The document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods and commonly used disinfectants. It defines sterilization as destroying all microorganisms including spores and viruses, while disinfection reduces microorganisms but may not eliminate spores or viruses. Common sterilization methods include heat sterilization using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, and heavy metals. Commonly used disinfectants mentioned include ethanol, povidone iodine, glutaraldehyde, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and chloroxylenol. The document also outlines different levels of disinfection.

1. Dr H.D. Palekar (M.S.) Associate Professor Dept of Surgery Medical College Bhavnagar Sterilization By

19. CLASSIFICATION Methods Physical Chemical Heat Radiation Filtration Ultrasonic Vibrator Dry Heat Moist Heat Non Ionizing Ionizing Earthenware Asbestos Disc Sintered Glass Collodion( Membrane) Slow sand & Rapid

56. Commonly Used Chemical Disinfectants. korsolex Strength of solution Immersion Time Instruments High Level disinf. ( Standard disinfe). 5% Bacterial Spores X 30 min-1hr only (When speed of action is the need of the hour) Surgical Instruments Emergency disinfection 10% 15 min only All Endoscopes-Laparoscopes Total sterilization ( Sporicidal disinfection) 10% / 5 % 5 hrs / 10 hrs All implants & surgical items

63. Levels of disinfections Levels of disinfection Items Time disinfectant High level Critical and semi critical items (except thermometers and hydrotherapy tanks) >=20min. (sterilization X , then HLD) Gluteraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid , peracetic acid with hydrogen peroxide, chlorines Intermediate level Semicritical and noncritical(except environmental surfaces) <=10min. Alchohols, Iodophors, Phenolics, chlorines Low level(environmental surfaces) Noncritical Alchohols, Iodophors, Phenolics, chlorines

64. Commonly Used Chemical Disinfectants. korsolex

70. Sterilization- Methods Of Choice 

73. Cleaning and disinfection, Commonly used in the hospital General Use articles. √ Bath water - Add Savlon when necessary √ Bed Pans - Wash with hot water and keep dry. - Disinfect with phenol after used by infected patients. √ Bowls - Autoclave/ wash with hot water and keep dry. √ Crockery. Cutlery – Wash with hot water and detergent. Keep dry. √ Floors - Vacuum clean  No Broom to be used √ Furniture, Bed Frames - Damp dust with detergent or with phenol or with 2% Lysol solution √ Mattresses/Pillows – Cover with water-impermeable cover. Wash cover with detergent solution and dry. Disinfect with phenol when necessary. √ Trolley tops. – Wipe with warm water and detergent to remove dust and keep dry.

74. √ Thermometers – Wash with warm water and detergent or 70% alcohol for one minute and keep dry. √ Endoscopes/ Arthroscopes / Laparoscopes / Fiberoptic Endoscopes. - Immerse in 2% alkaline glutaradhyde (CIDEX) under strict controlled conditions. As per manufactures instructions. Alternative Use- - Ethylene oxide sterilization - Alcohol disinfection - Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid √ Endotracheal suction catheter - Should be disposable - Or may be stored for 24 hours properly so that it does not get contaminated -Flush catheter with sterile distilled water each use. - Bowl must be washed and dried after each suction.

75. √ Endotracheal tubes - Recycled after cleaning and autoclaving √ Ambu Bags. - Ideally heat disinfect - Or immerse in 2% glutaraldhyde and then wash with sterile distilled water to reduce to risk of chemical irritation which can precipitate respiratory infection. √ Oxygen delivery face mask - Wash and then dry. - Wipe with 70% isopropyl alcohol to remove mucus. √ Suction drainage bottles - Ideally autoclave √ Ventilatory circuits respiratory equipment in neonatal/pediatric unit - Heat disinfection at 80’C for 3 minutes. - Or autoclave - Or Ethylene oxide sterilization.

76.  Do not use these instruments for more than 72 hours without sterilization √ Incubators - Clean thoroughly with warm water and soap - Wipe with 70% Isopropyl alcohol √ Humidifiers - Empty daily - Refill with sterile water - Disinfect when contaminated, with 1% hypochlorite for 30 minutes, wash and dry - Autoclave after each patient’s use - Autoclave when respiratory circuit is changed √ Urinary catheter - Ideally single use – disposable.

85. HAND WASH

87. HAND WASH √ Three Types of Hand washing: (1) Social Hand Washing (2) Hygienic Hand Washing (3) Surgical Hand Washing  Scrub Method  Rub Method

92. HAND WASH Social & Hygienic Hand Wash

115. HAND WASH

116. GOWNING

117. GOWNING

123. Operation Theatre Protocol OT Sterilization

132. MANAGEMENT OF SPILLS

137. Thank You