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Martian volcanoes are larger than Earth volcanoes due to different tectonic plate activity. On Mars, volcanic hot spots remain stationary under the same location, allowing volcanoes like Olympus Mons to grow extremely large. In contrast, most Earth volcanoes form near shifting tectonic plate boundaries. Shield volcanoes form on Mars from stationary hot spots, while stratovolcanoes on Earth erupt explosively from convergent plate boundaries and have steeper profiles.
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Mars v earth
Mars has the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including Olympus Mons which is over 3 times taller than Earth's largest volcano, Mauna Loa. Mars lacks tectonic plate movements which allows volcanoes to remain stationary over hotspots for long periods, building extremely large shield volcanoes. In contrast, most Earth volcanoes form at plate boundaries. Mars also has a lower gravity and deeper magma chambers which allow larger volcanoes to form. The lack of crustal movement on Mars leads to volcanoes that dwarf those on Earth.
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Seismographs are used to detect and measure earthquakes by recording the seismic waves generated. A basic seismograph consists of a drum with paper that rotates constantly, a weight attached to a pen that remains stationary during shaking, and a spring or bar connecting the weight to a fixed point. When seismic waves pass during an earthquake, the drum and paper move while the weight and pen stay still, creating squiggly lines on the paper called a seismogram. By studying multiple seismograms, seismologists can determine the location and strength of the earthquake.
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An earthquake occurs when stress on a fault overcomes friction, causing the plates to slip and release energy in waves. The focus is the underground origin, directly above which is the epicenter where shaking is most intense. Magnitude measures energy released, with each whole number indicating 10 times greater energy release. A seismograph records ground vibrations from seismic waves, distinguishing P and S waves. Volcanoes form when pressure builds from magma and erupts, sometimes continuously, sometimes explosively, posing devastation from ash and flows. They are classified as active, dormant, or extinct based on recent eruption patterns, mostly occurring in three zones of tectonic plate movement.
Lecture10 platetectonics
Plate tectonics explains how the Earth's crust is made up of plates that move over time. As the plates move, they interact at boundaries where new crust is formed through sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges or old crust is destroyed through subduction at trenches. This convection cycle of crust formation and destruction, driven by heat from the Earth's mantle, explains the rock cycle and patterns of geological activity observed at plate boundaries like volcanoes and earthquakes.
Volcanoes Information
Volcanoes form when magma rises from below the Earth's crust and erupts onto the surface. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes which have gentle slopes and non-explosive eruptions, composite volcanoes which have steep slopes and more explosive eruptions, and super volcanoes which have massive eruptions over 1,000 cubic km. Volcanic eruptions can have both positive impacts such as fertilizing soils and negative impacts like killing people and damaging property. Scientists monitor volcanoes using techniques like seismometers and tilt meters to predict eruptions.
Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
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Mikes pp
- 1. The Hotspots Volcanoes on Mars are much wider and taller than Earths, but have similar ratios of height to base radius
- 2. Formation and Eruption of Martian Volcanoes Mars no longer has active tectonic plate activity Due to no movement of crustal drifting, the volcanic hot spot remains under the same mountain resulting in extremely large mountains, such as Olympus Mons On Mars, shield volcanoes form above volcanic hot spots
- 3. Crustal Magnetism on Mars •Red areas shows the North magnetic fields •Blue areas shows the South magnetic fields
- 4. Shield Volcanoes on Mars Olympus Mons The caldera Tharsis Ridge Ascaraeus Mons Pavonis Mons Arsia Mons
- 5. Tectonic Plate Movement and Formation of Earth Volcanoes Most of Earths volcanoes form near convergent plate boundaries, such as the Pacific Ring of Fire (68% of Earth’s Volcanoes) Earth’s hot spot theory on volcano formation Oceanic divergent plate boundaries Continental convergent plate boundaries Earths “hotspots” Statovolcanoes
- 6. Stratovolcanoes on Earth Stratovolcanoes are known for their steep profile and fluctuations of explosive and quiet eruptions Mount Krakatoa exploded killing nearly 40,000 people in 1883 Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 A.D. The city of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by large amounts of ash and pumice
- 7. Citations • Hamilton, C. (1995). Martian volcanoes. Retrieved from http://www.solarviews.com/eng/marsvolc.htm • Tayfun Oner, A. (1997). Retrieved from http://www.solarviews.com/cap/mars/voly1.htm • Greetings from mars. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec 12.html