an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. In a computer system, the microprocessor is the central unit that executes and manages the logical instructions passed to it. A microprocessor may also be called a processor or central processing unit, but it is actually more advanced in terms of architectural design and is built over a silicon microchip.

1. MICROPROCESSOR

2. Computer architecture

3. A bus is a shared communication link, which uses one
set of wires to connect multiple subsystems.
The two major advantages of the bus organization are
versatility and low cost.
[[[oo gjj
I I/O
devices
/MNNMOJ
HH==
deviH
Processo
r
Memory
I/o
device
1
I/o
device
n
….

4. • Most modern computers use single bus arrangement
for connecting I/O devices to CPU & Memory
• The bus enables all the devices connected to it to
exchange information
• Bus consists of 3 set of lines : Address, Data, Control
• Processor places a particular address (unique for an
I/O Dev.) on address lines
• Device which recognizes this address responds to the
commands issued on the Control lines
• Processor requests for either Read / Write
• The data will be placed on Data lines

5. BUS
•Address bus
•Data bus
•Control bus
Address bus
• It is a group of 16 lines generally identified as A0 to A15
• unidirectional
• from MPU to peripheral devices
• First function:- identifying a peripheral or a memory location

6. Data bus
Group of 8 lines used for data flow
Data may include instruction , an addressor a number
• lines are bidirectional
• Data flow in both direction
between the MPU , memory and peripheral devices
• second function :- transferring binary information
Control bus
• it is comprised of various single lines that carry
synchronization signal
• MPU uses such line to perform
third function:- providing timing signal

7. CLOCK SIGNAL
A clock is a sequence of pulses
• clock has several parameters
• clock cycle or period-time interval after which
the pulse pattern repeats
• Another parameter is the time for which the
clock remains low and high during one clock period

8. MICROPROCESSOR
It is a programmable , multipurpose , clock driven
,register based
device which read the instruction from memory and
accept the
data from input devices and process these data
produce the
result to the output devices

9. A typical programmable machine can be
represented with four
Components : Microprocessor , memory ,input
and output
The physical components of this system are
called hardware
A set of instructions written for the
microprocessor
to perform a task is called a program and a group
of program is called software

10. Memory
Memory stores binary instruction and data , for the
microprocessor whenever necessary. To execute programs
, the microprocessor reads instructions and data from
memory and performs the computing operations in it’s ALU
section .
Results are either transferred to the output section for
display or stored in memory for later use . Memory can
be
Classified into two groups
Primary memory an storage memory
• Primary memory :-read/write memory and read only
memory
•Storage memory :-magnetic tapes or disks