Methods of data collection
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Data collection is an important part of research that requires standardized methods to gather accurate information. There are two main types of data collection: primary data collected directly from individuals through methods like interviews, observations, questionnaires, and diaries, and secondary data collected from outside sources like hospital records, censuses, and surveys. Inaccurate data collection can compromise the validity of research results.
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Collection of data
This document discusses primary and secondary data sources for collecting information. Primary data is originally collected by the researcher, such as through direct observation, interviews, questionnaires, or surveys. Secondary data has already been collected by other agencies and researchers, such as published government reports, research papers, or unpublished records. When deciding on a data collection method, researchers must consider factors like the study objectives, resources, time availability, and required accuracy. Both primary and secondary data have advantages and limitations that researchers should be aware of to appropriately evaluate and utilize the data.
Collection of Data - Class 11 - Statistics
In this PPT I have explained the collection of data topic for class 11 students. Teachers can use it as a teaching aid.
Data Collection in statistics(one topic)
Data Collection in statistics only one topic is discussed and with brief notes.explanation of statistics ,data collection techniques and types of data which are required to get information on data analyzing step.discussed further on data measuring and errors occurrence in the data .data analyzing is described with examples and in great detail and every concept is discussed with examples
Lecture 1
This document discusses key concepts in statistics including descriptive statistics, statistical inference, and statistical analysis in management decision making. It covers topics such as the basic concepts of statistics like parameters, statistics, variables, and data. It also discusses population and sample. Different sampling methods like probability sampling (simple random sampling, stratified random sampling) and non-probability sampling (convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgement sampling, snowball sampling) are described. The document also touches on types of data, problems in data collection, designing questionnaires, and editing data.
Collection & Editing of data
The document discusses data collection and editing. It defines statistical and grouped data and explains primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data is collected directly from sources while secondary data has already been collected. Methods of collecting primary data include personal investigation, through investigators, questionnaires, and telephone. Secondary data comes from official and semi-official sources as well as publications. The document then defines data editing as reviewing and adjusting collected data to ensure quality. Interactive, selective, and macro editing methods are described.
Research Methodology
This document discusses various research methodologies that can be used in a study, including descriptive research, surveys, case studies, content analysis, feasibility studies, and experimental research. Descriptive research aims to describe present conditions, while surveys can be used to gather information from respondents. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or situation. Content analysis involves objectively analyzing documents. Feasibility studies determine the viability of a proposed project. Experimental research manipulates variables to determine causal relationships.
SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
Descriptiveresearch
This document provides an overview of descriptive research. Descriptive research involves collecting data to describe characteristics or behaviors of individuals, groups, or situations. It aims to present a factual account of the characteristics of whatever is being studied, rather than testing hypotheses. Common methods include surveys, interviews, and observation. The document then discusses the nature, aims, design, methods, errors, and classifications of descriptive research. It provides examples of descriptive research studies in the areas of norms, education, psychology, and social surveys. Descriptive research seeks to describe "what is" rather than establish causal relationships.
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Collection of data
This document discusses primary and secondary data sources for collecting information. Primary data is originally collected by the researcher, such as through direct observation, interviews, questionnaires, or surveys. Secondary data has already been collected by other agencies and researchers, such as published government reports, research papers, or unpublished records. When deciding on a data collection method, researchers must consider factors like the study objectives, resources, time availability, and required accuracy. Both primary and secondary data have advantages and limitations that researchers should be aware of to appropriately evaluate and utilize the data.
Collection of Data - Class 11 - Statistics
In this PPT I have explained the collection of data topic for class 11 students. Teachers can use it as a teaching aid.
Data Collection in statistics(one topic)
Data Collection in statistics only one topic is discussed and with brief notes.explanation of statistics ,data collection techniques and types of data which are required to get information on data analyzing step.discussed further on data measuring and errors occurrence in the data .data analyzing is described with examples and in great detail and every concept is discussed with examples
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This document discusses key concepts in statistics including descriptive statistics, statistical inference, and statistical analysis in management decision making. It covers topics such as the basic concepts of statistics like parameters, statistics, variables, and data. It also discusses population and sample. Different sampling methods like probability sampling (simple random sampling, stratified random sampling) and non-probability sampling (convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgement sampling, snowball sampling) are described. The document also touches on types of data, problems in data collection, designing questionnaires, and editing data.
Collection & Editing of data
The document discusses data collection and editing. It defines statistical and grouped data and explains primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data is collected directly from sources while secondary data has already been collected. Methods of collecting primary data include personal investigation, through investigators, questionnaires, and telephone. Secondary data comes from official and semi-official sources as well as publications. The document then defines data editing as reviewing and adjusting collected data to ensure quality. Interactive, selective, and macro editing methods are described.
Research Methodology
This document discusses various research methodologies that can be used in a study, including descriptive research, surveys, case studies, content analysis, feasibility studies, and experimental research. Descriptive research aims to describe present conditions, while surveys can be used to gather information from respondents. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or situation. Content analysis involves objectively analyzing documents. Feasibility studies determine the viability of a proposed project. Experimental research manipulates variables to determine causal relationships.
SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
Descriptiveresearch
This document provides an overview of descriptive research. Descriptive research involves collecting data to describe characteristics or behaviors of individuals, groups, or situations. It aims to present a factual account of the characteristics of whatever is being studied, rather than testing hypotheses. Common methods include surveys, interviews, and observation. The document then discusses the nature, aims, design, methods, errors, and classifications of descriptive research. It provides examples of descriptive research studies in the areas of norms, education, psychology, and social surveys. Descriptive research seeks to describe "what is" rather than establish causal relationships.
Case study final
This document provides an overview of descriptive research and case study methodology. It defines descriptive research as collecting information directly from individuals, such as through surveys, interviews, or observations. Case studies are described as an in-depth analysis of a single subject, event, or group to explore causes and relationships. The document outlines different types of case studies and methods for data collection and analysis, including pattern matching, explanation building, and time series analysis. Limitations and best practices for case studies are also discussed.
Types of Research
There are two types of research in terms of the nature and purpose of the study, namely, (1) basic or fundamental research and (2) applied research.
Basic and applied research are further divided into three types of research in terms of methods, namely, 1) quantitative research, 2) qualitative research, and 3) mixed research method.
Research methodology Assignment
1. Muhammad Tahir collected data on research methodology for his assignment from a sample of 500 respondents out of a total population of 10,000 to generalize the results to the whole population.
2. There are two main types of data: primary data collected directly for the research, and secondary data previously collected by others. Primary data can be collected through surveys, interviews, questionnaires, observation, while secondary data comes from publications, reports, records.
3. Data analysis involves categorizing, ordering, manipulating and summarizing collected data using statistical tools like MS Excel, SPSS, STATA to interpret results and answer research questions.
Descriptive research
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Generally speaking, research is defined as the scientific investigation of a problem or gap, which aims at the discovery or interpretation of new facts. According to some scholars, the discovery or interpretation of news facts may lead to a revision or even rejection of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts.
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The document discusses two types of validity: internal validity and external validity. Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study's findings reflect the true causal effect in the target population. External validity refers to the extent to which findings from a study population can be generalized to an external population beyond the target population. A key point is that internal validity is a prerequisite for external validity - a study must first be internally valid before its findings can be generalized to other populations.
Primary and Secondary Data
This document discusses data collection in economics. It defines data collection as the process of preparing and systematically gathering data from various sources. The objectives of the document are to understand the need for data collection, factors to consider, how to classify and collect data, and the differences between primary and secondary data. Primary data refers to raw data collected directly from first-hand sources like surveys. Secondary data is collected indirectly from past published sources like government publications. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and different methods for collecting primary data.
Class lecture notes # 2 (statistics for research)
The document discusses different types of variables and scales of measurement used in research. It defines qualitative and quantitative variables, and describes discrete and continuous quantitative variables. It also outlines four scales of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales - and provides examples. The document emphasizes that statistics play a vital role in research design, validity/reliability testing, data organization and interpretation, and determining significance of findings.
Descriptive Research
The document discusses two types of educational research: descriptive research and survey research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon and focuses on "what" rather than "why". Survey research involves collecting data through surveys or questionnaires. Key points covered include characteristics and methods of descriptive research such as observational studies and case studies; examples of descriptive research topics; advantages and disadvantages. Survey research types like cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys are defined, as are their purposes, uses and steps in conducting survey research.
CASE STUDY
This document discusses case study methodology. It defines a case study as an in-depth examination of a single case like an individual, event, group, or institution. Case studies can be qualitative or quantitative and are used to gain a rich understanding of the research context and processes. Data collection methods for case studies include observation and interviews. Analysis in case studies focuses on qualitative rather than quantitative analysis of the collected data. Case studies are commonly used in nursing to study individual patients or groups of patients to generate knowledge and solve problems.
Descriptive Method
The descriptive method is used to gather information about existing conditions and explore causes of phenomena. It involves collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about the current status of what is being studied. Information can be obtained through personal interviews, surveys, observation, use of measurement devices, case studies, surveys, developmental studies, longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and documentary analysis. While the descriptive method provides useful information, it has limitations including lack of breadth, difficulty generalizing findings, and potential for bias. Researchers must take care to properly employ the method and avoid simply information gathering rather than true research.
Qualitative research
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand human behavior through analyzing words and detailed views. The qualitative research process involves generating theory from observations without predictions, and allowing the research problem to focus after data collection. Data sources are informants and are collected through observation, interviews, and documents. Qualitative methods discussed include ethnography, narratives, phenomenology, and case studies. Sampling techniques covered are purposeful sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Data analysis involves organizing, summarizing, and interpreting the collected data.
Sample and sample technique
The document provides an overview of basic sampling concepts and different types of sampling methods. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling frame, and sampling bias. It also describes different sampling techniques including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, and random cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, snowball sampling, judgmental sampling, and quota sampling are also outlined. Factors that influence sample size and examples of studies using different sampling strategies are provided.
Developmental research Method
Let's look at a baby. A baby doesn't really do much, doesn't seem to think much, and can be really kind of boring to study on its own. A toddler is a little more interesting. It can talk, walk, and interact with its environment. You can begin to assess some of the cognitive developments occurring. Kids in the elementary school develop quickly, and their skills grow exponentially. Take a moment to consider the differences between the different developmental periods. How is a child cognitively different than an adult? How is a teenager emotionally different than an elderly person? This continuum is the span of human development. Developmental research is a study focused on the progressive changes that occur as an organism develops. There isn't any way to reverse the changes that happen when you grow up. You can't take an older person and hit the reset button to revert them back to childhood to see how raising them at a different time will change who they are. It'd be nice, but unfortunately, we are stuck experiencing time in one direction. As we just discussed, there are magnitudes of difference between a few years of growth. When looking at individuals along this continuum, a researcher wants to know what changes occur. A scientist is not satisfied knowing 'things are different.' A researcher wants to know 'what is different?' How does a researcher go about and study the changes? The two primary ways are cross-sectional and longitudinal, which we will more thoroughly explore in other lessons. Here I am trying to explain what is Developmental Method of Research, What are the Types of it, What are the Limitations and suggestions to use this method and also utilization of this method with some of the research problem samples.
Research methods in education by dr. sudhir sahu
This document discusses historical research and descriptive research. Historical research involves systematically investigating past events, actions, or developments to describe and understand what occurred without manipulating variables. Descriptive research aims to describe present conditions without evaluating causes or relationships, typically through surveys, case studies, or observational studies. Both seek to understand phenomena as objectively as possible given limitations like lack of control over past events.
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A very specific and useful presentation on the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, as well as a brief introduction to case studies.
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This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
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This document outlines the hierarchy of populations in research studies, including:
1. The study population or sample, which is the population that participated in the study.
2. The actual population that met eligibility criteria and could have participated.
3. The target population, which is broader than the actual population and is what inferences are aimed to be made about.
4. One or more external populations, which are broader than the target population and may or may not overlap with it, and are what the investigator wants to generalize findings to.
unit 6 historical research
This document provides an overview of historical research methods. It defines historical research as a systematic attempt to study past life experiences by gathering and analyzing data. The goals are to understand what occurred in the past and use those findings to modify current practices to prevent unwanted past experiences. Historical research analyzes primary sources like eyewitness accounts and secondary sources more removed from the event. The researcher evaluates the authenticity and value of the evidence using external and internal criticism. An example is given of a historical study analyzing nursing literature from 1895-1935 to understand how nurses worked to prevent sepsis in surgical wounds before antibiotics.
Bio statistics
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data. It describes direct personal investigation where the investigator collects data through interviews or observations. Indirect oral investigation involves interviewing third parties who know the original sources. Local correspondents and mailed questionnaires can be used to collect data over a large area. Schedules sent through trained enumerators allow collecting data from both educated and uneducated people over a wide area. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the scope of data needed and resources available. Care must be taken to reduce bias and improve reliability of collected data.
Types of data
Data are distinct pieces of information collected for analysis to produce research results. There are two types of data: primary and secondary. Primary data is original data collected directly by the researcher through surveys, observation, or experimentation. Secondary data refers to data originally collected by someone else for another purpose that is now being used for a new study. Common methods for collecting primary data include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data can come from government publications, journals, reports, and unpublished sources.
Methods of data collection
This document discusses various methods of data collection. It describes primary data collection methods like personal interviews, questionnaires, and observation. It also discusses secondary data collection from published sources like government publications and commercial research, as well as unpublished sources. The key differences between primary and secondary data are described, such as primary data being real-time while secondary data is from the past. Popular data storage methods include databases, spreadsheets, and statistical programs. The document emphasizes that the best data collection method depends on the research problem and available resources.
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This document provides an overview of descriptive research and case study methodology. It defines descriptive research as collecting information directly from individuals, such as through surveys, interviews, or observations. Case studies are described as an in-depth analysis of a single subject, event, or group to explore causes and relationships. The document outlines different types of case studies and methods for data collection and analysis, including pattern matching, explanation building, and time series analysis. Limitations and best practices for case studies are also discussed.
Types of Research
There are two types of research in terms of the nature and purpose of the study, namely, (1) basic or fundamental research and (2) applied research.
Basic and applied research are further divided into three types of research in terms of methods, namely, 1) quantitative research, 2) qualitative research, and 3) mixed research method.
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1. Muhammad Tahir collected data on research methodology for his assignment from a sample of 500 respondents out of a total population of 10,000 to generalize the results to the whole population.
2. There are two main types of data: primary data collected directly for the research, and secondary data previously collected by others. Primary data can be collected through surveys, interviews, questionnaires, observation, while secondary data comes from publications, reports, records.
3. Data analysis involves categorizing, ordering, manipulating and summarizing collected data using statistical tools like MS Excel, SPSS, STATA to interpret results and answer research questions.
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Descriptive Research and its types with special reference to Developmental research, and finally steps in Descriptive research
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Generally speaking, research is defined as the scientific investigation of a problem or gap, which aims at the discovery or interpretation of new facts. According to some scholars, the discovery or interpretation of news facts may lead to a revision or even rejection of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts.
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The document discusses two types of validity: internal validity and external validity. Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study's findings reflect the true causal effect in the target population. External validity refers to the extent to which findings from a study population can be generalized to an external population beyond the target population. A key point is that internal validity is a prerequisite for external validity - a study must first be internally valid before its findings can be generalized to other populations.
Primary and Secondary Data
This document discusses data collection in economics. It defines data collection as the process of preparing and systematically gathering data from various sources. The objectives of the document are to understand the need for data collection, factors to consider, how to classify and collect data, and the differences between primary and secondary data. Primary data refers to raw data collected directly from first-hand sources like surveys. Secondary data is collected indirectly from past published sources like government publications. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and different methods for collecting primary data.
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The document discusses different types of variables and scales of measurement used in research. It defines qualitative and quantitative variables, and describes discrete and continuous quantitative variables. It also outlines four scales of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales - and provides examples. The document emphasizes that statistics play a vital role in research design, validity/reliability testing, data organization and interpretation, and determining significance of findings.
Descriptive Research
The document discusses two types of educational research: descriptive research and survey research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon and focuses on "what" rather than "why". Survey research involves collecting data through surveys or questionnaires. Key points covered include characteristics and methods of descriptive research such as observational studies and case studies; examples of descriptive research topics; advantages and disadvantages. Survey research types like cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys are defined, as are their purposes, uses and steps in conducting survey research.
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This document discusses case study methodology. It defines a case study as an in-depth examination of a single case like an individual, event, group, or institution. Case studies can be qualitative or quantitative and are used to gain a rich understanding of the research context and processes. Data collection methods for case studies include observation and interviews. Analysis in case studies focuses on qualitative rather than quantitative analysis of the collected data. Case studies are commonly used in nursing to study individual patients or groups of patients to generate knowledge and solve problems.
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The descriptive method is used to gather information about existing conditions and explore causes of phenomena. It involves collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about the current status of what is being studied. Information can be obtained through personal interviews, surveys, observation, use of measurement devices, case studies, surveys, developmental studies, longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and documentary analysis. While the descriptive method provides useful information, it has limitations including lack of breadth, difficulty generalizing findings, and potential for bias. Researchers must take care to properly employ the method and avoid simply information gathering rather than true research.
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This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand human behavior through analyzing words and detailed views. The qualitative research process involves generating theory from observations without predictions, and allowing the research problem to focus after data collection. Data sources are informants and are collected through observation, interviews, and documents. Qualitative methods discussed include ethnography, narratives, phenomenology, and case studies. Sampling techniques covered are purposeful sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Data analysis involves organizing, summarizing, and interpreting the collected data.
Sample and sample technique
The document provides an overview of basic sampling concepts and different types of sampling methods. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling frame, and sampling bias. It also describes different sampling techniques including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, and random cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, snowball sampling, judgmental sampling, and quota sampling are also outlined. Factors that influence sample size and examples of studies using different sampling strategies are provided.
Developmental research Method
Let's look at a baby. A baby doesn't really do much, doesn't seem to think much, and can be really kind of boring to study on its own. A toddler is a little more interesting. It can talk, walk, and interact with its environment. You can begin to assess some of the cognitive developments occurring. Kids in the elementary school develop quickly, and their skills grow exponentially. Take a moment to consider the differences between the different developmental periods. How is a child cognitively different than an adult? How is a teenager emotionally different than an elderly person? This continuum is the span of human development. Developmental research is a study focused on the progressive changes that occur as an organism develops. There isn't any way to reverse the changes that happen when you grow up. You can't take an older person and hit the reset button to revert them back to childhood to see how raising them at a different time will change who they are. It'd be nice, but unfortunately, we are stuck experiencing time in one direction. As we just discussed, there are magnitudes of difference between a few years of growth. When looking at individuals along this continuum, a researcher wants to know what changes occur. A scientist is not satisfied knowing 'things are different.' A researcher wants to know 'what is different?' How does a researcher go about and study the changes? The two primary ways are cross-sectional and longitudinal, which we will more thoroughly explore in other lessons. Here I am trying to explain what is Developmental Method of Research, What are the Types of it, What are the Limitations and suggestions to use this method and also utilization of this method with some of the research problem samples.
Research methods in education by dr. sudhir sahu
This document discusses historical research and descriptive research. Historical research involves systematically investigating past events, actions, or developments to describe and understand what occurred without manipulating variables. Descriptive research aims to describe present conditions without evaluating causes or relationships, typically through surveys, case studies, or observational studies. Both seek to understand phenomena as objectively as possible given limitations like lack of control over past events.
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A very specific and useful presentation on the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, as well as a brief introduction to case studies.
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This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
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This document outlines the hierarchy of populations in research studies, including:
1. The study population or sample, which is the population that participated in the study.
2. The actual population that met eligibility criteria and could have participated.
3. The target population, which is broader than the actual population and is what inferences are aimed to be made about.
4. One or more external populations, which are broader than the target population and may or may not overlap with it, and are what the investigator wants to generalize findings to.
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This document provides an overview of historical research methods. It defines historical research as a systematic attempt to study past life experiences by gathering and analyzing data. The goals are to understand what occurred in the past and use those findings to modify current practices to prevent unwanted past experiences. Historical research analyzes primary sources like eyewitness accounts and secondary sources more removed from the event. The researcher evaluates the authenticity and value of the evidence using external and internal criticism. An example is given of a historical study analyzing nursing literature from 1895-1935 to understand how nurses worked to prevent sepsis in surgical wounds before antibiotics.
Bio statistics
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data. It describes direct personal investigation where the investigator collects data through interviews or observations. Indirect oral investigation involves interviewing third parties who know the original sources. Local correspondents and mailed questionnaires can be used to collect data over a large area. Schedules sent through trained enumerators allow collecting data from both educated and uneducated people over a wide area. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the scope of data needed and resources available. Care must be taken to reduce bias and improve reliability of collected data.
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This document discusses data collection techniques and statistics. It defines statistics and differentiates between descriptive and inferential statistics. It describes various sources of data, including primary and secondary sources. Techniques for collecting primary data are discussed, including observation, questionnaires, and interviews. It defines variables and different types of variables. Methods for revising and correcting data to avoid errors are also presented.
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This document discusses data and methods for data collection. It defines data as numerical facts that are collected systematically for a predetermined purpose. There are two main sources of data: primary and secondary. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, and can be gathered through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data was previously collected by someone else and the researcher makes use of it. Common primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules.
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This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data for statistical analysis. It describes primary data as data collected directly from respondents, and secondary data as data originally collected by others. Methods for collecting primary data include direct personal interviews, indirect oral investigations, mailed questionnaires, and telephonic interviews. It also discusses census and sampling methods, random and non-random sampling, and types of errors in statistical analysis like sampling errors and non-sampling errors. The document was created by Arjun Kumar, a class 11 commerce student, for his economics subject on the topic of data collection.
Collection of data te
The document discusses methods for collecting statistical data. It defines primary data as data collected directly from respondents through surveys. Secondary data is data that has already been collected and processed. The document outlines various primary methods for collecting data, including direct personal observation, indirect oral investigation, using information agencies, investigation through schedules, and mailed questionnaires. It also lists common sources of secondary data such as published reports, government publications, research publications, and market reports.
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Methods of data collection
- 1. AKASH RATNAKAR PAWAR 4TH YEAR (BASIC BSC NURSING)
- 2. Data collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate collection can impact the result of a study and ultimately lead to invalid result. Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring data, information or any variables of interest in a standardized and established manner that enables the collector to answer or test hypothesis and evaluate outcomes of the particular collection
- 4. PRIMARY DATA :(Raw data) When the data is gathered directly by the researcher for the first time it is called PRIMARY DATA. The collected data directly from individuals by face to face survey. It is also first hand information. Ex. 1) data related to health from an individual. 2) data related to illness from an individual.
- 6. METHODS: Interview method : Interviews are undertaken on personal, one to one basic or in a group. Interview can be conducted at work, home as well as any fixed place which was agreed by the both parties. Its classified into two: 1)structured interview 2)unstructured interview
- 7. Advantages of interview method: 1)its is the way to collect in depth information 2)feedback and respondent rate is good 3)help can be provided immediately Disadvantages of interview method: 1)it requires more money 2)it requires more time 3) investigator must b well trained 4)prefixed set of questions are requried
- 8. Observation method : This method lets one to assess the dynamics of a situation. This is a systematic way of data collection. Its is a method to record behavioral pattern of people in a systematic manner. observation visits can be formal , well planned, and objective based . observation visits to community can help to gain lot of information about geographical area of the community. accordingly observation
- 9. Questionnaire method: Questionnaires are also one of the most common methods of primary data collection. It can set for large number of people and save researchers time and money. this can be used for the purpose of interviewing or telephonic survey. It can be posted ,emailed or faxed . it is simple but it requires a certain level of education and skills from respondents.
- 10. Diaries : diaries are to record the data obtained from the individual . the data from the people which was expressed in depth can be recorded and utilized for research purpose.
- 11. SECOUNDARY DATA : Data collected from another sources or other sources or outside the sources are known as SECOUNDARY DATA. Ex: 1)Data taken from hospital record 2) Data taken from censes
- 13. Census : Census is defined the simultaneous recording of demographics ,social , and economic data of a countries population on a specified day. - Census is conducted by national government after every 10 years. - The first census conducted on 1881. - The census is providing information includes age ,sex ,marital status, language, education, occupation, economic status, place of birth, numbers of death etc.
- 14. National Survey: National survey means survey conducted at central level to collect the information related to population from various states. Registration of vital events : It is an important source for getting information about vital events such as births, death, marriages etc. It is done by various agencies like panchayath , corporation, municipality, police, hospital etc.
- 15. Record review method : Much of community identification information such as housing condition, socio-economic status, demographic information, vital events, health services, etc are available in the records maintained in health agencies.