3. ZINC
Total Zinc contents of body ranges from 1.3 to
1.4 gm
• 10% (mg/100gm) in skin and prostate
• 90% in bones and teeth
4. SOURCES
(a) Animals Sources
Liver, milk dairy products and eggs are good
sources
(b) Vegetables Sources
Cereals, legumes, pulses and various vegetables
6. • ABSORPTION
Only a small percentages of dietary Zn is
absorbed and occurs mainly from duodenum
and ileum. Its absorption is increased by amino
acids and peptides, and is decreased by fibers,
Phosphate, Ca+2, Cu+2
• BLOOD LEVEL
Whole blood contain 650 – 680 g/100mL. It is
present in R.B.C & Carbonic anhydrase
7. • FUNCTIONS
1. Role in Enzyme Activity:-
Carbonic anhydrase, Superoxide dismutase
Carboxy peptidase “A” of Pancreatic Juice.
Specific examples are RNA Polymerases,
Glucocorticoids receptors Uricase, Lactate
dehydrogenase, Alkaline phasphatase and
Alcohol dehydrogenase
2. Role in Vitamin A Metabolism:-
It stimulates release of Vitamin–A from liver
& its utilization in Rhodopsin synthesis
8. 3. Role in Insulin Secretion:-
Various insulin preparation such as Protamine Zinc
Insulin, Globin Zinc Insulin contain Zn+2 for its
functioning. There is some role of Zn+2 in storage
and secretion of insulin. Zinc contents of Pancreas
is decrease in D. M.
4. Role in Growth & Reproduction
Deficiency may causes “Dwarfism”,
“Hypogonadism” and Anemia. Essential for
normal Spermatogenesis, normal embryonic
development and for normal cell division and
differentiation
5. Role in Wound Healing
Deficiency delays wound healing
9. 6. Role in Biosynthesis of Mononucleotides
Biosynthesis of mononucleotides and their
incorporation into Nucleic Acids is impaired in
Zn+2 deficiency
7. Zinc Deficiency
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Autosomal recessive disorder in which there is
defect in Zn+2 absorption. There is Dermal /eye
/G.I.T/Psych. manifestations
10.
11. Zinc Toxicity may develop in welders and in
those receiving excessive oral and i/v intake.
Its salient features are fever, excessive
salivation, cough and Leukocytosis
13. • SOURCES:-
Mainly derived from drinking Water. About one
part of Fluorine in one million parts of Drinking
Water seem to serve the daily requirement.
Maize is the rich source of fluorine
14. FUNCTIONS:-
1. Role in teeth development & Dental Health
It prevent Dental Caries (Decay & Cavity
Formation) by forming calcium flouride
2. Role in Bone Development
Although present in trace amount in bones it
promotes normal bone development,
Increase retention of Ca+2, PO4
-3, & prevents
Osteoporosis
Excessive Fluoride causes Toxicity called
Fluorosis in which there is:-
15. Mottling and discoloration of teeth
Damage to Mitochondria
Dec. activities of some Enzymes
Dec. in protein Synthesis
Dec. in Steroid Production
Collagen content is found to be reduced
Florosis is more prevalent where maize is a
staple diet .
17. • It is an important Intracellular Cation
SOURCES:-
* Widely distributed in vegetables, Nuts,
Legumes, and whole grains are very good
sources and
* In almost all Animal Cells
19. FUNCTIONS:
1. Cofactor of many enzymes e.g., Peptidases,
Ribonucleases & carboxylation reactions
2. Have effects like Ca+2 on N. M. Irritability i.e.,
decreases neuromuscular irritability
3. As constituent of Bones & Teeth
20. Effect of High Serum Mg+2:
Experimentally a Mg+2 level of 8 mmol/L
produces immediate & profound anesthesia &
paralysis of voluntary muscles.
The effects can be reversed by an intravenous
injection of a corresponding amount of Ca+2
Serum Mg+2 tends to rise in Renal Failure
21. Signs & Symptoms of Hypomagnesaemia:
i) Central Nervous System Disorders
ii) Neuromuscular disorder
23. SOURCES:
Sulphur is made available to body by proteins
containing Methionine, Cystine or Cysteine. These
amino acids contain Sulphur
Also available from S-containing Vitamin ,
Coenzymes-A, Lipoic acid, Biotin.
Certain Sulpholipids and Glycolipids also
provide ‘Sulphur’
Rich sources are meat, fish, legumes, eggs, liver
and cereals etc.
24. METABOLIC FUNCTIONS:
1. Formation of “Active Sulphate” which
participates in several Transulfuration reactions
2. Involves in the formation of protein such as
Keratin, Chondro-protein, and other compounds
like Glutathione, Heparin, Insulin, Oxytocin,
Vesopressin & Taurine etc.
3. It forms –S–S– linkage between two “SH”
group of Cysteine form Secondary & Tertiary
structures of proteins.
25. 4. “Sulphur” containing vitamins e.g Biotin,
Panthothenic acid, and Thiamin act as
Coenzyme.
6. Conjugation of Sulphate with various toxic
compounds formed in the body e.g Indoxyl,
Phenol
7. S–adenosyl methionine (SAM) acts as initiation
in Protein Synthesis
