The fruit plants are propagated by two main methods, namely, sexual method and asexual method. Most of the fruit plants do not produce seedlings true to type. Using the asexual method of propagation the fruit plants produce true to type clones of the parent plant. Moreover, these plants also produce uniform yield, fruit size and quality. Although seedling plants produce heavy crop, the fruit size and quality is inferior and do not fetch good return in market. The seedling plants for several fruit crops have long juvenile period and have more vigorous growth habit, which creates difficulty in taking plant protection measures and harvesting of fruits. The fruits of seedling plants do not mature in one stroke and hence, affect the marketing. The asexual methods of plant propagation are of the four types, Cutting, Layering, Budding and Grafting. In this communication we present review on the Sexual method of propagation Seed along with all the asexual or vegetative methods like, Cutting, Layering, Budding and Grafting methods of plant propagation. The cutting method includes root, stem, scion and leaf cutting methods of vegetative propagation. The layering method category encompasses the Natural, Simple, Tip, Compound or Serpentine, Trench, Mound and Air layering methods. The budding method of the asexual propagation includes, T Shield, Inverted T Shield, Chip, I, Patch, Forkert, Flute and Ring Annular Budding methods. Swaraj Meher | Priya Sagar | Smile Sandal "Methods of Plant Propagation: Sexual & Vegetative" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42533.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/42533/methods-of-plant-propagation-sexual-and-vegetative/swaraj-meher
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
Role of protected cultivation in fruit cropsPraveen Mishra
This document discusses the role of protected cultivation in fruit crops. It defines protected cultivation as intensive agricultural systems that use structures like greenhouses, tunnels, shade nets, and mulches to control the environment and minimize pesticide use. These structures allow year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less impact from weather events. The document provides examples of different protected cultivation technologies and their benefits for various fruit crops like strawberries, bananas, cherries, peaches, and blueberries. It summarizes research showing increased yields, reduced pest problems, and improved quality and harvest times with protected cultivation systems.
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its definition, types, and mechanisms. It begins with definitions of dormancy as a block to seed germination under favorable conditions. There are three main types of primary dormancy discussed: exogenous (caused by external factors like the seed coat), endogenous (caused by internal factors like the embryo), and combinations of these. Secondary dormancy can be induced by unfavorable conditions after seed dispersal. The mechanisms of dormancy include physical, chemical, and morphological barriers imposed by the seed or its coat. Factors that affect dormancy breaking are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing the significance and problems caused by seed dormancy in horticulture.
Canopy management & pruning of fruits treesshafi seddeqi
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of rootAsish Benny
Cuttings are a common method of vegetative propagation where a detached part of a plant is placed in a rooting medium to form adventitious roots and shoots. Adventitious root formation is a complex process involving biochemical, physiological and anatomical changes. Key factors that influence rooting include the physiological condition and maturity of the mother plant, presence of leaves and buds, type of wood, season, and treatment of cuttings with growth regulators, minerals, and wounding. Proper treatment of cuttings can optimize root initiation and development.
The document provides information about flowers and roses. It discusses how flowers have evolved over millions of years to assist in pollination. It then focuses on roses, describing their history, symbolism, taxonomy, cultivation practices including varieties, pests and diseases, harvesting, and uses of roses. The document is an extensive guide covering many aspects of rose flowers.
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
Role of protected cultivation in fruit cropsPraveen Mishra
This document discusses the role of protected cultivation in fruit crops. It defines protected cultivation as intensive agricultural systems that use structures like greenhouses, tunnels, shade nets, and mulches to control the environment and minimize pesticide use. These structures allow year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less impact from weather events. The document provides examples of different protected cultivation technologies and their benefits for various fruit crops like strawberries, bananas, cherries, peaches, and blueberries. It summarizes research showing increased yields, reduced pest problems, and improved quality and harvest times with protected cultivation systems.
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its definition, types, and mechanisms. It begins with definitions of dormancy as a block to seed germination under favorable conditions. There are three main types of primary dormancy discussed: exogenous (caused by external factors like the seed coat), endogenous (caused by internal factors like the embryo), and combinations of these. Secondary dormancy can be induced by unfavorable conditions after seed dispersal. The mechanisms of dormancy include physical, chemical, and morphological barriers imposed by the seed or its coat. Factors that affect dormancy breaking are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing the significance and problems caused by seed dormancy in horticulture.
Canopy management & pruning of fruits treesshafi seddeqi
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of rootAsish Benny
Cuttings are a common method of vegetative propagation where a detached part of a plant is placed in a rooting medium to form adventitious roots and shoots. Adventitious root formation is a complex process involving biochemical, physiological and anatomical changes. Key factors that influence rooting include the physiological condition and maturity of the mother plant, presence of leaves and buds, type of wood, season, and treatment of cuttings with growth regulators, minerals, and wounding. Proper treatment of cuttings can optimize root initiation and development.
The document provides information about flowers and roses. It discusses how flowers have evolved over millions of years to assist in pollination. It then focuses on roses, describing their history, symbolism, taxonomy, cultivation practices including varieties, pests and diseases, harvesting, and uses of roses. The document is an extensive guide covering many aspects of rose flowers.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Techniques of in vitro clonal propagation for fruit cropsPawan Nagar
This document discusses techniques for in vitro clonal propagation of fruit crops. It describes the four stages of micropropagation: establishment, shoot multiplication, root formation, and acclimatization. The establishment stage involves disinfesting explants and initiating shoot development. In the multiplication stage, shoots are subcultured to expand into clusters. Root formation prepares plantlets for transplanting. Finally, acclimatization conditions plantlets for greenhouse and field conditions. The document also outlines types of tissue culture systems and developmental patterns for plantlet formation.
The document provides instructions for performing a whip and tongue graft, which is an asexual plant propagation technique. It involves making matching diagonal cuts on the rootstock and scion, followed by a parallel "tongue" cut on each to create interlocking surfaces. This produces more contact area between the vascular cambium layers than a simpler splice graft, improving the chances of a successful graft union. The technique requires a very sharp knife and precise cuts. While difficult, it can yield a 98% success rate when done properly.
The document discusses various aspects of nursery management including types of nurseries, infrastructure requirements, and best practices. Specifically, it outlines 7 types of nurseries classified by the type of plants grown including fruit, vegetable, ornamental, medicinal, and forest plant nurseries. It also describes 4 types of nurseries based on the target customers including retail, wholesale, private, and mail order nurseries. Further, it details the basic infrastructure needed like worksheds, polyhouses, fences, and irrigation systems. Proper land preparation, growing media, and care of the propagated plants are also highlighted.
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
This document discusses various methods and trends in plant taxonomy, including:
1. Analyzing gross morphology, anatomy, pollen morphology, chemical constituents, serology, paleontology, ontogeny, cytogenetics, and embryology.
2. Numerical taxonomy involves using mathematical methods to classify plants based on quantitative evaluations of their similarities.
3. Descriptions cover anatomical features, chemotaxonomy, serotaxonomy, paleontological evidence of plant evolution, relationships shown by ontogeny and floral development, the role of cytogenetics and biosystematics, and using embryology for phylogenetic studies.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
Physiological changes in plants during moisture stress conditionZuby Gohar Ansari
1. The study examined the physiological changes in wheat plants under conditions of water stress and normal watering when inoculated with different rhizobial strains. 2. It found that under water stress, rhizobial inoculation increased wheat yield, nitrogen content, and total biological yield compared to uninoculated plants. 3. However, yields were still lower under water stress compared to normal watering conditions. The best performing rhizobial strains were able to partially mitigate the detrimental effects of water stress.
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Micropropagation (tissue culture or invitro culture) refers to the multiplication of plants, in an aseptic condition and in artificial growth medium from plant parts like meristem tip, callus, embryos anthers, axillary buds etc. It is a method by which a true to type and disease free entire plant can be regenerated from a miniature piece of plant in aseptic condition in artificial growing medium rapidly throughout the year.
This document discusses various propagation methods for fruit plants including sexual propagation, asexual propagation through stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. It describes different types of cuttings like hardwood, semi-hardwood, and softwood cuttings and layering methods like simple layering, stooling/mound layering, tip layering, air layering, and serpentine layering. Grafting techniques discussed include whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, bark grafting, inarching, softwood grafting, veneer grafting, bridge grafting, and epicotyl grafting. The document also covers strategies for disease-free plants through meristem
importance scope and bottle necks of floriculture industry in indiaArvind Yadav
1) Floriculture has potential for economic growth in India through exports and domestic sales, but currently accounts for only 0.61% of the global floriculture sector.
2) Key opportunities for expansion include exporting flowers to international markets during their winter seasons as well as developing the domestic market in major cities.
3) However, bottlenecks like a lack of production and market data, high freight costs within India and to export markets, and insufficient research and development are currently limiting growth of the floriculture industry.
Biosynthesis and applications of plant growth regulatorsDr. GURPREET SINGH
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, regulate growth and development in plants. They are produced in small quantities and transported throughout the plant. The five main classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and division and are involved in functions like fruit development, apical dominance, and abscission.
This document discusses different methods of plant propagation, including both sexual and asexual propagation. It focuses on asexual propagation techniques like grafting, pruning, and cuttings. For grafting, it describes how scion and rootstock tissues are joined to allow nutrient flow between plants. It outlines different types of pruning practices and their purposes. For cuttings, it explains how stem or root pieces can be placed in a medium to produce new plants independent of the parent.
Plant propagation can occur sexually through seeds or asexually through various vegetative methods. Sexual propagation involves the fertilization of egg and pollen to produce seeds, while asexual propagation involves propagating a new plant from a part of the parent plant other than seeds, such as stems, leaves, or roots. Common asexual propagation techniques include grafting, budding, layering, cuttings, division, and micropropagation or tissue culture. Each technique has specific steps and conditions required for successful propagation of a new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Techniques of in vitro clonal propagation for fruit cropsPawan Nagar
This document discusses techniques for in vitro clonal propagation of fruit crops. It describes the four stages of micropropagation: establishment, shoot multiplication, root formation, and acclimatization. The establishment stage involves disinfesting explants and initiating shoot development. In the multiplication stage, shoots are subcultured to expand into clusters. Root formation prepares plantlets for transplanting. Finally, acclimatization conditions plantlets for greenhouse and field conditions. The document also outlines types of tissue culture systems and developmental patterns for plantlet formation.
The document provides instructions for performing a whip and tongue graft, which is an asexual plant propagation technique. It involves making matching diagonal cuts on the rootstock and scion, followed by a parallel "tongue" cut on each to create interlocking surfaces. This produces more contact area between the vascular cambium layers than a simpler splice graft, improving the chances of a successful graft union. The technique requires a very sharp knife and precise cuts. While difficult, it can yield a 98% success rate when done properly.
The document discusses various aspects of nursery management including types of nurseries, infrastructure requirements, and best practices. Specifically, it outlines 7 types of nurseries classified by the type of plants grown including fruit, vegetable, ornamental, medicinal, and forest plant nurseries. It also describes 4 types of nurseries based on the target customers including retail, wholesale, private, and mail order nurseries. Further, it details the basic infrastructure needed like worksheds, polyhouses, fences, and irrigation systems. Proper land preparation, growing media, and care of the propagated plants are also highlighted.
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
This document discusses various methods and trends in plant taxonomy, including:
1. Analyzing gross morphology, anatomy, pollen morphology, chemical constituents, serology, paleontology, ontogeny, cytogenetics, and embryology.
2. Numerical taxonomy involves using mathematical methods to classify plants based on quantitative evaluations of their similarities.
3. Descriptions cover anatomical features, chemotaxonomy, serotaxonomy, paleontological evidence of plant evolution, relationships shown by ontogeny and floral development, the role of cytogenetics and biosystematics, and using embryology for phylogenetic studies.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
Physiological changes in plants during moisture stress conditionZuby Gohar Ansari
1. The study examined the physiological changes in wheat plants under conditions of water stress and normal watering when inoculated with different rhizobial strains. 2. It found that under water stress, rhizobial inoculation increased wheat yield, nitrogen content, and total biological yield compared to uninoculated plants. 3. However, yields were still lower under water stress compared to normal watering conditions. The best performing rhizobial strains were able to partially mitigate the detrimental effects of water stress.
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Micropropagation (tissue culture or invitro culture) refers to the multiplication of plants, in an aseptic condition and in artificial growth medium from plant parts like meristem tip, callus, embryos anthers, axillary buds etc. It is a method by which a true to type and disease free entire plant can be regenerated from a miniature piece of plant in aseptic condition in artificial growing medium rapidly throughout the year.
This document discusses various propagation methods for fruit plants including sexual propagation, asexual propagation through stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. It describes different types of cuttings like hardwood, semi-hardwood, and softwood cuttings and layering methods like simple layering, stooling/mound layering, tip layering, air layering, and serpentine layering. Grafting techniques discussed include whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, bark grafting, inarching, softwood grafting, veneer grafting, bridge grafting, and epicotyl grafting. The document also covers strategies for disease-free plants through meristem
importance scope and bottle necks of floriculture industry in indiaArvind Yadav
1) Floriculture has potential for economic growth in India through exports and domestic sales, but currently accounts for only 0.61% of the global floriculture sector.
2) Key opportunities for expansion include exporting flowers to international markets during their winter seasons as well as developing the domestic market in major cities.
3) However, bottlenecks like a lack of production and market data, high freight costs within India and to export markets, and insufficient research and development are currently limiting growth of the floriculture industry.
Biosynthesis and applications of plant growth regulatorsDr. GURPREET SINGH
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, regulate growth and development in plants. They are produced in small quantities and transported throughout the plant. The five main classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and division and are involved in functions like fruit development, apical dominance, and abscission.
This document discusses different methods of plant propagation, including both sexual and asexual propagation. It focuses on asexual propagation techniques like grafting, pruning, and cuttings. For grafting, it describes how scion and rootstock tissues are joined to allow nutrient flow between plants. It outlines different types of pruning practices and their purposes. For cuttings, it explains how stem or root pieces can be placed in a medium to produce new plants independent of the parent.
Plant propagation can occur sexually through seeds or asexually through various vegetative methods. Sexual propagation involves the fertilization of egg and pollen to produce seeds, while asexual propagation involves propagating a new plant from a part of the parent plant other than seeds, such as stems, leaves, or roots. Common asexual propagation techniques include grafting, budding, layering, cuttings, division, and micropropagation or tissue culture. Each technique has specific steps and conditions required for successful propagation of a new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant.
Cultivation and collection of crude drugs involves propagating medicinal plants through both sexual and asexual methods. Sexual propagation involves growing plants from seeds and has advantages like genetic variation but is slower, while asexual propagation using cuttings, grafting or tissue culture is faster but loses genetic diversity. Crude drugs are collected following appropriate methods at their peak quality times and dried before storage to prevent degradation. Proper cultivation, collection and storage methods help ensure the therapeutic quality and purity of crude drugs.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 2 method of plant propagation and planning orchardRai University
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation, including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative structures and cuttings. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds, which allows for variation but offspring may not be true-to-type. Asexual propagation methods discussed include stem cuttings, layering techniques like simple layering and mound layering, and grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
This document discusses seed characteristics, germination, sowing methods, and crop density and geometry. It provides definitions and details on:
1. The key parts and functions of seeds. Good quality seeds are genetically pure, free from impurities, have high germination rates, and are healthy.
2. The two main types of germination - epigeal and hypogeal. Methods of sowing seeds including broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting.
3. How crop density and geometry influence plant growth and yields. Crop geometry refers to the shape of space for individual plants, such as square, rectangular, or triangular patterns. Crop density and geometry impact light interception, root growth
Layering and grafting are vegetative propagation techniques for native plants. Layering involves bending stems to the ground to form roots while still attached to the mother plant, providing advantages like less maintenance than cuttings. Grafting joins parts from two plants so they grow as one, allowing benefits like changing varieties or taking advantage of particular rootstocks. Both techniques can help propagate native species when resources are limited.
Grafting involves uniting a scion from one plant to a stock plant to produce desirable traits. Reasons for grafting include changing plant size, increasing plants that cannot be reproduced otherwise, producing disease or pest resistance, altering form or variety, and enabling earlier flowering. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock must be compatible and their cambium layers must be in contact. Grafting is also dependent on the physiological stage of the plants and cut surfaces must be protected from drying.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION FOR INCREASING FRUIT TREE PRODUCTIVITYParshant Bakshi
Plant propagation is the art & science of multiplying plants by sexual or asexual means and preserving their unique qualities Or the method of production of more than one plant from the mother plant or the tissue over a specific time period.
Methods
a. Sexual methods : Propagation by seeds
b. Asexual methods /Vegetative
Cuttings
Layering
Grafting
Budding
Tissue culture; micropropagation
1. The document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding.
2. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds which has advantages like producing hardier plants but disadvantages like offspring not being true-to-type.
3. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding allow for true-to-type reproduction and are used when seeds are not viable options.
4. Specific techniques for each method are described including rooting stem cuttings, layering branches in the soil, grafting using approaches like wedge grafting, and b
This document discusses the cultivation, collection, and storage of crude drugs from natural origins. It covers various methods of propagating medicinal plants including vegetative propagation, sexual propagation, and micropropagation. It describes how to properly collect, harvest, dry, and store crude drugs to ensure the best quality. Factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants are also discussed such as light, temperature, soil, and water.
Plant propagation, Plant propagation methods, Types of Plant propagation, Advantages of vegetative propagation, Recommended Propagation Techniques for Fruit Crops
This document discusses vegetative propagation, an important technique in modern Indian agriculture. Vegetative propagation involves reproducing plants through plant parts like stems, roots, and leaves rather than seeds, allowing for mass production of plants with desired traits. Some common vegetative propagation methods described include stem and root cuttings, layering, and grafting. Layering involves inducing roots to grow on stems still attached to the parent plant, while grafting joins tissue from two plants. Vegetative propagation is useful for reproducing plants that are difficult to grow from seed and maintaining genetic uniformity.
This document discusses the selection, preparation, and planting of various planting materials. It describes selecting seeds, seedlings, bulbs, corms, and suckers based on factors like origin, quality, size, and health. Preparation methods are explained, including breaking seed dormancy, soaking, dressing, inoculation, and chitting. The main planting propagation techniques are then outlined as sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation methods like cuttings, division, layering, grafting, budding, and tissue culture. The advantages of tissue culture techniques are highlighted.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originSiddhartha Das
This document discusses methods of propagating and collecting drugs from natural sources. It describes vegetative propagation (cutting, layering, grafting), sexual propagation (pollination, fertilization, seedling dormancy), and micropropagation. Vegetative propagation replicates plants genetically while sexual propagation introduces variation. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. The document also outlines best practices for collecting medicinal plants at their peak quality and processing and storing the materials.
Artificial methods of asexual reproduction in plants include grafting, cutting, layering, and micropropagation. Grafting involves joining the shoot system of one plant (the scion) to the root system of another plant (the stock). Cutting propagation is done through stem, leaf, or root cuttings. Layering is when a stem is bent and covered with soil to produce roots. Micropropagation, also called tissue culture, allows rapid multiplication of plants in a sterile laboratory environment through culturing small pieces of plant tissue on nutrient media.
Advances in propagation techniques of subtropical and temperate cropAjaykumarKarna
This document discusses propagation techniques for subtropical and temperate fruit crops. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation methods including cuttings, budding, grafting, and layering. Specific propagation methods are outlined for apple, pear, and peach crops. Apple is commonly propagated using whip and tongue grafting. Pear is propagated using T-budding or tongue grafting, and micropropagation is also described. Peach is propagated using T-budding and cleft grafting, with the timing of techniques varying by region.
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
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Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
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Fig: a-Soft, b-semi-hard and c-hard woods
Most plant cuttings are stem pieces, and have no root system of their own; they are likely to die from dehydrationiftheproper
conditions are not met. They require a moist medium, which, however, cannot be too wet lest the cutting rot. A number of
media are used in this process, including but not limited to soil perlite, vermiculite, coir, rock wool, expanded clay pellets, and
even water given the right conditions. Most succulent cuttings can be left in open air until the cut surface dries, which may
improve root formation when the cutting is later planted.
Stem cuttings of young wood should be taken in spring from the upper branches, while cuttings of hardened wood should be
taken in winter from the lower branches. Common bounds on the length of stem cuttings are between 5-15 cm for the soft-
wood and 20-25 cm for the hard-wood. The soft-wood cuttings do the best when about two thirds of the foliage is removed,
while the hard-wood stem cuttings need complete foliage removal.
The environment for cuttings is generally kept humid—often attained by placing the cuttings under a plastic sheet or in
another confined space where the air can be kept moist—and partial shade to prevent the cutting from drying out. Cuttings in
the medium are typically watered with a fine mist to avoid disturbing plants. A rooting hormone may be administered to
encourage growth and can increase the success rate of plant growth.
Many vegetative parts of a plant can be used. The most common methods are:
1. Root cuttings, in which a section of root is buried just below the soil surface, and produces new shoots.
2. Stem cuttings, in which a piece of stem is part buried in the soil, including at least one leaf node. The cutting is able to
produce new roots, usually at the node.
3. Scion cuttings are used in grafting.
4. Leaf cuttings, in which a leaf is placed on moist soil. These have to develop bothnewstemsandnewroots.Someleaveswill
produce one plant at the base of the leaf. In some species, multiple new plants can be produced at many places ononeleaf,
and these can be induced by cutting the leaf veins.
Fig: Plant Cuttings
LAYERING
Layering is a common plant vegetative propagation technique in natural environments where an aerial stem is made to grow
roots prior to detachment from the parent plant. Natural layering occurs when a branch comes in contact with thegroundand
spontaneously grows adventitious roots. At a later stage the connection with the parent plant is severed and as a result a new
plant is produced. Layering has the advantage over the cutting that the propagated portion continues to receive water and
nutrients from the parent plant while it is forming roots. Layering is also utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable
plants. The horticultural layering process typicallyinvolveswoundingthetarget regiontoexposetheinnerstemandoptionally
applying rooting compounds. As layering does not involve sexual reproduction,new plantsareeffectivelyclonesof theoriginal
plant and exhibit the same characteristics.
The plant layering is mainly of the following types:
(i)Natural layering, (ii) Simple layering, (iii)Tiplayering,(iv)CompoundorSerpentinelayering,(v)Trenchlayering, (vi)Mound
layering, (vii) Air layering.
I. Natural Layering
Sometimes layering occurs naturally, without the assistance of a propagator. Runners and offsets are specialized plant
structures that facilitate propagation by layering. A runner produces new shoots where it touches the growing medium.
Examples include strawberry and spider plant.
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Plants with rosette stems often reproduce by forming new shoots, called offshoots, at their base or in the leaf axles. Examples
include date palm, bromeliads, and many cacti.
Fig: Natural Layering
II. Simple / Ground Layering
Simple layering can be accomplished by bending a low growing, flexible stem to the ground. Part of the stem is covered with
soil, leaving the remaining 6 to 12 inches above the soil. The tip is bent into a vertical position and staked in place Simple
layering can be done on most plants with low-growing branches. The most common example of plant propagated by simple
layering includes climbing roses.
Simple layering can be done in early spring using a dormant branch, or in late summer using a mature branch. Periodicallythe
adequate moisture level and the formation of roots are checked. It may take one or moreseasonsbeforethelayerisreadyto be
removed for transplanting.
Fig: Simple Layering
III. Tip Layering
Tip layering is quite similar to simple layering. Tip layering works by pushing the very tip or point of a stem underground and
holding it in place with a pin. A hole is dug 3 - 4 inches deep in the soil. The tip of a shoot of the current seasonisinsertedinand
covered with the soil. The tip grows downward first, then bends sharply and grows upward. Roots form at the bend. The re-
curved tip becomes a new plant.
Fig: Tip Layering
IV. Compound / Serpentine Layering
Compound / Serpentine Layering is similar to simple layering, but several layers are made froma singlestem.Thestemisbent
to the rooting medium as for simple layering, but alternately covering and exposing the sections of the stem. Each section
should have at least one bud exposed and one bud covered with soil.
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Fig: Compound Layering
V. Trench / Etiolation Layering
Trench / Etiolation layering is primarily used for fruit trees which are difficult to propagate by other methods, and worksbest
with plants whose buds will break and grow under the soil, such as willows, grapes.
In this method the parent plant is planted at an angle of 30-40 ° to the ground so that branches may be pulled down to the soil
surface more easily. A young, vigorous branch is laid horizontally in a 5 cm trench and pegged into position. It is then covered
with soil to encourage the development of several new shoots. As these shoots develop, soil is filled around them and roots
eventually develop. The rooted shoots can then be detached from the original branch and planted out.
Fig: Trench Layering
VI. Mound / Stool Layering
Mound layering is a vegetative propagation technique in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly
horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward. After these arestarted,theoriginal stemisburieduptosomedistancefrom
the tip. At the end of the growing season, the side branches are rooted, and can be separated while the plant is dormant.
Fig: Mound Layering
VII. Air layering
Air layering can be used to propagate large, overgrown house plants such as rubber plant, croton, or dieffenbachia that have
lost most of their lower leaves. Woody ornamentals such as azalea, camellia, magnolia, oleander, and holly can also be
propagated by air layering. Air layering is done by peeling the bark from the middle of a branch and covering this exposed
wood with moss and plastic wrap. Roots will form inside the moss, and one can cut the rooted tip from the plant. For optimum
rooting, air layers are made in the spring on shoots produced during the previous season or in mid to late summer on shoots
from the current season’s growth.
For monocots, an upward 2.5- 4.0 cm cut is made about one-third through the stem. The cut is held open with a toothpick or
wooden match stick. The wound is surrounded with moist, unmilled sphagnum moss (about a handful) that has soaked in
water and squeezed to remove excess moisture. The moss is wrapped with plastic and held in place with twist ties or
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electrician’s tape. Each end of the plastic is fastened securely, to retain moistureandto preventwaterfrom entering. Ifexposed
to the sun, the plastic should be covered. Aluminum foil can also be used, as it does not require twist ties or tape to hold it in
place.
The process for dicots is similar, except a 2.5 cm ring of bark is removed from the stem.Witha sharpknife,twoparallel cutsare
made about 2.5 cm apart around the stem and through the bark and cambium layer. The two parallel cuts are connected with
one long cut. The ring of the bark is removed, leaving the inner woody tissue exposed. The newly bared ring is scraped to
remove the cambial tissue to prevent a bridge of callus tissue from forming. Application of a root-promoting substance to the
exposed wound is sometimes beneficial.
Fig: Air Layering
BUDDING
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new plant develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one
particular site. The method of budding is the most common technique for plantpropagationincommercial nurseries.First,one
must graft a single bud attached to the stem of the rootstock. The stem or branch may not be thicker than 2 cm diameter.
Therefore, this method is only applicable for young rootstock plants or smaller branches of large plants.
I. T Budding or Shield Budding
T-Budding or Shield Budding is a special grafting technique in which the scion piece is reduced to a single bud. Successful T
budding requires that the scion material have fully-formed, mature, dormant buds, and that the rootstock be in a condition of
active growth such that the bark is slipping, i.e., the vascular cambium is actively growing, and the bark can be peeled easily
from the stock piece with little damage. T budding can be performed on certain fruit trees.
Plant the rootstock in autumn, about 30cm apart, in nursery beds. If the weather is dry, water the rootstocks for two weeks
beforehand to ensure that the bark will lift easily; this is crucial for success. For the bud wood, select strong-growing ripened
shoots. Cut away a healthy bud with a strip of bark extending about 2.5cm above and below the bud. Carefully pull away the
woody material from behind the bud. Cut the rootstock just deeply enough to piercethe bark andmakea T-shapedincisionata
height of 15-30 cm from the base, with the horizontal cut about 13mm longandthevertical cut2-4cmlong.Easetheflapsofthe
T outwards to reveal the cambium layer (green wood) beneath.Insertthebud behindthebark flapswiththebudjustbelowthe
cross-stroke of the T. Trim away the surplus tail protruding above T. Secure the bud using a rubber binding tie or damp raffia
around the grafted area. When the shoot develops the following spring cut off the growth above the bud.
Fig: T-Budding
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II. Inverted T-Budding
The inverted T-budding technique is exactly same asthenormal T-buddingmethodwiththeexceptionthatthehorizontal cutis
made on the bottom end of the incision. In this case, the bud is cut from the bud stick by starting above the bud and exiting
below it. Currently most fruit trees are propagated with the T-budding method. However, the use of inverted T-budding
technique is much more effective due to the downward flow of hormones that are intercepted below the bud. Therefore, the
union will be stronger and the healing process will be faster (as opposed to the normal T-budding method. This method of
budding is used to prevent the possible entry of water from the top of the T-cut which may cause rotting of the shield piece.
III. I – Budding
A method of budding in which incisions in the shape of an I (capital of letter i) is made in the bark of the rootstock by a single
vertical cut and a horizontal cross-cuts at both the ends, is called I budding. A rectangular bud patch similar to that in patch
budding is then inserted in I cut.
IV. Patch Budding
Patch budding is probably the simplest to perform amongst the various methods of budding due to ease in removing or
preparing rectangular patches of the bark. It is widely used in plants with thick bark that can be easily separated from the
wood. The method involves the complete removal of a rectangle-shaped patch of bark with the longer sides parallel totheaxis
of the stem of the rootstock. It is then replaced with a bud patch of the same size from a bud stick.
The patch of the bud is cut from both the rootstock and the bud stick by two parallel horizontal cuts either with one strokeofa
double-bladed knife or two strokes when using a single-bladed knife. With vertical stroke of a knife, both horizontal cuts are
connected at each side. The bud patch is carefully removed intact and inserted into the rootstock.
Fig: Patch Budding
V. Flute Budding
Flute budding is similar to patch budding but the patch of bark that is removed from the stem of a rootstock almostcompletely
encircles it except that there remains a narrow strip of bark (~1/8 the rootstock circumference) that connects the upper and
the lower parts of the rootstock. The bud patch is prepared by two horizontal cutsabout2.5cmapart(thesamelengthasinthe
rootstock) in circular motion around the stem. The two cuts are then connected by a vertical cut and the patch of bark is
separated intact from the wood. The circumference of the bud patch may be shortened bya vertical cuttofitintothe rootstock.
VI. Ring or Annular Budding
In this method of budding the procedure is closely similar to the Flute budding. It involves the removal of a complete ring of
bark from the rootstock without leaving a strip of bark that connects the upper and lower parts of the rootstock. As a result, a
portion of the stem is girdled as if in preparation for marcotting. It is then replaced with a complete ring of bark with the same
size from the bud stick. Compared to the other methods of budding, it is rarely used because should bud union fail, the upper
part of the rootstock above the ring may die.
VII. Chip-budding
Chip-budding does not use the protective bark flaps as T-budding does, but it alsodoesnotuseslippingbark.Thefirststepisto
make a cut about 2-2.5 cm long with a depth of ¼ to 1/5 the diameter of the stock.With a horizontal cutmadeonthe bottom,the
cutting can be removed. The bud can also be cut off if necessary. The bud stick and stock must be the same diameter. Thestock
and scion must be placed together in such a way that allows the cambia of the bud and stock to match together as much as
possible. Desiccation is a high risk when we use this method, therefore, the wound should be wrapped tightly with grafting
tape.
Fig: Chip Budding
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GRAFTING
Two types of rootstock can be used for grafting: the cultivar and the seedling rootstock. The cultivar rootstock is produced by
vegetative methods, generally by layering and cuttings. Seedling rootstocks grow from seed. One of the best examples for
cultivar rootstock is the apple and for the seedling rootstock, the mango.
There are some rules, which must be taken consideration for any grafting method to be successful:
Two incompatible plants cannot be grafted.
The cambium layers of the rootstock and the scion must touch.
The scion must be the right way up when grafting is done.
Grafting can be performed in any time of the year, but the best time for deciduous plants is, whentheplantdropsitsleaves
and is dormant.
Cool, cloudy day without wind prevents the graft from drying out, therefore this type of weather is the best for grafting.
The care activities are very important until the rootstock and scion are properly joined.
I. Whip Grafting
The whip graft is useful for plants that unite easily. This method is useful for apples, mangos and pears. It can be used to graft
root, stem or top graft. The diameter of the scion and rootstock should be the same, from the size of a pencil to 10-15 mm.
A. Simple Whip Grafting
This type of grafting practice includes the process of a simple sloping cut on both the scion and the rootstock. The two parts
should over lap each other perfectly. In any case, one rule must be followed: The wider the scion and root stock, the longer the
cut surface.
Fig: Simple whip grafting
B. English (Tongue) Whip Grafting
This method is more common in practice, especially in the case of pear and apple trees. It is used to graft thin stems. It may be
used on roots, stems or tops. The scion should have two or three buds with the graft made below the bottom bud. The first cut
is a 2-5 cm sloping cut at the bottom of the scion. The second cut is made with a distance 1/3cm from the tipofthefirstcut.The
same process is repeated on the rootstock. In apple propagation, the tongue grafting is mainly used to graft on M4 (semi-
dwarfing – 5m height) and M9 (very dwarfing – 3m height) rootstock.
Fig: English (Tongue) whip grafting
C. Cleft Grafting
This method has been practiced throughout the history of horticulture and is one of the oldest fruit propagation techniques.It
is suited for apple and pears, but, in tropical areas, in can also be used for propagation of mango and avocado trees. Citrus and
guava trees also use this method. In the case of top and side work, the scaffold limb is usually wider than the scion. In the case
of tree propagation, both parts, the rootstock and scion, should be the same size.
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Fig: Cleft Grafting
II. Bark Grafting
Bark grafting is used when the stock is too large for whip grafting. It is one of the most difficult grafting techniques. Perfect
application of this method requires much practice and experience. The use of this technique is common for pear, apple and
different nuts grafting.
Fig: Bark grafting
REFERENCES
[1] Cutting (plant) - Wikipedia; Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting (plant) and
references cited therein.
[2] Layering - Wikipedia; Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Layering and
references cited therein.
[3] Methods of Budding in Plant Propagation - Crop
Farming; Link: www.cropsreview.com/methods-of-
budding.html
[4] Techniques of Budding - Aggie Horticulture Link:
https://aggiehorticulture.tamu.edu/faculty/davies/...
/M13_DAVI4493_08_SE_C13.pd...
[5] Grafting and Budding Nursery Crop Plants | NC State
Extension. Link:
https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/grafting-and-budding-
nursery-crop-plants
[6] Hartmann HT, Kester DE. Plant Propagation:
Principles and Practices. 3rd ed..NewJersey:Prentice
Hall Inc. 1975, 428-454.
[7] Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, eds. Edible FruitsandNuts.
Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 2. Bogor,
Indonesia: Prosea Foundation. 1992, 392.
[8] Grafting, Budding. NurseryCropPlants.ces.ncsu. edu.
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North
Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences. Nd. Web. 2014.