this presentation was prepared and presented 4 years back for federal police crime prevention health main department staffs, to warm up them about AWD out break and its possible mangemnt
Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It can kill within hours if untreated and there are millions of cases worldwide each year resulting in over 100,000 deaths. In Nigeria, there have been cholera outbreaks and epidemics in recent years due to poor sanitation and access to clean water, with over 1,600 cases and 86 deaths reported in 2013. The document outlines the transmission, symptoms, treatment, prevention including vaccination, and situation of cholera in Nigeria.
This document outlines standard infection control procedures and techniques. It defines microorganisms and the objectives of preventing infection spread and fulfilling regulatory requirements. It identifies roles such as the occupational health in-charge and nurse. Standard universal precautions are described like PPE use, waste management, and exposure reporting. Hazards are identified for various jobs handling blood and body fluids. Standard techniques include hygiene, PPE, and casualty handling. The exposure action plan and biomedical waste management colors and treatment are defined. Record keeping and responsibilities are also outlined.
This document discusses needlestick injuries among healthcare workers and post-exposure prophylaxis. It provides information on the risks of transmitting various bloodborne pathogens like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C via needlestick injuries. It also outlines the determinants of transmission risk and classifications of exposure incidents and infected sources. The document recommends immediate management of exposures, which includes wound cleansing. It provides treatment regimens for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. It stresses the importance of vaccination against Hepatitis B for healthcare workers and safe injection practices to prevent needlestick injuries.
This document discusses patient safety indicators (PSIs) as a way to measure and improve healthcare quality. It defines PSIs as a subset of quality indicators focused on preventable complications during or after hospitalization. The document then provides details on 20 specific PSIs, including definitions, calculation methods, and sample results for Portugal between 2000-2005. It analyzes PSI rates by gender, economic hospital group, administrative hospital group, and year to identify safety trends and differences between hospital types. The goal is to understand PSI prevalence, evaluate hospital safety over time, and identify opportunities to enhance patient safety.
Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a practical, evidence-based approach which prevents health workers and patients from being harmed by avoidable infection and as a result of antimicrobial resistance.
This document provides guidance on how to assist others in emergency situations by summarizing basic first aid principles and procedures for common injuries and illnesses. It outlines the DRABC actions to take for an unconscious casualty and the secondary survey for a conscious casualty. Key first aid steps are summarized for bleeding, shock, burns, choking, asthma attacks, seizures, fractures, heat and cold exposure, and poisonings from bites, stings or ingestion.
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingesting bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. It was discovered in 1854 by Filippo Pacini who studied the bacteria under a microscope. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration which can be life-threatening if untreated, with reported mortality rates of 50-90% in epidemics. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water and is common in low-income areas without access to clean water and sanitation.
This document discusses patient safety and medical errors. It notes that medical errors impact about 1 in 10 patients worldwide according to the WHO. The rates of death from medical errors in healthcare exceed those of other high-risk industries like commercial airlines or nuclear power. The document outlines some of the common causes of medical errors, including systemic flaws, communication issues, and patient ignorance. It emphasizes that a culture of safety and teamwork is needed to effectively address patient safety issues and prevent future errors.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It can kill within hours if untreated and there are millions of cases worldwide each year resulting in over 100,000 deaths. In Nigeria, there have been cholera outbreaks and epidemics in recent years due to poor sanitation and access to clean water, with over 1,600 cases and 86 deaths reported in 2013. The document outlines the transmission, symptoms, treatment, prevention including vaccination, and situation of cholera in Nigeria.
This document outlines standard infection control procedures and techniques. It defines microorganisms and the objectives of preventing infection spread and fulfilling regulatory requirements. It identifies roles such as the occupational health in-charge and nurse. Standard universal precautions are described like PPE use, waste management, and exposure reporting. Hazards are identified for various jobs handling blood and body fluids. Standard techniques include hygiene, PPE, and casualty handling. The exposure action plan and biomedical waste management colors and treatment are defined. Record keeping and responsibilities are also outlined.
This document discusses needlestick injuries among healthcare workers and post-exposure prophylaxis. It provides information on the risks of transmitting various bloodborne pathogens like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C via needlestick injuries. It also outlines the determinants of transmission risk and classifications of exposure incidents and infected sources. The document recommends immediate management of exposures, which includes wound cleansing. It provides treatment regimens for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. It stresses the importance of vaccination against Hepatitis B for healthcare workers and safe injection practices to prevent needlestick injuries.
This document discusses patient safety indicators (PSIs) as a way to measure and improve healthcare quality. It defines PSIs as a subset of quality indicators focused on preventable complications during or after hospitalization. The document then provides details on 20 specific PSIs, including definitions, calculation methods, and sample results for Portugal between 2000-2005. It analyzes PSI rates by gender, economic hospital group, administrative hospital group, and year to identify safety trends and differences between hospital types. The goal is to understand PSI prevalence, evaluate hospital safety over time, and identify opportunities to enhance patient safety.
Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a practical, evidence-based approach which prevents health workers and patients from being harmed by avoidable infection and as a result of antimicrobial resistance.
This document provides guidance on how to assist others in emergency situations by summarizing basic first aid principles and procedures for common injuries and illnesses. It outlines the DRABC actions to take for an unconscious casualty and the secondary survey for a conscious casualty. Key first aid steps are summarized for bleeding, shock, burns, choking, asthma attacks, seizures, fractures, heat and cold exposure, and poisonings from bites, stings or ingestion.
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingesting bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. It was discovered in 1854 by Filippo Pacini who studied the bacteria under a microscope. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration which can be life-threatening if untreated, with reported mortality rates of 50-90% in epidemics. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water and is common in low-income areas without access to clean water and sanitation.
This document discusses patient safety and medical errors. It notes that medical errors impact about 1 in 10 patients worldwide according to the WHO. The rates of death from medical errors in healthcare exceed those of other high-risk industries like commercial airlines or nuclear power. The document outlines some of the common causes of medical errors, including systemic flaws, communication issues, and patient ignorance. It emphasizes that a culture of safety and teamwork is needed to effectively address patient safety issues and prevent future errors.
In Nigeria, every year an estimated 124,000 children under the age of 5 die because of diarrhea, mainly due to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. Lack of adequate water and sanitation are also major causes of other diseases, including respiratory infection and under-nutrition
Surveillance of healthcare associated infectionsTHL
This document discusses the role of nurses in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance in Finland. It describes how HAI surveillance is conducted nationally through several programs coordinated by the Finnish Hospital Infection Program. Nurses, particularly infection control nurses, play a key role in HAI data collection, reporting, and feedback. They work with link nurses and other staff to identify HAI cases using standardized protocols. The data are used to monitor HAI rates and prevent infections by informing guidelines. Nurses receive training to build their competencies in infection control and HAI surveillance.
1) The document discusses the importance of hand hygiene for healthcare workers, noting that poor personal hygiene like long nails, nail polish, and jewelry can harbor microorganisms and interfere with proper hand washing.
2) Several examples are given of disease outbreaks linked to healthcare workers with long nails or artificial nails.
3) The WHO guidelines state that even with proper hand washing, long nails and jewelry can remain contaminated with pathogens and increase infection risk, particularly for vulnerable patient groups.
Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. The document discusses how hands are the most common vehicle for spreading bacteria and viruses, and outlines best practices for hand hygiene in healthcare settings, including washing hands before and after contact with patients, invasive procedures, and contact with surfaces. It emphasizes that proper hand hygiene is crucial for infection prevention.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water and causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Prevention methods include access to safe water and sanitation, hand washing, and oral cholera vaccines. Treatment involves oral rehydration solution and intravenous fluids to replace lost fluids from diarrhea, as well as antibiotics in severe cases. Public health measures focus on finding the source of outbreaks and improving sanitation to prevent further spread.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted primarily through bites from rabid animals like dogs, cats, and wildlife. The virus affects the central nervous system. It is prevented through vaccination and treated through a combination of vaccines and antibodies after exposure. Pre-exposure vaccination involves three doses while post-exposure treatment requires immediate vaccination and antibodies at the site of bite along with further booster shots. Rabies remains a public health problem in many developing countries where dog vaccination programs are lacking.
This document discusses cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It provides definitions and terminology related to cholera, describes the history and epidemiology of the disease. Key points include that cholera spreads via contaminated food or water, symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and shock. Prevention strategies focus on access to clean water, sanitation, and oral cholera vaccines. Recent studies examined rapid diagnostic tests and strategies for preventing cholera outbreaks in India.
This document provides guidance on handling biohazard spills. It discusses universal precautions which treat every spill as potentially infectious. Personal protective equipment like gloves and safety glasses are required for cleaning blood or bodily fluids. Proper cleanup involves 10 steps: preparation with signs and PPE, placing absorbent material, applying disinfectant, cleaning the spill, disposing of contaminated materials, disinfecting the area again, cleaning equipment, removing PPE, handwashing, and reporting the spill. Facilities must have an exposure control plan per OSHA to protect employees from bloodborne pathogens.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods and commonly used disinfectants. It defines sterilization as destroying all microorganisms including spores and viruses, while disinfection reduces microorganisms but may not eliminate spores or viruses. Common sterilization methods include heat sterilization using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, and heavy metals. Commonly used disinfectants mentioned include ethanol, povidone iodine, glutaraldehyde, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and chloroxylenol. The document also outlines different levels of disinfection.
This document discusses the importance of proper hand washing and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It provides objectives and a PICO question regarding the use of these practices reducing nosocomial infections. Background, history, guidelines and techniques for effective hand washing and proper PPE use are outlined. Statistics on healthcare-associated infections and the impact of these practices on costs, patient and healthcare worker health are also presented. Finally, challenges, research and conclusions supporting the use of hand washing and PPE to prevent infection spread are summarized.
Diseases Transmitted Through Fecal Oral RouteEmtui
Diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route include viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminth infections. Major causes globally and in developing countries include rotavirus, cholera, typhoid, bacterial diarrhea and amoebiasis. Risk factors include lack of access to clean water and sanitation. Prevention strategies center on improving hygiene, water quality and sanitation to break the transmission cycle. Challenges to control include poverty, lack of surveillance and cultural practices.
Needlestick injuries are accidental punctures of the skin from needles. They are commonly caused by unsafe practices like recapping used needles. Recapping needles is especially dangerous as the needle can miss the cap and injure the hand. Improper disposal of used needles, like leaving them in waste bins, also increases the risk of needlestick injuries. To prevent these injuries, medical workers should avoid recapping needles, plan safe needle handling and disposal procedures, use safety-engineered devices, and immediately report any needlestick injuries according to protocol.
The document outlines the ABCDE and SAMPLE history approach for assessing and managing emergency patients, with the ABCDE approach assessing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure, while the SAMPLE history collects information on signs/symptoms, allergies, medications, past medical history, last oral intake, events, and examines the patient. It provides detailed guidance on evaluating and treating life-threatening conditions in each area, such as managing an obstructed airway, breathing difficulties, shock, or altered mental status. The goal is to rapidly identify and address critical issues through this systematic approach.
Water borne diseases, prevention and guidelines for safe drinking waternavjotjyoti
Water borne diseases are acquired by drinking contaminated water or contact with contaminated recreational water. They account for 4.1% of global disease burden and 1.8 million deaths annually. Diseases are classified as water-washed, water-scarce, water-based, and vector-borne. Guidelines for safe drinking water include treating water through coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove pathogens and chemicals. Public education on water sources, treatment, and health risks is also important to prevent water borne diseases.
Hospital Acquired Infections: A guide for preventing HAIsMarketLab Inc.
Hospital staff can reduce costs, save lives, and prevent Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) with the right combination of infection control supplies and procedures. Learn more with this presentation.
A PowerPoint describing what Cholera is and the effects it has on people. Graphs showing cases and deaths around the world are shown as well as a case study of Cholera in Zimbabwe.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fatal illness caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the immune system. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys CD4+ T cells, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. The progression from HIV infection to AIDS occurs when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV over many years. Common modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sexual contact and sharing needles. There is no cure for AIDS.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
Two types of acute diarrhoeal emergencies are cholera, which causes acute watery diarrhoea, and Shigella dysentery, which causes acute bloody diarrhoea. Both are transmitted through contaminated water, food, hands, and vomit or stool of sick individuals. The first steps in managing a diarrhoeal outbreak are determining if there are an unusual number of similar cases, identifying whether patients have cholera or Shigella by their symptoms, and being prepared for a potential increase in cases.
In Nigeria, every year an estimated 124,000 children under the age of 5 die because of diarrhea, mainly due to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. Lack of adequate water and sanitation are also major causes of other diseases, including respiratory infection and under-nutrition
Surveillance of healthcare associated infectionsTHL
This document discusses the role of nurses in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance in Finland. It describes how HAI surveillance is conducted nationally through several programs coordinated by the Finnish Hospital Infection Program. Nurses, particularly infection control nurses, play a key role in HAI data collection, reporting, and feedback. They work with link nurses and other staff to identify HAI cases using standardized protocols. The data are used to monitor HAI rates and prevent infections by informing guidelines. Nurses receive training to build their competencies in infection control and HAI surveillance.
1) The document discusses the importance of hand hygiene for healthcare workers, noting that poor personal hygiene like long nails, nail polish, and jewelry can harbor microorganisms and interfere with proper hand washing.
2) Several examples are given of disease outbreaks linked to healthcare workers with long nails or artificial nails.
3) The WHO guidelines state that even with proper hand washing, long nails and jewelry can remain contaminated with pathogens and increase infection risk, particularly for vulnerable patient groups.
Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. The document discusses how hands are the most common vehicle for spreading bacteria and viruses, and outlines best practices for hand hygiene in healthcare settings, including washing hands before and after contact with patients, invasive procedures, and contact with surfaces. It emphasizes that proper hand hygiene is crucial for infection prevention.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water and causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Prevention methods include access to safe water and sanitation, hand washing, and oral cholera vaccines. Treatment involves oral rehydration solution and intravenous fluids to replace lost fluids from diarrhea, as well as antibiotics in severe cases. Public health measures focus on finding the source of outbreaks and improving sanitation to prevent further spread.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted primarily through bites from rabid animals like dogs, cats, and wildlife. The virus affects the central nervous system. It is prevented through vaccination and treated through a combination of vaccines and antibodies after exposure. Pre-exposure vaccination involves three doses while post-exposure treatment requires immediate vaccination and antibodies at the site of bite along with further booster shots. Rabies remains a public health problem in many developing countries where dog vaccination programs are lacking.
This document discusses cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It provides definitions and terminology related to cholera, describes the history and epidemiology of the disease. Key points include that cholera spreads via contaminated food or water, symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and shock. Prevention strategies focus on access to clean water, sanitation, and oral cholera vaccines. Recent studies examined rapid diagnostic tests and strategies for preventing cholera outbreaks in India.
This document provides guidance on handling biohazard spills. It discusses universal precautions which treat every spill as potentially infectious. Personal protective equipment like gloves and safety glasses are required for cleaning blood or bodily fluids. Proper cleanup involves 10 steps: preparation with signs and PPE, placing absorbent material, applying disinfectant, cleaning the spill, disposing of contaminated materials, disinfecting the area again, cleaning equipment, removing PPE, handwashing, and reporting the spill. Facilities must have an exposure control plan per OSHA to protect employees from bloodborne pathogens.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods and commonly used disinfectants. It defines sterilization as destroying all microorganisms including spores and viruses, while disinfection reduces microorganisms but may not eliminate spores or viruses. Common sterilization methods include heat sterilization using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, and heavy metals. Commonly used disinfectants mentioned include ethanol, povidone iodine, glutaraldehyde, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and chloroxylenol. The document also outlines different levels of disinfection.
This document discusses the importance of proper hand washing and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It provides objectives and a PICO question regarding the use of these practices reducing nosocomial infections. Background, history, guidelines and techniques for effective hand washing and proper PPE use are outlined. Statistics on healthcare-associated infections and the impact of these practices on costs, patient and healthcare worker health are also presented. Finally, challenges, research and conclusions supporting the use of hand washing and PPE to prevent infection spread are summarized.
Diseases Transmitted Through Fecal Oral RouteEmtui
Diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route include viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminth infections. Major causes globally and in developing countries include rotavirus, cholera, typhoid, bacterial diarrhea and amoebiasis. Risk factors include lack of access to clean water and sanitation. Prevention strategies center on improving hygiene, water quality and sanitation to break the transmission cycle. Challenges to control include poverty, lack of surveillance and cultural practices.
Needlestick injuries are accidental punctures of the skin from needles. They are commonly caused by unsafe practices like recapping used needles. Recapping needles is especially dangerous as the needle can miss the cap and injure the hand. Improper disposal of used needles, like leaving them in waste bins, also increases the risk of needlestick injuries. To prevent these injuries, medical workers should avoid recapping needles, plan safe needle handling and disposal procedures, use safety-engineered devices, and immediately report any needlestick injuries according to protocol.
The document outlines the ABCDE and SAMPLE history approach for assessing and managing emergency patients, with the ABCDE approach assessing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure, while the SAMPLE history collects information on signs/symptoms, allergies, medications, past medical history, last oral intake, events, and examines the patient. It provides detailed guidance on evaluating and treating life-threatening conditions in each area, such as managing an obstructed airway, breathing difficulties, shock, or altered mental status. The goal is to rapidly identify and address critical issues through this systematic approach.
Water borne diseases, prevention and guidelines for safe drinking waternavjotjyoti
Water borne diseases are acquired by drinking contaminated water or contact with contaminated recreational water. They account for 4.1% of global disease burden and 1.8 million deaths annually. Diseases are classified as water-washed, water-scarce, water-based, and vector-borne. Guidelines for safe drinking water include treating water through coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove pathogens and chemicals. Public education on water sources, treatment, and health risks is also important to prevent water borne diseases.
Hospital Acquired Infections: A guide for preventing HAIsMarketLab Inc.
Hospital staff can reduce costs, save lives, and prevent Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) with the right combination of infection control supplies and procedures. Learn more with this presentation.
A PowerPoint describing what Cholera is and the effects it has on people. Graphs showing cases and deaths around the world are shown as well as a case study of Cholera in Zimbabwe.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fatal illness caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the immune system. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys CD4+ T cells, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. The progression from HIV infection to AIDS occurs when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV over many years. Common modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sexual contact and sharing needles. There is no cure for AIDS.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
Two types of acute diarrhoeal emergencies are cholera, which causes acute watery diarrhoea, and Shigella dysentery, which causes acute bloody diarrhoea. Both are transmitted through contaminated water, food, hands, and vomit or stool of sick individuals. The first steps in managing a diarrhoeal outbreak are determining if there are an unusual number of similar cases, identifying whether patients have cholera or Shigella by their symptoms, and being prepared for a potential increase in cases.
ADULT HEALTH NURSING , COMMUNICABLE DISEASEDIARRHEA.pptxDONABIBIN
1. Diarrhea is defined as loose or watery stools more than 3 times a day and is usually caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections.
2. It can lead to dehydration through fluid loss, so management involves oral rehydration, monitoring fluid intake/output, and anti-diarrheal medications.
3. Nursing care focuses on preventing dehydration through fluid replacement and monitoring for imbalances, educating on handwashing and food safety, and checking for signs needing medical attention.
Acute gastroenteritis is characterized by changes in stool frequency and consistency lasting less than 14 days. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Treatment involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS to prevent and treat dehydration. Antimicrobial therapy may be given for specific bacterial infections when indicated. Proper management focuses on rehydration and nutrition while symptoms resolve.
Epidemiology and Control Measures for CholeraAB Rajar
It is an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio Cholera typically characterized by sudden onset of profuse,effortless,watery diarrhea followed by vomiting, rapid dehydration, muscular cramps and suppression of urine.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water or through person-to-person contact. Proper handwashing, water treatment, and food hygiene are key to prevention. Prompt rehydration treatment can reduce fatality rates to less than 1%. Africa accounts for over 50% of global cholera cases, with outbreaks often occurring after heavy rainfall when sanitation is compromised.
Vibrio cholerae is a bacteria that causes cholera, a severe diarrheal disease. It is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria that has a single flagellum and survives in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cholera spreads through contaminated food or water and causes watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Diagnosis involves culturing a stool sample and treatment focuses on rapid fluid replacement through oral rehydration or intravenous solutions. Prevention emphasizes access to clean water, proper hygiene, and avoiding foods from cholera-affected areas.
Diarrheal diseases are a major public health concern worldwide, especially among children under 5 years old. Diarrhea is defined as having 3 or more loose stools per day and can be caused by bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal infections. The main risk factors are poor hygiene, inadequate food safety, and low socioeconomic status. Diarrhea is classified based on duration and etiology. The main signs and symptoms include loose stools and dehydration. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and management of dehydration severity from no dehydration managed at home to severe dehydration treated intravenously in a hospital. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, food safety, breastfeeding, and vaccination.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. It kills an estimated 95,000 people each year and infects 2.9 million more. The infection is often mild or without symptoms but sometimes can be severe and life threatening. Treatment involves oral and intravenous rehydration. Antibiotics are also given to help reduce duration of diarrhea. Prevention focuses on drinking safe water, hand washing, and vaccination.
Diseases Affecting the Gastro-Intestinal System LECTURE 3.pptxOsmanHassan35
A communicable disease can be transmitted from one person to another in several ways, such as contact with blood or body fluids, inhalation of an airborne virus, or insect bites.
Acute diarrhea in children is defined as watery stools occurring more than 3 times per day lasting less than 2 weeks. It is a major cause of death in children under 5 worldwide. Risk factors include poor sanitation and hygiene. Etiologies include viral (e.g. rotavirus), bacterial (e.g. E. coli), and parasitic (e.g. Giardia) infections. Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and treating complications like dehydration. Prevention strategies incorporate vaccination, breastfeeding, clean water/food, and handwashing.
This document provides information on several infectious diseases including amoebiasis, typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis A, B, C and D, and prevention of blood borne diseases. Amoebiasis and typhoid fever are caused by parasites and bacteria respectively that spread through the fecal-oral route. Cholera symptoms include watery diarrhea and is caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria transmitted through contaminated food or water. Hepatitis has several viral types with different transmission routes and presentations that can range from no symptoms to liver inflammation and damage. Prevention focuses on hygiene, vaccination, and safe practices regarding medical and personal equipment exposure to bodily fluids.
Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Bacillary dysentery, also known as shigellosis, is an acute bacterial infection of the intestine caused by Shigella bacteria. It is highly contagious and spreads through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected individuals. Common symptoms include fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea with blood or mucus. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to cure the infection and prevent spread. Proper handwashing, sanitation, food handling and water treatment are important for control and prevention.
The document provides information on first aid for common emergency conditions involving drowning and poisoning. It discusses the causes, signs, symptoms, and emergency management of drowning. It also covers the mechanisms, assessment, and first aid management of various types of poisonings including food poisoning, acid/alkali ingestion, plant poisoning, cocaine, mushrooms, tobacco, opium, and phenobarbitone overdose. The document aims to educate about drowning and poisoning prevention, and the first aid steps to take for these common emergencies.
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi infection. It has a typical 2-3 week fever and involves lymphoid tissues. Man is the only reservoir and infection spreads through contaminated food, water, or direct contact. Control involves identifying and treating cases and carriers, improving sanitation, and immunizing at-risk groups. Both Vi polysaccharide and live attenuated Ty21a vaccines provide protection.
- Cholera is a life-threatening intestinal infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated.
- It is transmitted through contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Symptoms include vomiting, cramps, and rice water stool.
- Diagnosis involves culturing stool on selective media like TCBS agar to isolate the bacteria. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. Prevention emphasizes proper water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene.
- Cholera is a life-threatening intestinal infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated.
- It is transmitted through contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Symptoms include vomiting, cramps, and rice water stool.
- Diagnosis involves culturing stool on selective media like TCBS agar to isolate the bacteria. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. Prevention emphasizes proper water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. While rare in developed nations, there are still over 1 million cases annually worldwide. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like doxycycline. Prevention relies on access to clean water, sanitation, and vaccines.
Acute Diarrheal Disease is defined as the passage of loose, liquid or watery stools more than three times a day. It is caused by a variety of pathogens including viruses like rotavirus, and bacteria like ETEC. Clinical management involves oral rehydration therapy to prevent dehydration, intravenous fluids for severe cases, and continued feeding. Prevention strategies target both short-term control through appropriate case management and long-term control through improved sanitation, hygiene, and access to healthcare.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Mikru"s presentation on AWD
1. Over view of
AWD/cholera
Mikru taye
Insp.
Crime prevention health
service division
Disease prevention & health
promotion coordination office
2. Learning objectives:
By the end of the session the participants will be
able to:
• Describe key characteristics of cholera as a disease
• List the characteristics of cholera causing agent “Vibrio cholerae”
Describe It’s risk factors and mode of transmission
• Mention the case definition for cholera (suspected and
confirmed)
• Describe pathogenesis , Incubation period ,clinical presentation of
AWD/cholera
• Clinical management, prevention and control of AWD/cholera
4. What is cholera?
Cholera is -characterised by a sudden
onset of profuse painless watery
diarrhoea or rice-water like
diarrhoea, often accompanied by
vomiting
5. Causal agent - Vibrio cholerae
Vibrios are one of the most
common organisms in the
surface water around the
world.
There are over 100 different
Vibrio species but only vibrio
cholerae causes cholera.
6. - clinical features are the same, whatever the strain
– regardless the strain, the response is the same.
7. • The three serotypes can co-exist during an
epidemic because the bacteria can mutate
between serotypes This does not affect the
epidemic pattern:
• Clinical features are similar, whatever the
strain
• Regardless of the strain, the response is the
same.
9. Mode of transmission
Most epidemics have started
from a single source and
spread rapidly.
The reservoir is mainly
human: asymptomatic
(healthy) carriers and
patients carry huge
quantities of Vibrio cholerae
in faeces and in vomit.
12. Transmission…
Corpses of cholera
patients
are highly
infectious through
their excreta.
Physical contact and
food preparation
during funerals can lead
to ingestion of
contaminated food and
beverages.
20. Most bacteria is destroyed by
Surviving bacteria will move to the surface of
intestinal cells where they produce enterotoxins. It
is the enterotoxin that generates fluid loss and
diarrhoea.
gastric acids
21. Incubation
• From few hours to 5 days, most commonly
2-3 days
• A small number of individuals can remain
healthy carriers for several weeks.
Period of communicability: Infected
persons (symptomatic or not) can carry
and transmit vibrios during 1 to 4 weeks
22. The typical presentation of cholera is
• A sudden onset
• Profuse painless watery
stools, sometimes
rice-water like
often accompanied by
vomiting
• There is no fever
• Dehydration
appears within hours.
• Cause 20-50% death if not
managed well
23. Clinical presentation…
Patients with severe cholera often complain of
cramps in the arms, or legs
Patients become thirsty stop urinating, and quickly
become weak and dehydrated.
Patients develop acute renal failure.
24.
25. Cholera Case Definition
• Suspected case:
In an area where the disease is not known:-
a patient aged 5 years or more develops severe
dehydration or dies from acute watery diarrhoea
In an area where there is a cholera epidemic:-
a patient aged 5 years or more develops acute watery
diarrhoea, with or without vomiting
At the health post and at community levels Def.-Any
person 5 years of age or more with profuse acute watery diarrhea
and vomiting
26. Cholera Case Definition…
• Confirmed case: A suspected case in which
Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 has been isolated
from their stool
27. OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION
• Upon receipt of a report of a suspected outbreak,
activate the multidisciplinary outbreak investigation
team (rapid response team) and initiate outbreak
investigation within 3 hours.
• Before departure to the field, the team needs to
secure relevant supplies:……….
• Required formats
• Guideline
• Supplies
• Laboratory equipment
• IEC
• Data analysis tools (laptop, etc.)
28. The main objectives of the field assessment
1. Verification
2. Determine magnitude and characteristics
3. Collect specimens (5-10 rectal swabs)
4. Assessing the local capacity
5. Create an investigation register (LL)
6. Identify high-risk groups and possible contaminated
sources
7. Implement simple, on-site control measures
8. Provide emergency treatment supplies
9. communicate findings to decision makers.
29. Verify the Diagnosis
• Several organisms, including some serogroups of V. cholerae,
can produce an acute, dehydrating diarrheal illness which is
clinically impossible to differentiate from cholera. These
organisms can occasionally cause a number of illnesses within a
community, but only V. cholerae O1 and O139 are capable of
causing widespread outbreak disease.
• Bacteriological confirmation is compulsory on the first
few suspected cases, in order to:
Confirm cholera
Identify the strain, biotype and serotype
Assess antibiotic sensitivity
• Confirmation of 5 to 10 stool or vomit samples is
sufficient per outbreak/woreda
30. Interpreting the data
• CFR is an indicator of adequate case management; WIR
indicates the extent of the epidemic and the rapidity of its
spread
By place :- high AR …..In densely populated scenarios
- In open situations –Rural
By time:- High CFR --- beginning & end of outbreak
32. General Principles of Clinical Management
is to rehydrate patients and replace electrolytes
lost in stool and vomitus.
80% - 90% of cholera patients can be rehydrated
with oral rehydration therapy alone.
34. Effective case management requires systematic and stepwise
approaches. These steps are.
1. Assessments for the level of dehydration
2. Decide the level of dehydration and Re-hydrating patients
accordingly
3. Monitoring the patient condition closely
4. Collect a rectal swab sample (the first 5 suspected)
5. Administration antibiotic only for severely dehydrated
patients
6. Identifying and treating complications
7. Continue feeding the patient
8. Advise the family on follow up and preventive actions from
cholera
9. Instruction to the patients and the families on discharge
35. STEP 1. Assessment for level of DHN
The severity of dehydration in patient with acute watery
diarrhea is detected by using the following Key
Signs:
I. General condition of the patient
A. Lethargic or unconscious OR
B. Restless and irritable OR
C. Alert/normal
II. Eye condition:
A. Very sunken
B. Sunken
C. Normal
36. Assessment…
III Drinking condition:
patient should be offered fluid and observed for one of
the following
A. Unable to drink or poorly drinking
B. Eager to drink/thirsty
C. Normally drinking
IV. Skin condition: When the abdominal skin is pinched
and released, observe for one of the following sign.
A. Skin pinch going back very slowly staying more than
2 seconds
B. Skin pinch going back slowly
C. Skin pinch going back immediately
41. STEP 2. Decide the level of dehydration
according to the following table
42. Status No Dehydration Some Dehydration Severe Dehydration
Check for pulse Present Rapid, weak None pulse
General condition
of the patient
Well, alert Restless, irritable‡
Lethargic or unconscious ‡
Eyes sunken? No Yes (sunken) Yes (very sunken and dry)
Mouth & tongue Moist Dry Very dry
Thirst* Drinks normally Thirsty, drinks eagerly‡ Drinks poorly or Not able
to drink‡
Skin pinch** Goes back quickly Goes back slowly‡ Goes back very slowly(> 2
seconds) ‡
Decide
The patient has no
signs of dehydration
If the patient has 2 or
more signs, including at
least 1 major sign, there is
some dehydration
If the patient has 2 or
more signs, including at
least 1 major sign, there is
severe dehydration
Treat
Maintain Hydration Oral Rehydration IV + ORS + Antibiotic
PLAN A PLAN B PLAN C
*Patient should be offered fluid to observe for this sign
** Abdominal skin has to pinched and released to observe for this sign
‡Major signs
43. Assessment…
Note:
For older children and adults pulse rate and blood
pressure are additional key signs to be check in
addition to the above signs. These include.
• Absent or weak and fast radial pulse
• Hypotension absent or very low blood pressure
44. Treatment of DHN
Plan C for severe dehydration
Action: Start IV line immediately
First choice: Ringer’s lactate
If ringer’s lactate is not available, use Normal saline
OR 5% glucose in N. saline
plain 5% glucose solution is not recommended
Give Ringer’s lactate a total of 100ml/kg divided in
to 2 as follows
45. STEP2: Re-hydrating patients according to level of
dehydration
Doses of IV fluid by age and by body weight of
patients
Age First give
30ml/kg in
Then give
70ml/kg in
Infants(<12mon
ths)
1 hour 5 hours
12 months and
above
30 minutes 2 ½ hours
Also give ORS 5ml/kg/hour if the patient
can drink
46. 3. Monitoring Patients condition closely
• Observe patient with severe dehydration very
frequently:
-Check patients condition
- Check that the IV is running well
After the first 30ml/kg have been given
-Radial pulse should be strong
-Blood pressure should be normal
• If pulse is not strong , repeat 30 ml/kg again
according the above table
47. Monitoring….
• Reassessment: Assess according to the above guide
- Infants, age<12 months: Assess after 6 hours
- Older children and adults: Assess after 3 hours
• If you find:
Severe dehydration = repeat PLAN-C
Some dehydration = Remove the IV if Vomiting is not
a problem => Give ORS according to PLAN-B
No dehydration = Remove IV
Give ORS according PLAN-A
Health -AWD/cholera training sesssion for
CTC staffs1.1
48. Monitoring….
If a patient is in severe Dehydration and you are not able
to give fluid through Intra Venous route, you must able to
give ORS through Naso-Gastric Tube (NGT).
The amount of ORS is 20ml/kg over 6 hours (Total
amount of 120ml/kg).
Reassess every 1-2 hours: if there is
repeated vomiting or increasing
abdominal distention give the fluid more
slowly
49. PLAN B for some dehydration
Cholera patients with some dehydration do not need IV
fluid replacement.
o Use ORS .
o The ORS required in 4 hours depends on the weight
of the patient (75ml/kg in 4 hours).
o If weight is not known, the age of patient can be
used as shown in the following table
50. Plan B: ORS for patients with some dehydration
Age* <4
months
4-11
months
12-23
months
2-4 years 5-14 years 15 years or
older
Weight < 5 kg 5-7.9 kg 8-10.9 kg 11-15.9 kg 16-29.9kg 30 kg or
more
ORS solution
in ml
200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1200 1200-2200 2200-4000
*Use age only when the patient's weight is not known. If the weight is known, calculate the
amount of ORS by multiplying the patient's weight in kg by 75
The amount of the ORS that should be given to a patient during the
first 4 hours.
51. Maintenance doses of ORS by age for cholera patients
who are treated for sever and some dehydration
For patients who are treated with Plan B or C
Age Amount of ORS
after each loose stool
< 24 months 100 ml
2-9 years 200 ml
10 years and over as much as wanted
Health -AWD/cholera training sesssion for
CTC staffs1.1
52. Plan A: Oral rehydration therapy for patients with
no dehydration (at home)
Age Amount of solution
to take after each
loose stool
ORS Sachets
needed
Less than 2
years
50 – 100 ml 1 sachet per day for 2
days
2 to 9 years 100 – 200 ml 1 sachet per day for 2
days
10 years and
above
As much as wanted 2 sachets per day for 2
days
53. STEP 4. Administration /use of antibiotics
• Antibiotics should be given only to patients with
severe dehydration.
• Most cholera patients are cured by rehydration and
do not need antibiotics.
• They are known to induce a false sense of security,
leading to underestimation of rehydration needs.
• On the other hand, if not correctly rehydrated,
patients will die even if antibiotics are given.
• Mass chemoprophylaxis is not effective in controlling a
cholera outbreak
54. Suggested Antibiotic regimen for out break Management
Age*
< 4
mon
4-11
months
12-23
months
2-4 years 5-14 years
15 years and
above
Weight < 5 kg 5-7.9 kg 8-10.9 kg 11-15.9 kg 16-29.9kg
30 kg and
above
Doxycycline 100mg
cap. single dose
½ capsule 1capsule 2 capsules 3 capsules
Tetracycline 250mg
caps QID for 3 days
For age >= 8
years 250 mg
each time
500 mg each
time
Amoxicillin
250mg/5ml TID for
3 days
1 TSP 1 ½ TSP 2 TSP
250 mg
capsule
250mg capsule 500mg
Erythromycin
250mg
adults: QID 3 days
children: TID for 3
days
½ TSP 1 TSP 1 TSP 1 ½ TSP 250 mg tab 250 mg
55. Zinc supplementation for children
Reduces the frequency
and severity of the
episode as well as the
frequency of subsequent
diarrhea episodes over
the following 2-3 months.
Schedule:-
Children 0-6 months:
10mg (½ tablet) daily for
10 days
Children 6-59
months: 20mg daily for
10 days
56. Do not use the following drugs in
patients with cholera:
Anti-emetics such as chlorpromazine and
prometazine
anti-motility drugs
anti-diarrheal drugs
Nalidixic Acid
Health -AWD/cholera training sesssion for
CTC staffs1.1
57. 5. Identifying and treating complications
1. Hypoglycaemia
2. Acute pulmonary oedema=> over hydration
3. Renal failure (Anuria)=> rare complication -> if
shock is not rapidly corrected
4. Hypokalemia => painful cramps occur -> after the first 24
hours of IV rehydration if patients do not eat or do not drink
ORS (ORS provides enough potassium )
58. Prevention of cholera
o Access and use of safe
drinking water
• Good sanitation
practises
o Good hygiene including
personal and food
hygiene
o Health education
61. Guard spraying feet of person leaving CTCSee
footbath at entrance / exit
Latrine in CTC – with plastic floor so latrine
can be easily cleaned
Guard at exit and by han dwashing
facility
Latrine slab sunken into the ground for ease of
cleaning
Isolation ward with cholera beds, plastic covered
floor for easy cleaning and sunken drain for ease
of cleaning
Shower unit – water drains into
protected hole next to unit through hole
in the floor
Clothes washing area and soakpit filled
with stones
Washing clothes in chlorine solution or
boiling and drying before leaving the
CTC
Cleaning equipment and different
concentrations of chlorine in different
coloured containers
62. Disinfected water for showering in
marked container
Covered waste pits for syringes and other
wastes
Incinerator drum
63. Learning objectives:
By the end of the session the participants will be
able to:
• Describe key characteristics of cholera as a disease
• List the characteristics of cholera causing agent “Vibrio cholerae”
Describe It’s risk factors and mode of transmission
• Mention the case definition for cholera (suspected and confirmed)
• Describe pathogenesis , Incubation period ,clinical presentation of
AWD/cholera
• Clinical management, prevention and control of AWD/cholera