2. Course objective:
By the end of this subject, students should be able to:
1. Understand basic concepts of pathology and their mechanisms
2. Understand cell injury and adaptation, inflammation, repair, healing, and
regeneration.
3. Understand hemodynamic disorders and their mechanisms
4. Understand shock and compensatory mechanism of shock
5. Understand oncology, tumor development, types and mechanisms
6. Demonstrate basics concepts of pathology on charts and models
7. Demonstrates cell injury, cellular adaptation, inflammation repair, healing
and regeneration, hemodynamic disorders, shock, oncology on video
demonstrations.
8. Acquire skills in estimating clotting time, bleeding time,
9. Identify different slides related to pathology on microscop
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3. Recommended books:
1. Robbins Basic Pathology by Kumar, Abbas and Aster
2. Short Text Book of Pathology by Dr. M. Inam Danish
1/9/2019
israrswat96@gmail.com
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4. Pathology
• Patho = suffering, logos = study
• The scientific study of disease
• Study of alterations, occur when an abnormal
influences effect our cell, tissue or body system
• Organisms
• Toxins
• Trauma etc.
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5. Disease
• The condition in which an individual exhibit
anatomical, physiological or biochemical deviation
from norms
• Any disturbance in the body or its part, structure or
function.
• Every disease is associated with dysfunction at the
level of the organ, cell, or organelle
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6. Terminologies
Etiology: Study of cause of a disease
Predisposing factors: Factors which make an individual more
susceptible to a disease
Onset: start of a disease, sudden (acute) or progressive (chronic)
Complication: new disease arise during or after the course of a disease
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7. Terminologies
Diagnosis: Determination of a disease nature on a proper
manner
Prognosis: Estimation of disease severity and result
Pathogenesis: Sequence of events takes place during
course of a disease
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8. Terminologies
Morphology: the structural features of the disease
Methods of studying structural changes:
Biopsy: Removal of living tissue for examination
Autopsy: Examination of dead tissue (postmortem)
Cytology: study of individual cell in detail (microscopic)
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10. Nature of Diseases
Inflammatory diseases
• The diseases in which immune system attacks the body's own
tissues, resulting in the formation of thick fluid, pus
• Pus is a mixture of dead WBCs and other fluids
• E.g. appendicitis, otitis, arthritis etc.
Traumatic diseases
• The diseases in which wound are form due to physical agent
• E.g. Bone fracture, head injury etc.
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11. Nature of Diseases
Neoplastic diseases
• The diseases in which abnormal cells are formed
inside tissue or organ resulting in extra mass
• E.g. cancer
Degenerative diseases
• The diseases in which continuous tissue degeneration
occur
• E.g. osteoarthritis etc.
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12. Nomenclature of Diseases
Primary/Idiopathic diseases: The disease without marked cause. e.g.
Primary HTN
Secondary diseases: The disease due to complication of some
underlying lesion. e.g. HTN secondary to hyperlipidemia
Acute: Disease with sudden onset that lasts in short time.
e.g. appendicitis,
Chronic: Disease with slow and gradual onset that are long lasting
(often > 3 months) e.g. Cancer, COPD,.
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13. Nomenclature of Diseases
Benign: remain localized to the tissue of origin and are
less lethal. E.g. benign prostate hyperplasia
Malignant: invade and spread from their origin and are
fatal. E.g. malignant tumors
Syndromes: aggregate of signs and
symptoms/combination of lesions. E.g. ARDS
Contagious: Disease that occur due to skin-skin contact
or by airborne route e.g. nosocomial diseases like MRSA
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14. Nomenclature of Diseases
Communicable: Disease that transfer through vector e.g.
malaria
Infectious: Disease caused due to external organism
(pathogen). e.g. tuberculosis, Hepatitis etc.
Teratogenic: Diseases of fetus e.g VSD.
Venereal: Diseases caused due to sexual contact e.g. HIV,
HCV
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15. Branches of Pathology
General Pathology
Deals with diseases relates to every part of body and
focuses on the fundamental cellular and tissue responses
to pathologic stimuli e.g. Study of inflammatory diseases
Systemic Pathology
Deals with diseases related to a specific system e.g. study
of respiratory diseases
Gross Pathology
Deals with diseases in which tissues can be examine with
naked eye e.g. study of traumatic diseases
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16. Branches of Pathology
Cellular Pathology: Study of disease with help of microscope
Surgical Pathology: Study of frozen section at the time of surgery
Chemical Pathology: Study of abnormalities related with biochemical
changes in body e.g. electrolytes imbalances
Immune Pathology: deals with diseases related to immune system e.g.
study of rheumatic diseases
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17. Branches of Pathology
Pathophysiology: Study of disordered function of tissue
or organ which it have in a disease
Clinical pathology: study of disease by examining blood,
urine, feces, skin, scrapings, etc.
Geographical pathology: study of disease processes in
population groups
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18. Epidemiological Indices
Prevalence: quantifies how many people
have a disease (Old + new)
Incidence: quantifies the development of
new cases of a disease or risk
Ratio: a comparison between two objects or
amounts
Mortality: Death ratio in community
Morbidity: Disease ratio in community
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19. Epidemiological Indices
Endemic: a disease present consistently in specific region
Outbreak: The occurrence of more cases of a disease
than expected for a particular place (limited)
Epidemic: unexpected increase in the number of disease
in a specific area
Pandemic: when a disease grow exponentially and
occupy large area
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