The document discusses the bus architecture in microprocessor computer systems, highlighting its role in connecting I/O devices to the CPU and memory through address, data, and control lines. It explains the functions of different types of buses and introduces the microprocessor as a programmable device that processes data and interacts with memory, input, and output components. Additionally, it classifies memory into primary and storage categories, detailing their functions and characteristics.

1. MICROPROCESSOR

2. Computer architecture

3. A bus is a shared communication link, which uses one
set of wires to connect multiple subsystems.
The two major advantages of the bus organization are
versatility and low cost.
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4. • Most modern computers use single bus arrangement
for connecting I/O devices to CPU & Memory
• The bus enables all the devices connected to it to
exchange information
• Bus consists of 3 set of lines : Address, Data, Control
• Processor places a particular address (unique for an
I/O Dev.) on address lines
• Device which recognizes this address responds to the
commands issued on the Control lines
• Processor requests for either Read / Write
• The data will be placed on Data lines

5. BUS
•Address bus
•Data bus
•Control bus
Address bus
• It is a group of 16 lines generally identified as A0 to A15
• unidirectional
• from MPU to peripheral devices
• First function:- identifying a peripheral or a memory location

6. Data bus
Group of 8 lines used for data flow
Data may include instruction , an addressor a number
• lines are bidirectional
• Data flow in both direction
between the MPU , memory and peripheral devices
• second function :- transferring binary information
Control bus
• it is comprised of various single lines that carry
synchronization signal
• MPU uses such line to perform
third function:- providing timing signal

7. CLOCK SIGNAL
A clock is a sequence of pulses
• clock has several parameters
• clock cycle or period-time interval after which
the pulse pattern repeats
• Another parameter is the time for which the
clock remains low and high during one clock period

8. MICROPROCESSOR
It is a programmable , multipurpose , clock driven
,register based
device which read the instruction from memory and
accept the
data from input devices and process these data
produce the
result to the output devices

9. A typical programmable machine can be
represented with four
Components : Microprocessor , memory ,input
and output
The physical components of this system are
called hardware
A set of instructions written for the
microprocessor
to perform a task is called a program and a group
of program is called software

10. Memory
Memory stores binary instruction and data , for the
microprocessor whenever necessary. To execute programs
, the microprocessor reads instructions and data from
memory and performs the computing operations in it’s ALU
section .
Results are either transferred to the output section for
display or stored in memory for later use . Memory can
be
Classified into two groups
Primary memory an storage memory
• Primary memory :-read/write memory and read only
memory
•Storage memory :-magnetic tapes or disks