISUAL RECYCLE PLASTIK
http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=diagram+recycle+plastik&um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=y-ydn09bo3i7UM:&imgrefurl=http://shredder-granulator.ready-online.com/&docid=apAOAkW-IZsBtM&imgurl=http://shredder-granulator.ready-
online.com/images/flow-chart-film-plastic-
recycling.jpg&w=650&h=420&ei=ruhQUOaFJMTirAeqywE&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=693&vpy=154&dur=9318&hovh=180&hovw=279&tx=140&ty=89&sig=107322905414756309688&page=1&tbnh=114&tbnw=177&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:76

21. CONTOH VISUAL REUSE
http://fadhilahfebriani.blogspot.com/2012/01/sampah-anorganik-yaitu-sampah-yang.html

22. PENGOLAHAN FISIKA

23. PENGOLAHAN FISIKA
Metode yang sering digunakan dalam pengolahan dan penanganan komponen
sampah menggunakan proses fisika adalah:
1. Pengurangan berdasarkan ukuran (Size reduction)
2. Pemisahan berdasarkan kuran (Size separation)
3. Pemisahan berdasarkan kepadatan (Density separation)
4. Pemisahan sampah tercampur menggunakan listrik dan magnetik (Electric and
magnetic separation)
5. Pemadatan (Compaction)

24. BEBERAPA GAMBAR PENGOLAHAN FISIKA
Vibrating Screen Trommel ScreenSize Reduction
Trommel Screen

25. PENGOLAHAN TERMAL

26. PENGOLAHAN TERMAL
Kelayakan proses termal tergantung pada komposisi kimia dari sampah. Biasanya
ada dua kombinasi bahan mudah terbakar dan tidak mudah terbakar.
Jika sampah digunakan sebagai bahan bakar, ada 4 sifat terpenting:
1. Proximat analysis
2. Fushing point of ash
3. Ultimate analysis (elemen utama)
4. Energy content

27. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
1. Moisture (loss of moisture when heated to 105oC for 1 hour)
2. Volatile combustion matter (additional loss of weight on ignition at 950oC.
In a covered crucible)
3. Fixed Carbon (combustible residue left after volatile matter is removed)
4. Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible)
The test used to determine volatile combustible matter in a proximate analysis
is different from the volatile solids test used in biological determination.

28. FUSHING POINT OF ASH
Fushing point of ash is defined as that temperature at which the ash resulting
from the burning of waste will form a solid (clinker) by fusion and
agglomeration.
Typical fusing temperature for the formation of clinker from solid waste range
from 1100-1200oC

29. ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
Typically involves the determination of the percent C, H,O, N, S and ash.
Because of concern over the emmision of chlorinated compounds during
combustion, the determination of halogens is often included in an ultimate
analysis.
The results are used to characterize the chemical composition of the organic
matter and are used to define the proper mix of waste materials to achieve
suitable C/N ratios for biological convertion process in MSW.

30. ENERGY CONTENT OF SOLID WASTE COMPONENTS
Energy content of the organic components in MSW can be determined by :
1. Using a full scale boiler as calorimeter
2. Using a laboratory bomb calorimeter
3. Using calculation, if the elemental composition is known.

31. CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOLID
WASTE
Transformation
Process
Methode Transformations Products
Combustion
(inceneration)
Thermal Oxidation CO2, SO2, Ash, and other oxidation products
Pyrolisis Dextructive distillation A gas stream containing a variety of gases, tar and
or oil, and a char
Gasification Starved air Combustion A low Btu gas, a char containing carbon and the
inerts originally in the fuel, and pyrolitic oil

32. COMBUSTION (CHEMICAL OXIDATION)
Combustion (incineration) can be used to reduce the original volume of the combustible
fraction of MSW by 85-95 %. The recovery of energy in the form of heat is another
attractive feature of combustion process.
In the presence of excess air and under ideal condition, the combustion of the organic
fraction of MSW can be represented by the following equation :
Organic Matter + excess air N2 + CO2 + H2O + O2 + ash + heat
Excess air used to ensure the complete combustion. In practice small amounts of
ammonia (NH3), SO2, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and other trace gases will also
be present, depending on the nature of the waste materials.

33. STOICHIOMETRIC COMBUSTION
The basic reaction for stoichiometric Combustion of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur are
follows :
For Carbon C + O2 CO2
12 32
For Hydrogen 2H2 +O2 2H2O
4 32
For Sulfur S + O2 SO2
32,1 32

34. EXCESS AIR COMBUSTION
Because of the inconsistent nature of solid waste, it is virtually imposible to combust
solid waste with stoichiometric amount of air. In practical, excess air must be used to
promote mixing and turbulence, thus ensuring that air can reach all parts of the waste.
The use of excess air for combustion affects the temperature and composition of
combustion products (known as flue gases).
As the percentage of excess air increases, the oxygen content of the flue gases
increases;the temperature of combustion decreases, thus the combustion air can be
used to control combustion temperature.
If T less than about 1450 F the emmision of odorous compounds may be occur. T more
than 1800 F minimize the emmision of dioxin, furan, VOCs, and other potentially
hazardous compounds in the flue gas.

35. ENERGY RECOVERY
All new combustors currently under construction in the US and Europe employ some
energy recovery to help offset operating costs and to reduce the capital cost of air
pollution control equipment.
Energy can be recovered by two methods:
1. The use of water wall combustion chamber
2. The use of waste heat boilers, or both.
Either hot water or steam can be generated. Hot water can be used for low
temperature industrial or space heating application. Steam is more versatile, as it can
be used for both heating and generating electricity.

36. ENERGY RECOVERY
Boiler
Steam
turbine
Gas to Stack Exhaust
ElectricityWaste
Air
Steam from shredded and classified solid wastes, or solid fuel pellets fired
directly in boiler, or from solid wastes mass fired in water wall boiler. With
mass fired units auxiliary fuel may be requiered
Schematic of energy recovery system using a steam turbine generator combination

37. VOLUME REDUCTION
The amount of residue remaining after combustion depends on the nature of the waste
to be combusted.
Component Range % by weight Typical % by weight
Partially burned or unburned
organic matter
3-10 5
Tin cans 10-25 18
Other iron and steel 6-15 10
Other metals 1-4 2
Glass 30-50 35
Ceramic, stones, bricks 2-8 5
Ash 10-35 25
Total 100

38. ISSUES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBUSTION
FACILITIES
Sitting
combustors should be sited in remote locations where adequate
buffer zones surrounding the facility can be maintained. In many
communities, combustion facilities are located in the remote
locations within the city limits or landfill site.
Air Emmisions
The proper design of control emission is a critical part of the
design of combustion system. In some cases, the cost and
complexity of the environmental control are equal to or even
greater than the cost of the combustion facilities.
Disposal of Residues
Several solid residual are produced by combustion facilities,
including bottom ash, fly ash, and scrubber product. Management
of these solid residual is an integral part of the design of
combustion systems. Normally bottom ash is disposed by
landfilling.
Liquid Emmisions
1. wastewater from the ash removal facilities
2. effluent from wet scrubber
3. wastewater from pump seals, cleaning, flushing, and
general housekeeping activities
4. wastewater from treatment systems used to produce high
quality boiler water
5. cooling tower blowdown
6. Handling and disposal of these liquid emission are also
important parts of the design of combustion facilities.

39. Continous feed mass fired municipal combustor used for the production of energy from MSW
CONTINOUS FEED MASS FIRED MUNICIPAL
COMBUSTOR

40. CONTINOUS FEED MASS FIRED MUNICIPAL
COMBUSTOR
1. Unloading solid waste from collection trucks
2. Storage pit
3. Overhead crane
4. Feed charging chute
5. Furnace
6. Grate
7. Combustion chamber
8. Boiler
1. Turbine Generator
2. NOx control
3. Dry Srubber for SO2 and acid
Control
4. Baghause for PM removal
5. Induced draft fan
6. Stack for discharging of cleaned
gas
7. Residue hopper
8. Ash treatment facilities

41. TYPES OF COMBUSTORS
1. Mass Fired Combustor
Grates serves several functions, including the
movement of waste through the system, mixing
of the waste and injection of combustion air.
Many variations of grates are possible based
on reciprocating, rocking, or rotating elements.

42. TYPES OF COMBUSTORS
2. RDF Fired Combustor
RDF fired system can also be controlled more
effectively than a mass fired system because of the
more homogenous nature of RDF allowing better
combustion control and better performance of air
pollution control devices.

43. TYPES OF COMBUSTORS
3. Fluidized Bed Combustor
Fluidized Bed Combustor is quite versatile and can be
operated on a wide variety of fuel, including MSW,
sludge, coal, and numerous chemical wastes. The bed
material can be plain sand or limestone (CaCO3)

44. FACTORS AFFECTING COMBUSTION PROCESS
1. Mixing
Mixing between air and fuel is necessary to ensure complete combustion.
2. Air
Excess air can prevent the occurrence of incomplete combustion, because produced CO can react again
produces CO2
3. Temperature
The temperature must be maintained at a flame temperature of fuel, if not then the burning will stop or not
take place at all.
4. Time
Sufficient time is needed to make sure all the solid waste burn completely
5. Density
Sufficient density is required for continuity of combustion

45. PYROLISIS
Pyrolisis is a thermal processing of waste in the complete absence of oxygen. Pyrolisis
process consist of thermal cracking and condensation into gaseous, liquid and solid
fraction. Pyrolitic process is highly endothermic, requiring an external heat source. For
this reason the term destructive distillation is often used as an alternative term for
pyrolisis.
For cellulose C6H10O5 , followed is the representative pyrolisis reaction :
3(C6H10O5 ) 8H2O + C6H8O+2CO+2CO2+CH4+H2+7C
The liquid tar or oil compounds normally obtained are represented by the expression
C6H8O.

46. PYROLISIS
There are 3 major component fractions resulting from the pyrolisis process :
1. A gas stream, containing primarily hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide,
carbondioxide, and other gases, depending on the organic characteristics of the
material being pyrolized.
2. A liquid fraction, consisting of a tar or oil stream containing acetic acid, acetone,
methanol, and complex oxygenated hydrocarbons. This liquid fraction can be
used as a synthetic fuel gas oil as a substitute for conventional fuel oil.
3. A char, consisting of almost pure carbon plus any inert material originally present
in the solid waste.

47. GAS COMPOSITION FOR PYROLISIS AS A FUNCTION
OF TEMPERATURE
Gas
Percent by volume
900 oF 1200o F 1500 F 1700 F
H2 5,56 16,58 28,55 32,48
CH4 12,43 15,91 13,73 10,45
CO 33,50 30,49 34,12 35,25
CO2 44,77 31,78 20,59 18,31
C2H4 0,45 2,18 2,24 2,43
C2H6 3,03 3,06 0,77 1,07
Adapted from Tchobanoglous p.628

48. OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS WITH MSW PYROLYSIS
SYSTEM
1. Failure of the front end system to meet purity specifications for aluminium and
glass, which affected the economics of the system.
2. Failure of the system to produce a saleable pyrolisis oil. The oil moisture content
was 52% not 14% like was predicted from the pilot plant. The incresed moisture
in the oil decreased the energy content to 3600 Btu/lb as compared to 9100
Btu/lb predicted by the pilot plant test.
Pyrolisis is still widely used as an industrial process for the production of charcoal from
wood, coke and coke gas from coal, and fuel gas and pitch from heavy petroleum
fraction

49. GASIFICATION SYSTEMS
Gasification is the general term used to describe the process of partial combustion in
which a fuel is deliberately combusted with less than stoichiometric air.
It is an energy-efficient technique for reducing the volume of solid waste and recovery
of energy. Essentially, the process involves partial combustion of a carbonaceous fuel
to generate a combustible fuel gas rich in CO, H2, some saturated hydrocarbon,
principally methane. The combustible fuel gas can then be combusted in an internal
combustion engine, gas turbine, or boiler under excess air condition.

50. GASIFICATION SYSTEMS
During the gasification process, five principal reactions occur :
1. C + O2 CO2 exothermic
2. C+H2O CO + H2 endothermic
3. C + CO2 2CO endothermic
4. C + 2H2 CH4 exothermic
5. CO + H2O CO2 + H2 exothermic
The heat to sustain the process is derived from exothermic reactions, whereas the combustible
components are primarily generated by endothermic reactions.
Principal difference between pyrolisis and gasification is that pyrolisis system use an external
source of heat to drive the endotermic pyrolisis reactions in an oxygen free environment,
whereas gasification systems are self sustaining and use air or oxygen for the partial
combustion of solid waste.

51. GASIFICATION AIR EMISSIONS
Emission Unit Values
NO2 ppmv 60-115
SO2 Gr/dscm 0,091-0,227
Noncondensible Hydrocarbon ppmv < 1
Total particle rate Gr/dscm 0,068-0,164
Particle cut diameter µm 8
ppmv : part per million by volume
Gr/dscm : grams per dry standart cubic meter

52. GASIFIER TYPES
There are five basic types of gasifiers :
1. Vertical fixed bed
2. Horizontal fixed bed
3. Fluidized bed
4. Multiple heart
5. Rotary Kiln
The first three types have been the most widely used.

53. VERTICAL FIXED BED
Some advantages of this type is simplicity and
relatively low capital costs. However Vertical
Fixed Bed is more sensitive to the mechanical
character of the fuel, it requires a uniform,
homogenous fuel, such as densified RDF.
Direction of
fuel flow
Air
Air
Grate
Gas
Ash
Air
removal
pot
Schematic diagram of batch fed fixed
bed gasifier

54. HORIZONTAL FIXED BED
The Horizontal Fixed Bed gasifier has become the most commercial available type. Ironically, it
is not commonly reffered to as a gasifier but rather by terms starved air combustor
(incinerator), or pyrolytic combustor.
Normally Horizontal Fixed Bed consists of a primary combustion chamber and a secondary
combustion chamber.
In the primary chamber, waste is gasified by partial combustion under substoichiometric
conditions, producing a low Btu gas, which then flows into the secondary combustion chamber
where it is combusted with excess air.
Lower velocity and turbulence in the primary combustion chamber minimize the entrainment of
particulates in the gas stream, leading to lower particulate emissions than in conventional excess
air combustion.
The secondary combustion produces high temperature (1200 to 1600 oF) gases of complete
combustion (CO2, H2O, N2), which can be used to produce steam or hot water in an attached
waste heat boiler.

55. FLUIDIZED BED
The use of fluidized bed combustion for the excess air combustion of MSW has been
discussed previously. With minimal modifications a fludized bed combustion system can
be operated in substoichiometric mode as a gasifier.

56. TUGAS 1 – (KELOMPOK) DISKUSI TENTANG JENIS
SAMPAH
Identifikasi semua jenis sampah berpotensi non-B3 dan B-3 yang terdapat di (pilih 1 lokasi spesifik):
1. Rumah
2. Kos-kosan
3. Atau dimanapun
Bagaimana pengolahannya saat ini?
Buat tabel / uraian yang dilengkapi dengan dokumentasi (foto) jenis-jenis sampah tersebut!
Bagaimana pengelolaan dan pengolahan sampah tersebut yang baik menurut Anda, jelaskan disertai dengan diagram
alirnya (seperti slide page 9)?
Format line spacing dan margin bebas (word)
Dikumpulkan tanggal 13 Maret 2018 Jam 19.00 ke bimastyajisurya@gmail.com (lebih dari jam tersebut, tidak diterima)
Format nama file: Nomor Kelompok_Tugas 1
Subjek: Tugas 1_Jenis-jenis Sampah