The document discusses the role and importance of microgrids in the power sector, defining microgrids as integrated systems of small power generation units and loads utilizing renewable energy sources. It outlines various components, operational modes, control structures, and trends such as the transition from traditional microgrids to 'prosumer' microgrids, where consumers also produce energy. The document emphasizes the need for microgrids to address energy demand and promote sustainability through renewable resources.

1. ROLE OF MICRO GRID IN
POWER SECTOR
Sushil Aggarwal
Research Scholar
National Chiao Tung University
Hsinchu, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

2. Micro Grid ….?
 Micro means small
 Grid means integration of many generation
units and loads.
 Hence micro grid means integration of many
small power generation units and loads at
small scale .
 Each generation unit called distributed energy
resource (DER) or Distributed generator (DG).
 In a single microgrid many DERs(distributed
energy resources) or DGs.
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Sushil Aggarwal, Research Scholar, NCTU, Taiwan (R.O.C.)-
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3.  Distributed Energy resources might be solar energy,
wind energy, bio energy, tidal energy, battery storage
resources.
 According to MNRE, A “Microgrid” is defined as
renewable energy based Electricity generation with the
capacity of below 10KW.
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4. Why Microgrid ???
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 Non conventional energy resources like coal diesel,
gas etc. degrading day by day.
 In last few years, we have invented various
Renewable energy like bio, wind, solar, tidal etc.
 We need to take energy from all renewable sources
to overcome the energy demand and avoid energy
crisis.
 These resources produces very small amount of
electrical energy that is not possible to take
individually
 Hence to integrate all these energy resources
Microgrid invented.

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 According to study by Stanford University top
leading countries that moves completely towards
renewable energy are
 Iceland-100 % energy from renewable resources
 Sweden- almost 100 % from renewable resources
 Cost Rica- almost 100 % from renewable resources
 Nicaragua- 90 % from renewable resources
 UK, Germany, Uruguay, Denmark, China , Morocco,
USA and Kenya.

6. Components of a Microgrid
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 The microgrid system consists of:
 Solar panels/ other RE source
 Inverter and batteries
 Low-voltage power distribution network
 LED lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, fan etc.
for households

7. Some other related information
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 In 1882, Thomas Edison invented the first
Microgrid in The Manhattan, USA.
 The aim of India Government is achieve the target
of 500 MW of total capacity over next five years
 To set up 10000 units of microgrid by using solar,
wind, and biomass power.

8. Types of Microgrid
 On the base of mode of
operation, Microgrid
classified as :-
1. Grid connected mode :-in
this type, microgrid is
connected with main
power grid and supply a
part of load demand.
2. Island mode :- In this type
main grid is not connected
with microgrid, only
microgrid supply all the
load demand.
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1.AC Microgrid :- The
working supply is AC
and if any Load and
generation unit working
with DC then the supply
Converted into AC by
using
FACTS devices.
On the basis of power supply,
Microgrid classified as :-

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2. DC Microgrid :-
The working
supply is DC . If
any Load and
generation is
based on AC then
it is converted into
DC by FACTS
devices.

11. Importance of Microgrid
 It provides backup to the grid in case of
emergency.
 To make energy independent to a community.
 To reduce the cost of electrical energy.
 Connect the grid to a very small local resources
that is not to be connected directly to the grid and
many more…..
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13. Objectives of Microgrid control
Structure
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 Voltage and frequency regulation in Both the
modes (Grid connected and island mode)
 Proper load sharing and DER coordination
 Microgrid resynchronization with main grid
 Power flow control between Microgrid and
Main grid
 Optimizing the microgrid operating cost

14. Control Hierarchy of
Microgrid
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 Primary Control
Voltage, frequency and circulating current
among DERs of the microgrid including in
primary control
 Secondary control
voltage and frequency deviation due to primary
control in between microgrid is under this
control
 Territory control
it handles power flow control between main
grid and microgrid, responsible for optimal
oeration

16. Control Techniques of
Microgrid
 Centralized control
 Decentralized control
 Distributed control
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17. 1.Centralized Control Technique
 In this type, all the DERs connected by a
central server or controller (MGCC) that is
connected by a communication link like cable.
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18.  In this type the individual DER control itself by
Local Controller (LC) and not be connected by
central controller.
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2. Decentralized Control Technique

19. 3. Distributed Control Technique
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 This is same like centralized control
 Central controller are absent in this type
 Each DERs connected by each other by
communication link

20. Primary Control of Microgrid
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 For primary control there is further two types:-
1. Centralized Control or Active Load Sharing
2. Decentralized Control or Droop based Control

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 Centralized control having some limitations
like
 1. Requirement of communication channels
hence cost increased
 2. Communication link is not feasible for large
network.
 3. Possibility of error if communication channels is
faulty.
Limitations of Centralized
Control

22. Droop based control
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 There are several method based on droop
based:-
1. Conventional Droop control method :-
 Droop control module provide amplitude and
phase control signal to PWM and PWM
controller send the control signals to the
inverter .
 There is no information sharing between the
DERs hence control s

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1. Advantages and disadvantages of the
a) Only one control variable hence not satisfy more
than one control variables.
b) Independent, wireless and autonomous control
type
c) Highly inductive effective impedance between VSC
and AC bus.
d) Not beneficial for nonlinear loads, cannot
differentiate harmonics from the current.
e) large droop coefficients tend to reduce stability of
microgrid while small droop coefficients result in
slow responding of inverter.

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1. Virtual impedance method
2. Adaptive voltage control method
3. Signal injection Method
4. Non Linear load sharing method
5. Adjustable load sharing method
6. Virtual frame transformation method

25. Current Trends
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 General Microgrid replaced by Prosumer
Microgrid
 Prosumer mean Consumer cum Producer
 By this Microgrid become more smart
 Each consumer produce energy and give return
back to the Grid and earn money
 A smart energy meter record all the incoming and
outgoing energy data.
 In Switzerland, first power project of this kind is
running as pilot project.
 In India, in Kerala state first Prosumer based
project.

26. Research Trendz
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 My aim is that each and every household of
our country should be independent in electrical
energy
 Energy production should be a profession like
agriculture
 Each household can produce energy
 We all have to convinced them that energy
production be a good earning source
FREE ENERGY FOR
ALL………..!

27. Software Tool- PSIM
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 PSIM- Electronics ckt simulation software
 Developed by Powersim
 Easy to design and implementation
 Much faster simulation speed
 Automatic C code generation
 All Power system circuit component library
 Simple and easy than MATLAB
 Fault identification is easy.

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