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This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate how varying the radius, height, and other dimensions of a solar chimney tower and chimney affect the efficiency and mass flow rate of a solar chimney power plant. The study created axisymmetric models of different plant designs in CFX software and solved conservation equations to simulate air flow and heat transfer. Results showed that chimney height and tower outlet radius are important parameters for improving power output. Optimal dimensions were identified. Contour plots showed changes in pressure, temperature, and velocity with different designs. The study concludes dimension choices involve economic tradeoffs between higher output power and construction costs.
Energy and exergy efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using pH treated...Sabiha Akter Monny
This document examines the energy and exergy efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using pH treated Al2O3 nanofluid as the working fluid. Experiments were conducted using 0.1% and 0.3% volume fractions of Al2O3 nanoparticles approximately 13 nm in size, with mass flow rates varying from 0.5 to 1.5 kg/min. Results showed that nanofluids increased energy efficiency up to 83.5% and exergy efficiency up to 20.3% compared to using water alone. Thermal efficiency was found to be over 50%, higher than systems reported previously. The study provides new findings on stability and exergy analysis of a solar collector system operated with a pH controlled nanofluid.
EXPERMENTATIONAL DATA ANALYSIS OF CHIMNEY OPERATED SOLAR POWER PLANTIAEME Publication
Now a days because of high amount environmental pollution, energy production based on nonconventional energy sources is on top priority. Solar energy is the most import energy source which is available in abundant but not explored much. Among the various solar technology available, solar chimney is one of the novel technology which is simple technology with very few number of parts. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a small scale model of solar chimney power plant in central India. Solar chimney power plant consist of three parts which are chimney, collector and generator. The input parameters considered in this work are chimney height, chimney diameter, collector diameter, inlet and out air flow height from collector. The density variation, air velocity, temperature distribution and mass flow rate are considered as output parameters for the analysis of flow in solar chimney. The maximum value of mass flow rate recorded inside the chimney was 16.o4kg/s. It is determined that there is much variation of temperature and mass flow rate as compared to density of air inside the solar chimney.
Solar energy concentration techniques in flat plate collectorIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on improving the efficiency of flat plate solar collectors through various concentration techniques. It discusses the limitations of conventional flat plate collectors and reviews studies that have incorporated things like twisted wire coils inside tubes, double glazing, selective coatings including nanoparticles, and optical lenses to increase absorption. Experimental results showed efficiency increases ranging from 5% to 15% compared to standard flat plate collectors without these enhancements. The review concludes that ongoing developments aim to make flat plate collectors more compact and effective through improved materials and designs.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and performance study of a solar air collector for room heating in Bangladesh. The collector was designed to be 1.23 square meters in size and heat a 1.365 cubic meter room. Data on inlet and outlet air temperatures were collected to calculate heat gain and collector efficiency. The maximum collector efficiency reached 32.79% when the inlet temperature was 35°C and outlet was 45°C. Graphs show efficiency and temperature differences over time on three days, with the maximum temperature difference reaching 10°C at 1:30PM and efficiency peaking then as well. The solar air collector provided effective room heating for 8 hours per day.
The document provides an overview of geothermal concepts for ground cooling and tapping into the earth for home heating and cooling. It discusses how geothermal heat pumps use the earth as a heat source in winter and heat sink in summer. There are different types of geothermal systems - horizontal closed loops installed in trenches, vertical closed loops using drilled wells, pond/lake closed loops, and well open loops. While initial costs are higher, geothermal systems are more efficient and can save homeowners over $800 per year on energy bills, paying for themselves within 16 years. The document also discusses a case study of the TERI Retreat, which uses geothermal and other renewable energy sources.
Geothermal Energy is heat (thermal) derived from the earth (geo).
•It is the thermal energy from the earth's core, which is stored in the rock in the earth's crust.
The document discusses using passive solar gain and indirect solar gain for heating. Passive solar gain uses large south-facing windows and thermal mass materials in floors, walls and ceilings to trap heat inside during the day and release it at night. Indirect solar gain uses thermal storage materials placed between the sun and interior space and vents in walls to circulate heated air. The document also discusses using magneto hydrodynamics to directly convert solar energy to electricity using concentrated solar power to heat an ionized gas channel containing caesium to induce electric current from the gas flow through a magnetic field. Improving solar air heaters can be done by enhancing heat transfer using different artificial surface roughnesses to create turbulence without excess fan power.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate how varying the radius, height, and other dimensions of a solar chimney tower and chimney affect the efficiency and mass flow rate of a solar chimney power plant. The study created axisymmetric models of different plant designs in CFX software and solved conservation equations to simulate air flow and heat transfer. Results showed that chimney height and tower outlet radius are important parameters for improving power output. Optimal dimensions were identified. Contour plots showed changes in pressure, temperature, and velocity with different designs. The study concludes dimension choices involve economic tradeoffs between higher output power and construction costs.
Energy and exergy efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using pH treated...Sabiha Akter Monny
This document examines the energy and exergy efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using pH treated Al2O3 nanofluid as the working fluid. Experiments were conducted using 0.1% and 0.3% volume fractions of Al2O3 nanoparticles approximately 13 nm in size, with mass flow rates varying from 0.5 to 1.5 kg/min. Results showed that nanofluids increased energy efficiency up to 83.5% and exergy efficiency up to 20.3% compared to using water alone. Thermal efficiency was found to be over 50%, higher than systems reported previously. The study provides new findings on stability and exergy analysis of a solar collector system operated with a pH controlled nanofluid.
EXPERMENTATIONAL DATA ANALYSIS OF CHIMNEY OPERATED SOLAR POWER PLANTIAEME Publication
Now a days because of high amount environmental pollution, energy production based on nonconventional energy sources is on top priority. Solar energy is the most import energy source which is available in abundant but not explored much. Among the various solar technology available, solar chimney is one of the novel technology which is simple technology with very few number of parts. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a small scale model of solar chimney power plant in central India. Solar chimney power plant consist of three parts which are chimney, collector and generator. The input parameters considered in this work are chimney height, chimney diameter, collector diameter, inlet and out air flow height from collector. The density variation, air velocity, temperature distribution and mass flow rate are considered as output parameters for the analysis of flow in solar chimney. The maximum value of mass flow rate recorded inside the chimney was 16.o4kg/s. It is determined that there is much variation of temperature and mass flow rate as compared to density of air inside the solar chimney.
Solar energy concentration techniques in flat plate collectorIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on improving the efficiency of flat plate solar collectors through various concentration techniques. It discusses the limitations of conventional flat plate collectors and reviews studies that have incorporated things like twisted wire coils inside tubes, double glazing, selective coatings including nanoparticles, and optical lenses to increase absorption. Experimental results showed efficiency increases ranging from 5% to 15% compared to standard flat plate collectors without these enhancements. The review concludes that ongoing developments aim to make flat plate collectors more compact and effective through improved materials and designs.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and performance study of a solar air collector for room heating in Bangladesh. The collector was designed to be 1.23 square meters in size and heat a 1.365 cubic meter room. Data on inlet and outlet air temperatures were collected to calculate heat gain and collector efficiency. The maximum collector efficiency reached 32.79% when the inlet temperature was 35°C and outlet was 45°C. Graphs show efficiency and temperature differences over time on three days, with the maximum temperature difference reaching 10°C at 1:30PM and efficiency peaking then as well. The solar air collector provided effective room heating for 8 hours per day.
The document provides an overview of geothermal concepts for ground cooling and tapping into the earth for home heating and cooling. It discusses how geothermal heat pumps use the earth as a heat source in winter and heat sink in summer. There are different types of geothermal systems - horizontal closed loops installed in trenches, vertical closed loops using drilled wells, pond/lake closed loops, and well open loops. While initial costs are higher, geothermal systems are more efficient and can save homeowners over $800 per year on energy bills, paying for themselves within 16 years. The document also discusses a case study of the TERI Retreat, which uses geothermal and other renewable energy sources.
Geothermal Energy is heat (thermal) derived from the earth (geo).
•It is the thermal energy from the earth's core, which is stored in the rock in the earth's crust.
The document discusses using passive solar gain and indirect solar gain for heating. Passive solar gain uses large south-facing windows and thermal mass materials in floors, walls and ceilings to trap heat inside during the day and release it at night. Indirect solar gain uses thermal storage materials placed between the sun and interior space and vents in walls to circulate heated air. The document also discusses using magneto hydrodynamics to directly convert solar energy to electricity using concentrated solar power to heat an ionized gas channel containing caesium to induce electric current from the gas flow through a magnetic field. Improving solar air heaters can be done by enhancing heat transfer using different artificial surface roughnesses to create turbulence without excess fan power.
This document discusses a proposed project to design and manufacture a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) that can harness wind energy from vehicles on highways. The goals are to utilize unused wind energy from passing automobiles and produce electrical energy. VAWTs are advantageous because they can capture wind from any direction and operate efficiently in turbulent conditions typical of urban settings. The design aims to fabricate the turbine using low-cost materials like bicycle wheels to generate power that can be stored and distributed to nearby rural areas in need of electricity. Observations were made on the turbine's rotation speed and a battery's charging condition under different wind speeds to analyze the system's power output.
The document discusses renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy. It provides advantages of renewable energy over non-renewable sources, including being pollution-free, freely available, and inexhaustible. It then describes how solar energy can be harnessed using solar panels and converted to electricity, and how wind energy can be captured by wind turbines and converted to mechanical then electrical energy.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
Geothermal energy piles use closed loop heat exchangers embedded in reinforced concrete piles to extract heat from below ground for building heating and cooling needs. While case studies have examined heating and cooling performance, little work has been done to understand the thermo-mechanical effects on pile structural performance from thermal cycles. This project uses analytical tools to create a 3D model of an energy pile system and conduct a finite element analysis to better understand performance under real conditions.
This document discusses artificial roughness in solar air heaters. It begins by introducing solar energy and its potential in India. It then discusses solar air heaters and how artificial roughness can be used to enhance heat transfer by disturbing the laminar boundary layer and creating turbulence. Several studies have investigated different roughness element geometries and their effects on heat transfer and friction. Going forward, there is potential to further optimize roughness element shape, size, and orientation to maximize heat transfer with minimal penalty to friction.
This document describes an experimental setup for a solar vapor absorption cooling system using a flat plate collector. The system consists of two main circuits: 1) A solar water heating system circuit that uses a flat plate collector to heat water which is then used in the generator. 2) A vapor absorption refrigeration circuit consisting of a generator, absorber, evaporator, condenser and solution heat exchanger, using an ammonia-water working fluid. Experimental results showed a temperature drop of 7-8°C in the evaporator and a coefficient of performance of 0.75-0.79 for the solar powered vapor absorption system, lower than the maximum theoretical COP of 3.11 but demonstrating the potential to produce refrigeration from solar energy
This document presents an exergetic analysis of three types of solar drying systems: direct, indirect, and mixed mode. The analysis found that the mixed mode and indirect mode systems were more effective at utilizing captured solar energy, converting 78.1% and 77% respectively to useful energy. The direct mode system could only convert 49.3% to useful energy. Overall exergetic efficiencies were 55.2% for mixed mode, 54.5% for indirect mode, and 33.4% for direct mode. The exergetic analysis allows evaluation of both the quantity and quality of energy available from each solar drying system.
The ground source cooling system is about methods of using the ground in a heat pump to warm and cool a system close to the average surface temperature of a location. Ground source cooling system uses the earth or ground water or both as the source of heat in the winter and as the sink for the heat removed from the home in the summer. Heat is removed from the earth through a liquid, such as ground water or an antifreeze solution, upgrade by the heat pump & transfer to indoor air during summer month, the process is reversed & heat is extracted to the earth through the
ground water or antifreeze solution.
The document discusses Earth Tube Heat Exchangers (ETHE). It describes ETHE as a system that uses underground pipes to exchange heat between the air and the more constant temperature of the earth. It explains the basic principles of how ETHE works to provide heating in the winter and cooling in the summer by using the earth as a heat source or sink. It also outlines several key factors to consider in the design of ETHE systems, such as tube depth, length, diameter, air velocity, and arrangement (open vs closed loop).
A geothermal heating and cooling system uses a heat pump and underground pipes (loops) to extract or discharge heat from the earth to provide heating and cooling for buildings. There are two main types of loops - closed loops which circulate water or antifreeze through buried pipes to exchange heat with the ground without contaminating the external environment, and open loops which draw groundwater from wells. Vertical closed loops are common for commercial buildings, using U-shaped pipes in deep wells, while horizontal closed loops use parallel pipes in shallow trenches. Geothermal systems can also use pond loops or hybrid systems.
This document describes four earth air tunnel heat exchanger systems: 1) One coupled with a solar air heating duct to further warm outlet air from the EATHE. 2) A "hybrid" EATHE used to pre-cool condenser coils of an air conditioner. 3) One coupled with an evaporative cooler and solar chimney for passive cooling. 4) An "integrated" EATHE and evaporative cooler system for hot, dry climates. Diagrams and descriptions of the components and operation of each system are provided.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Green Building:Energy Efficient Air-Conditioningjvitek
This powerpoint illustrates the research done on the passive cooling methods of earth tube systems and solar chimneys in Florida\'s sub-tropical climate.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
This document summarizes solar energy utilization in India and types of solar collectors. It discusses that India has high solar potential with about 300 sunny days per year. The key types of solar collectors are flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. It also reviews various artificial roughness geometries that can be used to enhance heat transfer in solar air heaters, such as transverse ribs, V-shaped ribs, and dimples. Experimental studies on single and double pass solar air heaters with different rib configurations are presented.
Enhancing Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Solar Panel by Water CoolingIJAPEJOURNAL
Photovoltaic solar cell generates electricity by receiving solar irradiance. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell operating temperature during absorption of solar radiation. This undesirable effect can be partially avoided by cooling the back side of the photovoltaic panel using water absorption sponge which was fixed on of PV panel and maintain wet condition by circulation of drop by drop water. The objective of the present work is to reduce the temperature of the solar cell in order to increase its electrical efficiency. Experiments were performed with and without water cooling. A linear trend between the efficiency and temperature was found. Without cooling, the temperature of the panel was high and solar cells were achieved an efficiency of 8–9%. However, when the panel was operated under water cooling condition, the temperature dropped maximally by 40C leading to an increase in efficiency of solar cells by 12%.
ppt on Earth air tunnel heat exchanger (eathe)Yuvraj Singh
This document summarizes an earth air tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) project submitted to the Electrical Department at Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur. EATHEs utilize the stable underground temperature to cool or heat air in buildings. They have advantages like low emissions and maintenance, but require more initial space. EATHEs can benefit the environment by reducing pollution and helping control ozone depletion. They also promote economic growth and improved quality of life when used efficiently.
This document provides a review of previous research on thermoelectric generators. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and thermoelectric generation technologies. It then discusses the basic components of a thermoelectric module, including the thermocouple. The document reviews three previous works: 1) fabrication and testing of flat plate solar thermoelectric generators for near-earth orbits, which achieved power outputs of 3-3.3 watts; 2) development of a high efficiency thermoelectric power generator using bismuth telluride that achieved a maximum efficiency of 1.85%; 3) parametric analysis and modeling of a solar heat pipe thermoelectric generator unit comprising a thermoelectric module, finned heat pipe,
Earth Air Tunnels utilize the constant underground temperature to provide buildings with air conditioning. The tunnels work best for large buildings by allowing air pumped through to attain the cooler earth temperature. Variables like tunnel length, depth, diameter, and air/earth temperature differences determine effectiveness. Earth Air Tunnels have been successfully used at TERI retreat in Delhi to maintain living quarters between 20-30°C year-round.
ARTICLE 58 IJAET VOLII ISSUE III JULY SEPT 2011Nirav Soni
The document reports on an experimental investigation of a double pass solar air heater with a corrugated absorber plate and Amul Cool aluminum cans. The study found that using a corrugated plate and aluminum cans in the double pass design increased the absorber plate temperature and thermal efficiency compared to a conventional single pass solar air heater. Tests were conducted to analyze how factors like time of day, solar insolation, and mass flow rate affected the absorber temperature and thermal efficiency of the modified solar air heater design.
Thermal Storage Comparison for Variable Basement Kinds of a Solar Chimney Pro...Waqas Tariq
This study compared the thermal performance of three different basement materials for a solar chimney prototype in Baghdad: concrete, black concrete, and black pebbles. The black pebbles basement provided the best thermal storage and highest collected air temperatures, reaching 59°C and providing a 22°C temperature difference compared to ambient air. It also maintained warm air temperatures for five hours after sunset. The black concrete basement improved thermal storage by 50% over ordinary concrete. Overall, the results showed that a basement with high thermal storage capacity, like black pebbles, can significantly improve the efficiency and duration of operation of a solar chimney system.
This document discusses a proposed project to design and manufacture a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) that can harness wind energy from vehicles on highways. The goals are to utilize unused wind energy from passing automobiles and produce electrical energy. VAWTs are advantageous because they can capture wind from any direction and operate efficiently in turbulent conditions typical of urban settings. The design aims to fabricate the turbine using low-cost materials like bicycle wheels to generate power that can be stored and distributed to nearby rural areas in need of electricity. Observations were made on the turbine's rotation speed and a battery's charging condition under different wind speeds to analyze the system's power output.
The document discusses renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy. It provides advantages of renewable energy over non-renewable sources, including being pollution-free, freely available, and inexhaustible. It then describes how solar energy can be harnessed using solar panels and converted to electricity, and how wind energy can be captured by wind turbines and converted to mechanical then electrical energy.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
Geothermal energy piles use closed loop heat exchangers embedded in reinforced concrete piles to extract heat from below ground for building heating and cooling needs. While case studies have examined heating and cooling performance, little work has been done to understand the thermo-mechanical effects on pile structural performance from thermal cycles. This project uses analytical tools to create a 3D model of an energy pile system and conduct a finite element analysis to better understand performance under real conditions.
This document discusses artificial roughness in solar air heaters. It begins by introducing solar energy and its potential in India. It then discusses solar air heaters and how artificial roughness can be used to enhance heat transfer by disturbing the laminar boundary layer and creating turbulence. Several studies have investigated different roughness element geometries and their effects on heat transfer and friction. Going forward, there is potential to further optimize roughness element shape, size, and orientation to maximize heat transfer with minimal penalty to friction.
This document describes an experimental setup for a solar vapor absorption cooling system using a flat plate collector. The system consists of two main circuits: 1) A solar water heating system circuit that uses a flat plate collector to heat water which is then used in the generator. 2) A vapor absorption refrigeration circuit consisting of a generator, absorber, evaporator, condenser and solution heat exchanger, using an ammonia-water working fluid. Experimental results showed a temperature drop of 7-8°C in the evaporator and a coefficient of performance of 0.75-0.79 for the solar powered vapor absorption system, lower than the maximum theoretical COP of 3.11 but demonstrating the potential to produce refrigeration from solar energy
This document presents an exergetic analysis of three types of solar drying systems: direct, indirect, and mixed mode. The analysis found that the mixed mode and indirect mode systems were more effective at utilizing captured solar energy, converting 78.1% and 77% respectively to useful energy. The direct mode system could only convert 49.3% to useful energy. Overall exergetic efficiencies were 55.2% for mixed mode, 54.5% for indirect mode, and 33.4% for direct mode. The exergetic analysis allows evaluation of both the quantity and quality of energy available from each solar drying system.
The ground source cooling system is about methods of using the ground in a heat pump to warm and cool a system close to the average surface temperature of a location. Ground source cooling system uses the earth or ground water or both as the source of heat in the winter and as the sink for the heat removed from the home in the summer. Heat is removed from the earth through a liquid, such as ground water or an antifreeze solution, upgrade by the heat pump & transfer to indoor air during summer month, the process is reversed & heat is extracted to the earth through the
ground water or antifreeze solution.
The document discusses Earth Tube Heat Exchangers (ETHE). It describes ETHE as a system that uses underground pipes to exchange heat between the air and the more constant temperature of the earth. It explains the basic principles of how ETHE works to provide heating in the winter and cooling in the summer by using the earth as a heat source or sink. It also outlines several key factors to consider in the design of ETHE systems, such as tube depth, length, diameter, air velocity, and arrangement (open vs closed loop).
A geothermal heating and cooling system uses a heat pump and underground pipes (loops) to extract or discharge heat from the earth to provide heating and cooling for buildings. There are two main types of loops - closed loops which circulate water or antifreeze through buried pipes to exchange heat with the ground without contaminating the external environment, and open loops which draw groundwater from wells. Vertical closed loops are common for commercial buildings, using U-shaped pipes in deep wells, while horizontal closed loops use parallel pipes in shallow trenches. Geothermal systems can also use pond loops or hybrid systems.
This document describes four earth air tunnel heat exchanger systems: 1) One coupled with a solar air heating duct to further warm outlet air from the EATHE. 2) A "hybrid" EATHE used to pre-cool condenser coils of an air conditioner. 3) One coupled with an evaporative cooler and solar chimney for passive cooling. 4) An "integrated" EATHE and evaporative cooler system for hot, dry climates. Diagrams and descriptions of the components and operation of each system are provided.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Green Building:Energy Efficient Air-Conditioningjvitek
This powerpoint illustrates the research done on the passive cooling methods of earth tube systems and solar chimneys in Florida\'s sub-tropical climate.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
This document summarizes solar energy utilization in India and types of solar collectors. It discusses that India has high solar potential with about 300 sunny days per year. The key types of solar collectors are flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. It also reviews various artificial roughness geometries that can be used to enhance heat transfer in solar air heaters, such as transverse ribs, V-shaped ribs, and dimples. Experimental studies on single and double pass solar air heaters with different rib configurations are presented.
Enhancing Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Solar Panel by Water CoolingIJAPEJOURNAL
Photovoltaic solar cell generates electricity by receiving solar irradiance. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell operating temperature during absorption of solar radiation. This undesirable effect can be partially avoided by cooling the back side of the photovoltaic panel using water absorption sponge which was fixed on of PV panel and maintain wet condition by circulation of drop by drop water. The objective of the present work is to reduce the temperature of the solar cell in order to increase its electrical efficiency. Experiments were performed with and without water cooling. A linear trend between the efficiency and temperature was found. Without cooling, the temperature of the panel was high and solar cells were achieved an efficiency of 8–9%. However, when the panel was operated under water cooling condition, the temperature dropped maximally by 40C leading to an increase in efficiency of solar cells by 12%.
ppt on Earth air tunnel heat exchanger (eathe)Yuvraj Singh
This document summarizes an earth air tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) project submitted to the Electrical Department at Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur. EATHEs utilize the stable underground temperature to cool or heat air in buildings. They have advantages like low emissions and maintenance, but require more initial space. EATHEs can benefit the environment by reducing pollution and helping control ozone depletion. They also promote economic growth and improved quality of life when used efficiently.
This document provides a review of previous research on thermoelectric generators. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and thermoelectric generation technologies. It then discusses the basic components of a thermoelectric module, including the thermocouple. The document reviews three previous works: 1) fabrication and testing of flat plate solar thermoelectric generators for near-earth orbits, which achieved power outputs of 3-3.3 watts; 2) development of a high efficiency thermoelectric power generator using bismuth telluride that achieved a maximum efficiency of 1.85%; 3) parametric analysis and modeling of a solar heat pipe thermoelectric generator unit comprising a thermoelectric module, finned heat pipe,
Earth Air Tunnels utilize the constant underground temperature to provide buildings with air conditioning. The tunnels work best for large buildings by allowing air pumped through to attain the cooler earth temperature. Variables like tunnel length, depth, diameter, and air/earth temperature differences determine effectiveness. Earth Air Tunnels have been successfully used at TERI retreat in Delhi to maintain living quarters between 20-30°C year-round.
ARTICLE 58 IJAET VOLII ISSUE III JULY SEPT 2011Nirav Soni
The document reports on an experimental investigation of a double pass solar air heater with a corrugated absorber plate and Amul Cool aluminum cans. The study found that using a corrugated plate and aluminum cans in the double pass design increased the absorber plate temperature and thermal efficiency compared to a conventional single pass solar air heater. Tests were conducted to analyze how factors like time of day, solar insolation, and mass flow rate affected the absorber temperature and thermal efficiency of the modified solar air heater design.
Thermal Storage Comparison for Variable Basement Kinds of a Solar Chimney Pro...Waqas Tariq
This study compared the thermal performance of three different basement materials for a solar chimney prototype in Baghdad: concrete, black concrete, and black pebbles. The black pebbles basement provided the best thermal storage and highest collected air temperatures, reaching 59°C and providing a 22°C temperature difference compared to ambient air. It also maintained warm air temperatures for five hours after sunset. The black concrete basement improved thermal storage by 50% over ordinary concrete. Overall, the results showed that a basement with high thermal storage capacity, like black pebbles, can significantly improve the efficiency and duration of operation of a solar chimney system.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by Er. Vikas ManushendraVikas Manushendra
Three types of solar air heaters were experimentally compared: (1) a simple single pass design (Type I), (2) Type I with an aluminum wire mesh added (Type II), and (3) Type I with aluminum fins added (Type III). Thermal efficiency was highest for Type III at 46.12%, followed by Type II and Type I, showing that adding features to disrupt airflow and increase the heat transfer area, like aluminum wire mesh and fins, improves thermal performance. The study aimed to evaluate designs for maximizing heat collection from solar radiation using a low-cost air heating technology.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater to Increase Heat Transfer R...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on enhancing heat transfer in solar air heaters through the use of artificial surface roughness. An experimental solar air heater was fabricated with an absorber plate containing V-shaped, discrete fins as artificial roughness. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken at various points along the air flow path through the heater over multiple days. The results showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 15-35% compared to a smooth surface, demonstrating that artificial roughness is an effective way to improve solar air heater performance.
Fabrication, Designing & Performance Analysis of Solar Parabolic TroughIJERA Editor
A parabolic trough solar collector uses a parabolic cylinder to reflect and concentrate sun radiations towards a receiver tube located at the focus line of the parabolic cylinder. The receiver absorbs the incoming radiations and transforms them into thermal energy, the latter being transported and collected by a fluid medium circulating within the receiver tube.This method of concentrated solar collection has the advantage of high efficiency and low cost, and can be used either for thermal energy collection, for generating electricity or for both, This paper focused on the fabrication and designing of solar parabolic trough, The designing of trough is depend upon the following parameters : Aperture of the concentrator , Inner diameter of absorber tube, Outer diameter of absorber tube, Inner diameter of glass tube, Outer diameter of glass tube, Length of parabolic trough, Concentration ratio, Collector aperture area, Specular reflectivity of concentrator, Glass cover transitivity for solar radiation, Absorber tube emissivity/emissivity, Intercept factor, Emissivity of absorber tube surface and Emissivity of glass. The performance analysis will be based on the Experimental data collection and calculations with reference to: Thermal performance calculations, Overall loss coefficient and heat correlations. Heat transfer coefficient on the inside surface of the absorber tube and Heat transfer coefficient between the absorber tube and the Cover.
This document summarizes research on the influence of size parameters such as chimney height and collector diameter on the power output of solar chimney power plants. Theoretical modeling is presented that relates power output to chimney height, collector diameter, temperature difference, solar irradiance, and other factors. Calculations based on this modeling show that increasing chimney height and collector diameter leads to higher power outputs. Graphs demonstrate the relationship between chimney height and collector diameter with power output. The conclusion is that the efficiency and power output of the turbine in a solar chimney power plant increases with larger chimney heights and collector diameters.
1. The solar chimney power plant uses a large glass roof collector and a tall chimney to harness solar energy. Hot air rises through the chimney, powering turbines that generate electricity.
2. It operates like a hydroelectric plant but uses hot air instead of water. A glass collector heats incoming air which then rises rapidly up a tall chimney, turning turbines as it exits at the top.
3. The main components are the collector, chimney, and turbines. The chimney height determines power output - a 1,000m chimney could power a 200MW plant producing 1,500GWh annually.
Solar energy concentration techniques in flat plate collectorIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on improving the efficiency of flat plate solar collectors through various concentration techniques. It discusses the limitations of conventional flat plate collectors and reviews studies that have incorporated things like twisted wire coils inside tubes, double glazing, selective coatings including nanoparticles, and optical lenses to increase absorption. Experimental results showed efficiency increases ranging from 5% to 15% compared to standard flat plate collectors without these enhancements. The review concludes that ongoing developments aim to make flat plate collectors more compact and effective through improved materials and designs.
1. The document discusses the development of solar chimney power plant technology around the world. Prototypes were built in Spain, the US, Egypt, Nigeria, UAE, Thailand, China, and Botswana to test the technology in different climates.
2. Key projects included a 50 kW prototype in Spain in the 1980s, plans for a large solar updraft tower in the US, and analyses showing solar chimneys could generate significant electricity in Egypt, Nigeria, and the UAE.
3. Recent developments explored sloped solar chimneys, counter-rotating turbines, and optimizing collector angles and chimney heights to improve performance. Studies found the technology suitable for providing electricity in many global locations
IRJET- Heat Transfer Enhancement Analysis of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing heat transfer in the receiver tubes of parabolic trough solar collectors. The receiver tubes experience non-uniform heat flux around the periphery from the concentrated solar radiation, resulting in large temperature gradients. The study numerically simulates turbulent flow and heat transfer in receiver tubes with staggered pin fins on the inside surface. It is found that pin fins improve performance over a plain tube by increasing surface area and turbulence. Higher pin fins result in greater heat transfer but also higher pressure drop. The best performing design has pin fins 12mm in height, balancing increased heat transfer with pressure penalties.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Twisted Tape Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic Tr...IRJET Journal
This document numerically analyzes the fluid flow in a twisted tape absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector to improve efficiency. It studies the effect of heat transfer in absorber tubes with different velocity profiles. The analysis finds that a twisted tape insert increases the outlet temperature compared to a plain tube. At low velocity of 0.1 m/s, the outlet temperature is 322K for the twisted tape tube, while it is lower at 309K for the higher velocity of 1.2 m/s. The absorber tube with twisted tape insert provides better performance at lower minimum velocities.
This document discusses the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis of a solar flat plate collector. It begins by introducing solar collectors and their importance. It then describes the objectives of performing CFD simulation on a flat plate collector to better understand flow and temperature distribution. The document outlines the 3D model created in ANSYS Workbench and simulation performed in ANSYS FLUENT. It validates the CFD results by comparing the outlet air temperature to experimental results, showing good agreement. The overall goal is to analyze the collector's heat transfer capability using CFD and gain insights that are difficult to obtain through experimentation alone.
IRJET- Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater wit...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the thermal performance of an evacuated solar water heater with and without twisted tapes inserted inside the glass tubes. Key findings include:
- Temperature gain was higher at low and medium flow rates compared to high flow rates for both setups.
- The setup with twisted tapes inserted showed slightly higher temperature gains, around 1°C on average, compared to the setup without tapes, due to increased turbulence creating higher heat transfer.
- While improvements were small due to the small experimental setup, the results suggest twisted tapes can enhance thermal performance by inducing swirling flow and turbulence inside the glass tubes of an evacuated solar water heater.
Financial Evaluation of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System for Computer ...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the financial feasibility of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer laboratory in Bharatpur, India. It finds that:
1. The system is technically feasible, achieving a solar fraction of 0.52-0.75 depending on the collector area. However,
2. Financially, the system is currently not feasible due to the high initial costs of absorption chillers and solar collectors. It provides only marginal annual savings, resulting in very high payback periods of 67-83 years.
3. A sensitivity analysis found that with reduced total investment costs (e.g. due to technology improvements) and increased electricity prices in the future, the payback period could decrease significantly
Energy being a crucial input in the process of social, economical and industrial development, plays a vital role
in our daily lives. The present trends show a continuous increase in the energy demands, with a
simultaneous reduction in the available conventional energy resources. Hence, there is an urgent need to
come up with energy efficient alternatives, such as developing devices that employ renewable energy
resources. Sol Aura is one such product that holds the potential to replace conventional heaters that employ
electrical energy. Sol Aura utilizes solar energy for the required energy conversion and thus, increase the
temperature of indoor areas. The paper presents the product design and the related mathematical computations.
Future scope and the advantages have also been covered within the scope of the paper.
This document discusses the components and design of a green building in India. It provides details of the electrical load calculation and sizing of the solar PV system to power the building. The building would use a 3KW solar PV system with a 2.5KVA inverter to meet its 4KW peak load. It also includes specifications for the solar water heater, solar air heater, and solar cooker to utilize solar energy for heating and cooking needs. The methodology section outlines the research approach, including literature reviews, data collection from construction projects, and identifying new green building techniques.
1. The document discusses an Earth Tube Heat Exchanger system that uses geothermal energy for heating and cooling buildings. It can draw heat from the ground to warm a building in winter and release heat into the ground to cool a building in summer.
2. The system was analyzed using theoretical calculations and CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent software. Key parameters like pipe diameter and air velocity were varied to analyze their effects on the system's coefficient of performance.
3. Modifying parameters like increasing pipe diameter and air velocity were found to have the most significant impact on improving the system's coefficient of performance. The Earth Tube Heat Exchanger provides an efficient alternative to conventional HVAC systems by making use of
Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
The document examines different possibilities for installing and orienting solar thermal systems on the rooftop of a reference building. A simulation was conducted to analyze how installation and orientation impact the costs of solar energy production, savings on wood pellets for heating, and the system's efficiency. The economic efficiency of a solar thermal installation can be strongly influenced by the installation method and orientation. Simulation results show variations in solar energy contribution percentages, heating and hot water fractions, and the energy balance for different installation scenarios.
Design and Performance Analysis of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System fo...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses the design and performance analysis of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer lab located in Bharatpur, India.
- The peak cooling load of the computer lab is calculated to be 34.94 kW, so a 10TR vapor absorption cooling system is adopted.
- Simulations are carried out using the TRANSOL program to analyze the performance of the solar cooling system using different solar collector types and areas. Parameters like solar fraction, primary energy savings, and electrical COP are evaluated.
- It is concluded that the solar thermal cooling system can achieve good solar fractions between 0.52-0.75 and primary energy savings up to 52% for the considered location and collector areas.
Similar to International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) (20)
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
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3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
1. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
Feasibility study of a roof top Solar room heater
Tejinder Kumar Jindal
Assistant Professor
Aerospace Engineering Department
PEC University of Technology Chandigarh
Abstract:
The present work describes a low cost solar space heater. The device is the replacement of the concrete cantilevers
used above the windows in houses facing the south direction. An experiment was conducting by making a suitable device for
use for the purpose. It has been observed that the device can be used to heat the space for the south facing room windows
directly and for the other directions by circulating the air through the device kept at the roof top making an angle of about 38
degree with the roof top.
Key words: duct, draught, heat transfer, rooftop, solar collector, solar chimney, ventilation.
1. Introduction
With the exponential growth of energy demand, efforts are being made all over the world to conserve energy. As non-
renewable sources are consumed, the mankind must turn its attention to longer-term, permanent type of energy sources. Solar
energy one of the abundant source promise of becoming a dependable energy because it is environmentally clean source of
energy and available free of cost. Solar energy has been identified as one of the promising alternative energy source for the
future.
On average the extraterrestrial irradiance is 1367 W/m2, which is also known as Solar Constant. Total power from the
sun intercepted by the earth is approximately 1.8 X 1011 MW, which is many thousand of times larger than the present
consumption rate on earth. In addition to its size, solar energy can be used in a decentralized manner, reducing the cost of
transmission and distribution of power.
There are two distinct methods for converting solar energy to work: thermodynamic conversion and direct conversion.
In thermodynamic conversion, solar collectors first convert solar energy to heat. This heat is then partially converted to work
in accordance with second law of thermodynamics. There is a well defined theoretical upper limit to the efficiency of any
process that converts heat to work. Efficiencies of direct conversion processes are not limited by second law of
thermodynamics, but they have their own practical limitations.
There are some problems associated with the use of solar energy. The main problem is that it is a dilute source of
energy. Even in the hottest regions on earth, the solar radiation flux available rarely exceeds 1 KW/m 2 and total radiation
over a day is best about 7 KW/m2. These are low values from the point of view of technological utilization. Consequently
large collecting areas are required in many applications and these results in excessive costs.
The major technical obstacle for solar thermal application is the intermittent nature of the source, both on daily and
short time scale. The intermittent nature leads to a storage requirement, generally not present in non solar systems. The extra
cost and complexity of storage is a negative point to solar systems. Solar systems also require a good solar climate for
efficient operation. This is favorable in case of India: land for solar collector is abundant and where energy demand is high,
the solar flux is also high and direct beam component maximum. Finally, solar system must meet the criteria of economic
competitiveness in order to be widely accepted. On the other hand, solar energy has an advantageous position compared with
scarce fossil fuels. Most of the energy demands in India (and elsewhere also) can be met by simple solar systems. There are
very few new components like collectors, controls which are complex. By proper application of solar techniques, an excellent
thermodynamic match between the solar energy resources and many end-uses can be achieved.
2. Solar Chimney
Like natural draught chimney, solar chimney is a vertical tubular structure of transparent material, steel, reinforced
concrete or reinforced plastic built for the purpose of enclosing a column of hot air heated by the solar collector. So, solar
chimney has one side (facing the sun) made of transparent material like glass to absorb solar energy. The draught produced
by the chimney is due to the density difference between the column of hot air inside the chimney and the cold air outside. The
efficiency of the chimney is directly proportional to the height of the chimney.There are mainly two applications of solar
chimneys[1,2].
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2. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
2.1 Ventilation in buildings
Ventilation is a widely used technique for removal of indoor contaminants as a measure of pollutant source control.
Natural ventilation is usually used in regions with mild climates and in spaces where some variation in indoor climate is
tolerable. A solar chimney is a good configuration to implement natural ventilation in buildings where solar energy is
available. It is similar to a conventional chimney except that the south wall is replaced by glazing, which enables solar energy
collection. The flow caused is directly influenced by the pressure distribution on the building envelope and the characteristics
of the different openings. The pressure distribution is the driving force for ventilation while the characteristics of each
opening, among other things, determine the flow resistance[3,4].
2.2 Solar Chimney Turbine
Solar Chimney Turbine utilizes the airflow inside the chimney to run a turbine. The turbine being coupled to a
generator produces electric power. Turbines are always placed at the base of the chimney. Using turbines, mechanical output
in the form of rotational energy can be derived from the air current in the chimney. Turbines in a solar chimney do not work
with staged velocity as a free running wind energy converter, but as a cased pressure-staged wind turbo generator, in which
similar to a hydroelectric power station, static pressure is converted to rotational energy using a cased turbine.
There are large numbers of applications of solar energy, and even larger is the number of systems and their
components achieving the energy conversion goal. To maximize the efficiency of any complete system, the efficiencies of the
components must be maximized/optimized[5,6].
3. Roof Top Solar System
The solar flat plate collector and the solar chimney concept have been integrated in the present study. An open flat
plate solar thermal collector has been fitted with a solar chimney to enhance the speed of the outgoing hot air through the
collector the temperature of the air is sufficient to heat the room. Small fan can be installed at the entry to the room for
smooth entry of the hot air.
4. Experimental setup
An experimental setup was fabricated for the purpose of study the heating power of an about 1.5 m2 flat plate
collector. The dimensional sizes for collector are 1700 mm X 850 mm X 115mm. The inclination of collector on the stand
iskept at 180, 280, 380 and 480 by suitably lifting the base of the stand. The collector-chimney assembly is supported by a steel
structure and can be tilted at different angles. The absorber plate is 0.6 mm thick GI sheet painted black. The bottom of the
collector is insulated using 5 cm thick glass wool. Thermal conductivity of glass wool is 0.04 W/m K. Two sidewalls are also
insulated by 6cm thick glass wool, with 12mm wooden backing. The top cover, the collector is 5mm thick window glass this
is in four pieces made airtight using adhesive and transparent cello tape. The properties of Glass and parameters of the setup
are as follows.
Thermal Conductivity 0.937 W/m K
Density (at 20º C) 2.44 g/cm³
Thermal Expansion 8.6 x 10 -6/°C
Collector Area 1.445 m2
Chimney Exit Area 0.00866 m2
Hot air flow rate 0.01014 * V
Enthalpy change of air m Cp T
Where,
T Temperature difference
V Velocity of air in m/s is
The air temperature inside the channel was recorded by eleven k-type thermocouples. Six arranged at a spacing of
25cm along the centre line of the absorber plate along the airflow direction and five arranged in the chimney at spacing of
20cm. The distance from the channel inlet to these temperature measurement sections were 450, 700, 950, 1200, 1450, 1700,
1900, 2100, 2300, 2500 and 2700 mm, respectively. Atmospheric temperature noted made by k-type thermocouple, which is
portable with the display unit, this thermocouple is named thermocouple number 1.
Issn 2250-3005(online) October| 2012 Page 106
3. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
The velocity of air at outlet of the channel is measured by a vane type anemometer. For pressure measurement in the
chimney section static pressure ports were also provided and connected to water tube manometer. As there were not any
significant pressure changes in the system, so these ports were closed in the early experimentation stage.
Figure-1 Photo of the Experimental Setup
5. Results And Discussions
Experiments were carried out at different inclination angles of the collector and at different times of the day. Various
angles taken were 180, 280, 380, 480 the collector. Measurements were made from 9:00 to 17:00h, at an interval of one hour.
The measured and calculated values of the parameters are shown in the following figures.
The most important is to study the effect of collector inclination on the performance of the system. Mass flow rate is
directly related with the power output of a solar chimney power plant, hence has been taken as the optimization criteria.
Second reason to choose mass flow rate as the controlling factor is due to the size and scale of the system. From a small
chimney height and 1.4 m2 collector area it is not possible to run a turbine and hence take turbine output as the criteria. Solar
radiation angle also affects the mass flow rate with inclination. For buoyant flow higher inclination angle causes higher stack
pressure for driving natural ventilation. However, under otherwise identical conditions, the convective heat transfer
coefficient inside the air channel decreases with the increase of inclination angle, which results in the reduction of natural
ventilation airflow rate.
Figure 5 shows that, initially, the natural ventilation air-flow rate enhances with the increase of inclination angle,
and then it reaches the peak value at about 380 inclination angle. Finally, it begins to fall off, which indicates that the decrease
of convection heat transfer overwhelms the increase of stack pressure after the inclination angle is beyond 38 0, the
phenomena being also governed by solar angles.
Figure-2. Mass Flow Rate v/s Time at 380 inclination
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4. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
Temp
80
Temp (deg. Celsius)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0
0
00
50
00
00
00
00
00
00
45
70
95
12
14
17
19
21
23
25
27
Distance (mm)
Figure-3 Temperature variation at Collector exit with Distance
Figure 4. Enthalpy Gain vs. Time at 380 inclination
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5. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
18 deg 28 deg 38 deg 48 deg
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
m (Kg/s)
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
9:
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Time (hrs)
Figure-5 Variation of Mass Flow Rate with Collector Inclination and time
The inclined collector Solar Chimney has the potential to increase the overall performance of Solar Chimney Power
Plant. The inclination of collector greatly affects the mass flow through the chimney, which was taken as the optimization
parameter. Hence collector ingle inclination should be opted for and must be optimized in solar induced flow inside a solar
chimney power plant. By Experimentation the optimum collector tilt angle for Chandigarh (May month) has been found to be
in the range 35-400. The average power comes out to be 300W. It can be enhanced to 1.5 KW by putting double glass
collector and increasing area to 2-3 m2. Hence it is clear that a solar chimney roof collector is feasible
References
[1] Anthony J. Gannon, Theodor W. von Backstr Öm, ”The Solar Chimney Air Standard Cycle” R & D Journal (South
Africa) 2000.
[2] A.J. Gannon and T.W. von Backström, “Solar Chimney Turbine Performance” ASME Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering, February 2003, Vol. 125/101.
[3] J. Hirunlabh, W. Kongduang, P. Namprakai, J. Khedari “Study of natural ventilation of houses by a metallic solar wall
under tropical climate” Renewable Energy 18 (1999) 109-119.
[4] Joseph Khedari, Weerapong Mansirisub, Sompong Chaima, Naris Pratinthong, Jongjit Hirunlabh, “Field
measurements of performance of roof solar collector” Energy and Buildings 31 (2000),171–178.
[5] Joseph Khedari, Boonlert Boonsri, Jongjit Hirunlabh, “Ventilation impact of a solar chimney on indoor temperature
fluctuation and air change in a school building” Energy and Buildings 32 (2000) 89–93.
[6] M. M. Sanchez, M. Lucas, P. Martinez, A. Sanchez and A. Viedma, “Climatic Solar Roof: An Ecological Alternative
to Heat Dissipation in Buildings” Solar Energy Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 419–432, 2002.
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