2. Awal Mir Khattak
M.Sc. Hematology (Baqai Med Uni Karachi)
M.Phil MLS (University of Haripur)
PhD Scholar (University of Haripur)
INTRODUCTION TO HEMATOLOGY
3.
HEMATOLOGY
(Hema = blood, logy = study)
Hematology is the study of blood and blood forming
organs. Hematology deals with blood physiology as well
as pathology
3
INTRODUCTION
4.
Blood is a specialized mobile connective tissue that circulate in
closed vascular system
The cellular portion of blood was not known until the invention of
the microscope
Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) accurately described and measured
the red blood cells (erythrocytes)
The discovery of white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets
(Thrombocytes) followed after microscope lenses were
improved
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BLOOD
5.
Gabriel Andral and William Addison first described white
blood cells in 1843
Karl Vierordt (KV) published the first quantitative results of
blood cell analysis in 1852
Improved methods of blood examination described in 1920s
In 1930s allowed anemia's and other blood disorders to be
studied on rational basis
Later it was recognized that alterations in the components of
blood are the result of disease 5
BLOOD
6.
The liquid component of blood is called plasma (serum), and
the solid part is known as corpuscles (blood cells)
The normal adult has about 6-8 liters of this vital fluid, which
composes from 7% to 8% of the total body weight
Plasma makes up about 55% of the blood volume, while
erythrocytes make up about 44%, and leukocytes and platelets
collectively make up 1%
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BLOOD COMPOSITION
8.
Cellular Compartment
1. Erythrocytes (Non nucleated)
2. Leukocytes (Nucleated)
3. Thrombocytes (Non nucleated)
Leukocytes are further two types
1. Granulocytes: Contain granules in their cytoplasm
2. A granulocytes: No granules in their cytoplasm
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BLOOD CORPUSCLES
10.
Lymphocytes (Sub types)
On the bases of functions
1. B-Lymphocytes
2. T-Lymphocytes
1. Helper T (CD4 +ve)
2. Cytotoxic T(CD8 +ve)
3. NK cells
On the basis of morphology
1. Small Lymphocytes
2. Large Lymphocytes
3. Large granular lymphocytes (NK cell)
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BLOOD CORPUSCLES
12.
Plasma functions
Major part of plasma is water and act:
As a solvent and vehicle for the transport of blood cells and
other component
Regulation of fluid balance
Elimination of waste products
Maintenance of electrolyte balance
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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
13.
Plasma functions
Albumin maintain osmotic pressure and also carrier protein
for drugs, hormones, unconjugated bilirubin etc.
Coagulation factors: Maintain hemostasis
Globulin: Maintaining viscosity, peripheral resistance and
blood pressure. It act as buffer by combing with Co2 to
formed carbamino compound which help Co2 transportation
It is also act as a protein reservoir for new protein synthesis 13
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
14.
Plasma functions
β globulin is a carrier proteins i-e transfferin, ceruloplasmin,
hemopexin and haptoglobins etc
Transport of waste product: Urea and creatinin
Transport of nutrients: Glucose, amino acid, lipid, iron, calcium, etc.
Transport of hormone (endocrine hormones) and vitamins (Vitamin
B complex, K etc ).
Maintenances blood pressure by the regulation of heart rate and
peripheral resistance while center is in CNS
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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
15.
Blood cells functions
Red blood cells
Transportation of oxygen.
Removal Co2.
Buffer system
Maintained of blood viscosity
White blood cells
Neutrophils combating against bacterial & fungal
infections.
Lymphocytes major role in viral illness and synthesis of
immunoglobulin
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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
16.
Blood cells functions
Eosinophils provide defense against worm infestation and
other parasitic infections
Basophils causes allergic reaction by releasing histamine
They also contain heparin which is an anticoagulant and
serotonin that mediates vasoactive response
Monocytes: are the key cells in phagocytosis; they also play
a major role in acquired immune response
Platelets
Platelets form primary hemostatic plug and stabilize the
secondary hemostatic plug
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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
