This document discusses tools and techniques for qualitative and quantitative research. It begins by outlining three main approaches: qualitative, quantitative, and pragmatic. It then describes key aspects of qualitative research including that it is associated with social constructivism and aims to gain a rich understanding of human experiences rather than generalize to larger groups. Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to make statistical conclusions. The pragmatic approach allows the use of different methods. The document also discusses major tools for data collection, analysis, and reference management for both qualitative and quantitative research.

1. Dr. Deepika Kohli
Assistant Professor
Khalsa College of Education
GT ROAD Amritsar (India)
deepikakce82@gmail.com
Youtube : Dr.Deepika Kohli
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Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-
deepika-kohli-9789611a7/
TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES FOR
QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
PRESENTED BY:

2. DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Qualitative approach
Quantitative approach
Pragmatic approach (Mixed method)

3. Associated
with the social
constructivist
paradigm
About
recording,
analyzing and
attempting to
uncover the
deeper meaning
and
significance of
human behavior
and
experiences
Researchers
are interested
in gaining a
rich and
complex
understanding
of people’s
experience
Focus is not on
obtaining
information
which can be
generalized to
other larger
groups.
QUALITATIVE APPROACH

4. It usually involves collecting
and converting data into
numerical form so that
statistical calculations can be
made and conclusions drawn.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

5. Pragmatic researchers grant themselves the freedom to use
any of the methods, techniques and procedures typically
associated with quantitative or qualitative research
They recognize that every method has its limitations and that
the different approaches can be complementary.
They may also use different techniques at the same time or
one after the other
PRAGMATIC APPROACH

6. A tool is a device or computer app that
enables you do something.
A technique is a process or procedure
that you follow.
Tools and techniques in research are
the statistical methods of collection,
analysis, interpretation, presentation,
and organization of data.
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

7. MAJOR TOOLS:
DATA
COLLECTION
TOOLS
DATA
ANALYSIS
TOOLS
REFERENCE
MANAGEMENT
TOOLS

8. It is important to decide the tools for
data collection because research is
carried out in different ways and for
different purposes. The objective
behind data collection is to capture
quality evidence that allows
analysis to lead to the formulation of
convincing and credible answers to
the questions that have been posed.
FORMPLUS BLOG

9. Devices/instruments used to collect
data, such as
 a paper questionnaire or computer-
assisted interviewing system.
 Case Studies
 Checklists
 Interviews
 Observation
 Surveys etc. are all tools used to
collect data.
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS

10. RAIMO STREEFKERK (2019): A RULE OF THUMB FOR
DECIDING WHETHER TO USE QUALITATIVE OR
QUANTITATIVE DATA IS:
Use quantitative research if you want
to confirm or test something (a theory or
hypothesis)
Use qualitative research if you want
to understand something (concepts,
thoughts, experiences)

11. DATA COLLECTION APPROACHES FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH USUALLY
INVOLVES:
Direct interaction with individuals on a one to one basis
Direct interaction with individuals in a group setting
Qualitative research data collection methods are time
consuming, therefore data is usually collected from a smaller
sample than would be the case for quantitative approaches
Information is richer and has a deeper insight into the
phenomenon under study

12. The qualitative research methods of data
collection does not involve the collection
of data that involves numbers or a need to
be deduced through a mathematical
calculation.
It is based on the non-quantifiable
elements like the feeling or emotion of the
researcher. An example of such a method
is an open-ended questionnaire.

13. (I) Individual interviews:
Structured Interviews -
• verbally administered questionnaire
• in terms of depth, it is surface level
• completed within a short period
 Semi-structured Interviews -
• several key questions which cover the scope of the areas
to be explored
• It allows a little more leeway for the researcher to explore
the subject matter.
 Unstructured Interviews -
• It is an in-depth interview
• allows the researcher to collect a wide range of
information with a purpose.
THE MAIN TOOLS FOR COLLECTING
QUALITATIVE DATA ARE:

14. Audio Recorder
Digital Camera
Camcorder
A camcorder is used for collecting data through
interviews. It provides a combination of both an
audio recorder and a video camera. The
data provided is qualitative in nature and allows the
respondents to answer questions asked exhaustively.
If you need to collect sensitive information during an
interview, a camcorder might not work for you as you
would need to maintain your subject’s privacy.
BEST DATA COLLECTION TOOLS FOR
INTERVIEWS?

15. (II) Focus groups
It falls under the primary category for data
based on the feelings and opinions of the
respondents. This research involves asking
open-ended questions to a group of individuals
usually ranging from 6-10 people, to provide
feedback.
(III) Observations
Structured or unstructured.
In structured or systematic observation, data
collection is conducted using specific variables and
according to a pre-defined schedule.
Unstructured observation, on the other hand, is
conducted in an open and free manner in a sense that
there would be no pre-determined variables or
objectives.

16. (iv) Participatory Action Research
(v) Case Studies
(vi) Anecdotal records
(vii) Sociometry
(viii) Literature Review: Survey of
published works by other
authors.

17. In depth interviews
Online forum
Groups
Online communities
Web survey chat
OTHERS

18. DATA COLLECTION APPROACHES FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH USUALLY
INVOLVES:
Systematic investigation of phenomena by
gathering quantifiable data and performing
statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques
Quantitative methods are presented in
numbers and require a mathematical
calculation to deduce

19. THE MAIN TOOLS FOR COLLECTING
QUANTITATIVE DATA ARE:
Inquiry
Forms
Questionnaire
And Survey, Pooling,
experiments
Checklist
And Rating Scales
Score
Cards
Schedule
(questions, statements
(on which opinions are
elicited) and blank
spaces/tables for filling up
the respondents)
Opinionnaire
and Attitude
Scales
Psychological Tests Achievement
Test Aptitude Test Intelligence Test
Interest inventory Personality
measures etc
Digital Tools
and
Email

20. DIGITAL TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
GOOGLE FORM
SURVEY MONKEY
EASY POLLS
MICROSOFT FORMS
MAGPI
SURVEY SPARROW
TYPEFPRM PAPERFORM

21.  SPSS
 MS Excel
 Content analysis and Document analysis
 Narrative Analysis
 Coding and Classification
 Triangulation(Triangulation means using more
than one method to collect data on the. same
topic.)
 Frequency and percentage Analysis
 Trend Analysis
 Utilization Of Corroborative evidences (to
confirm or support ) An example of corroborate is
to provide details that explain what happened at
a crime scene.
DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
RESRACH

22.  Mendeley: A tool for reference management and
for collaborating and sharing your work.
 RefWork: RefWorks is a web-based bibliography
and database manager that allows you to create your
own personal database by importing references from
text files or online databases and other various
sources
 Zotero: Zotero is, at the most basic level, a
reference manager. It is designed to store, manage,
and cite bibliographic references, such as books and
articles.
 EndNote: A tool for managing and publishing
bibliographies, citations, and references.
REFERENCE MANAGEMENT TOOLS

23.  https://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Research/Understanding-
dementia-research/Types-of-research/The-four-main-approaches
 ormpl.us/blog/data-collection-
method#:~:text=Case%20Studies%2C%20Checklists%2C%20Inter
views%2C,ways%20and%20for%20different%20purposes.
 7 Data Collection Methods & Tools For
Researchhttps://www.formpl.us/blog/data-collection-
method#:~:text=Case%20Studies%2C%20Checklists%2C%20Inter
views%2C,ways%20and%20for%20different%20purposes.
By Formplus Blog
 https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-
research/Qualitative vs. quantitative research
 Date published April 12, 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk. Date
updated: June 19, 2020
REFERENCES

24. THANKS AND
HAVE A NICE DAY