This document summarizes a student project to evaluate the performance of a solar PV panel using a micro pulsating heat pipe (MPHP) as a cooling device. The project aims to select materials for the MPHP and PV panel, optimize the MPHP design parameters like channel shape and size, working fluid, and filling ratio to maximize heat transfer. The methodology involves testing different MPHP material and design options to determine the most effective configuration for cooling the PV panel and improving its efficiency. Results will be analyzed to evaluate heat transfer performance and efficiency of both the PV panel and MPHP cooling system.

1. Performance Evaluation of Solar PV
Panel Using Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe
as a Cooling Device.
By
Mr. Rokade Dnyaneshwar B(B150421060)
Mr. Zanjare Pareshkumar G(B150421141)
Mr. Prajapati Akshay A(B150421048)
Mr. Rohit Garg (B150421058)
Guide : Prof. S.M. Mulye
Department of Mechanical Engineering Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala

2. INTRODUCTION
•ENERGY:- The quantitative property that require to do work called as energy.
There are different types of energies like mechanical, electric, magnetic,
gravitational, nuclear, thermal, etc.
•Sources of energy:- there are mainly two type of energy sources
1)Renewable Resources (solar, wind power, hydroelectric energy, biomass, etc)
2) Non-Renewable Resources (earth minerals, fossil fuels, Nuclear fuel, etc)
•Non- renewable Resources:- The resources that does not renew itself at a sufficient
rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.
•Renewable Resources:- The resources that can be renew itself in meaningful human
time-frames.
•Why do we need Renewable energy?
1) Non-Renewable resources increases the concentration of pollutants in air and
water.
2) the non-renewable resources are limited source of energy.

3. • what inspire us to work on solar energy:-
The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper
atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by
clouds, oceans and land masses .
The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is
about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable
resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined. This much amount of
energy we lost every day.
•The Benefits of Solar Energy: -
1) Renewable
2) Inexhaustible
3) Non-polluting
4) Avoids global warming
5) Reduces use of fossil fuels
6) Reduces energy imports
7) Generates local wealth and jobs
9) Contributes to sustainable development
10) It is modular and very versatile, adaptable to different situations

4. •Photovoltaic Panels:-
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. About
5000 trillion KWH per year energy is incident over India’s land area with most parts receiving
4-7 KWH per sq. m per day. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity in four:-
Solar cell Type Efficiency-Rate Advantages Disadvantages
Monocrystalline Solar
Panels (Mono-SI)
~20% High efficiency rate;
optimised for
commercial use; high
life-time value
Expensive
Polycrystalline Solar
Panels (p-Si)
~15% Lower price Sensitive to high
temperatures; lower
lifespan & slightly less
space efficiency
Thin-Film: Amorphous
Silicon Solar Panels (A-SI)
~7-10% Relatively low costs; easy
to produce & flexible
shorter warranties &
lifespan
Concentrated PV Cell
(CVP)
~41% Very high performance &
efficiency rate
Solar tracker & cooling
system needed (to reach
high efficiency rate)

5. • High temperature operating problems of PV panel.
The efficiency of solar PV cells gets reduced with increase in panel temperature. It is noted that
efficiency drops by about 0.5% for increase of 1-degree Celsius of panel temperature. It is
necessary to operate them at low temperature. In order to keep the PV module electrical
efficiency at acceptable level. Therefore, need for a low-cost cooling system for the solar panel is
felt. The cooling of solar PV panel is a problem of great practical significance.
•Cooling techniques for PV panels:-
There are mainly two types of cooling techniques, as follows:-
1) active cooling techniques: -
active cooling techniques consumes the energy. It consists of:
• pumping water (pump)
• blowing air (blower, fan
2 )passive cooling techniques: -
In passive cooling techniques heat extraction enabled by using natural
convection/conduction.
• Heat pipe
• Pulsating heat pipe

6. •Micro pulsating heat pipe:-
The pulsating heat pipe (PHP), or the oscillating heat pipe, was proposed by Akachi in
1990. Since then it was considered to have excellent application prospects in areas of solar
energy utilization, waste heat recovery, aerospace thermal management and electron
cooling.
•advantages:
1)simple structure and low cost.
2)excellent heat transfer capability.
3)high flexibility.

7. •Factors affecting the performance of PHP's:-
1. Tube materials:-
higher thermal conductivity of tube material is always a plus point in heat transferring
phenomenon in micro pulsating heat pipes.
2. Tube diameter:-
The internal diameter of the PHP influences the thermal performance. This is directly
related to the surface tension of fluid with the PHP material and gravity. Design of a PHP has
some constraints which are the basic criteria to induce the pulsating flow inside the tube. This
criterion is defined by Bond number (Bo). From the equation:
D ≤ Dcr = 2[σ /g(ρf -ρg)]0.5
where, D is the allowable diameter of PHP, Dcr is the critical diameter, σ is the surface tension, g
is the gravity, and ρf and ρg are the densities of working fluid at liquid and gaseous phase.
3. Cross-section:-
there is different effect of different cross-section on pulsating heat pipe. The different cross-
section are circular, rectangular, square, trapezoidal, etc.

8. 4. Number of turns:-
PHP is basically a closed tube with several numbers of turns. Increasing the number of turns
is sure to increase the volume capacity of the PHP. Also, wider area is available in the
evaporator region to supply heat.
5. Inclination:-
The gravity has a role to play in the performance of the PHP. Balance between gravity and
surface tension determines the fate of plug and bubbles. Gravity also enables the condensed
fluid in the condenser to flow back to the evaporator for re-heating without the use of
external force.
6. Filling ratio:-
Fill ratio (FR) or charge ratio is defined as the fraction of volume of working fluid, which is
initially filled with the liquid. There are basically three ranges of FR, viz. 100% FR, 0% FR and
true working range FR.

9. LITERATURE REVIEW
Name of research paper Author name Description
Experimental study on laminar
pulsating flow and heat
transfer of nanofluids in
micro-fins tube with magnetic
fields.
Paisarn Naphon, Songkran
Wiriyasart Et Al.
heat transfer enhancement
increases significantly with
increase in nano-particle
concentration, magnetic field
strength, and with the
pulsating frequency.
Effect of channel geometry on
the operating limit of micro
pulsating heat pipes.
Jungseok Lee, Sung Jin Kim Et
Al.
The square channel MPHP can
handle approximately 70%
higher maximum allowable
heat flux than the circular-
channel MPHP at the same
hydraulic diameter.
Comparison of the thermal
performances and flow
characteristics between
closed-loop and closed-end
micro pulsating heat pipes.
Soohwan jun, Sung Jin Kim Et
Al.
CLMPHP and CEMPHP having
20 turns exhibits almost
identical thermal performance
and flow characteristics.

10. Name of Research paper Author name Description
Experimental investigation
on the thermal performance
of a micro pulsating heat
pipe with a dual-diameter
channel.
Gi Hwan Kwon, Sung Jin
Kim Et Al.
Dual-diameter channel makes the
MPHP operate independent of
the operation even when the
number of pairs is as small as
three.
Experimental Research on
the Start-up Characteristics
and Heat Transfer
Performance of Pulsating
Heat Pipes with Rectangular
Channel.
Chao Hua, xuehui Wang
Et Al.
For the PHP with rectangular
channel the thermal resistance
increased with increased of filling
ratio for same heat flux.
Flow behavior of rapid
thermal oscillation inside an
asymmetric micro pulsating
heat exchanger.
Young Bae Kim, Hyoung
Woon Song Et Al.
As the filling ratios increase, the
heat transfer rate increases and
then decreases after reaching a
maximum value at an optimum
filling ratios.

11. Name of Research paper Author name Description
Thermal performance
characteristics of a
pulsating heat pipe at
various non uniform
heating conditions.
Dong So Jang, Hyun
Joon Chung Et Al.
The optimal filling ratios for the
best PHP performance and
reliability are determined to be
50%, 60%, and 70%, at the
dimensionless heat differences of
0, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively.
On the Design
Fundamentals of Pulsating
Heat Pipes: An Overview.
Diksha Ashik Chavan,
Prof. Dr. V. M. Kale Et
Al.
Number of turns increases from
5-15 turns it's not affected the
maximum heat flux.
An Overview on the
Developing Trend of
Pulsating Heat Pipe and its
Performance
Durga Bastakoti,
Hongna Zhang Et Al.
This overview gives that ,the
different parameters having the
different effect on PHP in
different conditions.

12. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Efficiency of solar photo voltaic panel decreases by 0.5% with10 c rise in temperature.
So in order to bring the solar photo voltaic panel in operating range, we need to cool
the photo voltaic panel. As there are many existing cooling techniques used which are
not economical and add additional weight to the system. So we suggest the use of
micro pulsating heat pipe coupled with solar photo voltaic panel as a cooling device to
evaluate performance of the system.

13. AIM
1. Performance evaluation of solar photo voltaic panel using Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe as a
cooling device.
2. Selection of photo voltaic panel for experimentation according to the required application.
3. Selection of material and comparison of selected material and optimizing the better result.
4. Evaluation of :
Heat input .
Heat transfer rate.
Efficiency of photo voltaic panels.
Efficiency of micro pulsating heat pipe.

14. METHODOLOGY
1. selection of material for micro pulsating heat pipe (copper, aluminum, silicon, stainless steel,
pyrex glass ).
2. Selection of channel diameter and make it fixed for all channel.
3. selection of different shapes of channel (square, rectangular, circular, trapezoidal).
4. selection of working fluid (ethanol, FC-72, Helium, HFE-7100).
5. Find optimum filling ratio (FR) for the working fluid.
6. selection of the number of turns for MPHP.
7. Make a actual setup and perform the experiments.

15. ADVANTAGES
1. The size of the pulsating heat pipe varies from 10mm to 15m long.
2. Thermal conductivity of the pulsating heat pipe is several times greater than that
of the best solid conductor.
3. The relative weight of the pulsating heat pipe is very less compare to the solid
conductor.
4. There is no wick material is used in the closed loop pulsating heat pipe as compare
to the heat pipe.

16. APPLICATIONS
1. Pulsating heat pipe heat exchanger is used to cool the electronic equipment in a
closed cabinet.
2. Pulsating heat pipes designed for use in the thermal control of the nuclear reactor.
3. Pulsating heat pipe is used in the space craft heat rejection.
4. Pulsating heat pipe is used to remove heat from leading edge of hypersonic
aircraft.

17. FUTURE SCOPE
1. Now a days the automobile sector is focusing on the electric vehicles and as the
electricity comes in consideration the best non -conventional source of electricity is
solar cell, so solving the heating problem of solar cell is the future need for that
purpose we can use the MPHP.
2. In satellite the solar panels are used for electricity and for increasing thermal
performance of PV panel we can use the MPHP.
3. The decrease in the size of electronics and the advances in processor speed have
led to a rise in heat flux and generate the hot spot on a chip, we can use the MPHP for
cooling the electronic devices.

18. REFERENCES
1. Durga Bastakoti, Hongna Zhang, Et Al. “An Overview on the Developing Trend of Pulsating
Heat Pipe and its Performance” Applied Thermal Engineering (2018).
2. Dong Soo Jang, Hyun Joon Chung, Et Al. “Thermal performance characteristics of a
pulsating heat pipe at various nonuniform heating conditions” Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
(2018).
3. Paisarn naphon, Songkran wiriyasart “ Experimental study on laminar pulsating flow and
heat transfer of nanofluids in micro-fins tube with magnetic fields.” Department of
mechanical engineering srinakharinwiror university, 63 rangsit-nakhornnayok Rd.,
ongkharak, nakhorn-nayok 26120, Thailand (2018).
4. Chao Huaa, Xuehui Wanga, Et Al. “Experimental Research on the Start-up Characteristics
and Heat Transfer Performance of Pulsating Heat Pipes with Rectangular Channels” Applied
Thermal Engineering (2017).
5. Young Bae Kim, Hyoung Woon Song, Et Al. “Flow behaviour of rapid thermal oscillation
inside an asymmetric micro pulsating heat exchanger” Institute for Advanced Engineering,
Gyeonggi-do 17180, Republic of Korea (2017).

19. 6. Qin sun, Jian Qu, Et Al. “operational characteristics of an MEMS based micro oscillating heat
pipe” school of energy and power engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, china
(2017).
7. Jungseok Lee, Sung Jin Kim Et Al."Effect of channel geometry on the operating limit of micro
pulsating heat pipes"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong,
Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea(2017).
8. Soohwan Jun, Sung Jin Kim “Comparison of the thermal performances and flow
characteristics between closed-loop and closed-end micro pulsating heat pipes” Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro,
Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea (2016).
9. Soohwan jun, sung jin kim “comparison of the thermal performances and flow
characteristics between closed-loop and close-end micro pulsating heat pipes” Department of
mechanical Engineering, korea Advanced institute of science and technology, 291 Daehak-ro,
Daejeon 305-701, Republic of korea (2016).
10. Xiaohong Han, Xuehui Wang, Et Al. “Review of the development of pulsating heat pipe for
heat dissipation” Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, and Key
laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310027,
China (2015).

20. Thank you!!!