Quantitative Research

1. Subject : Quantitative Methods
& Modeling and Simulations
•QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS

2. Learning objectives
1. Students should understand a general definition of
research design.
2. Students should know the primary characteristics of
quantitative research and qualitative research.
3. Students should be able to identify the overall process
of designing a research study from its inception to its
report.
4. Students should be able to define theory use in
quantitative research.

3. Outline
1. An introduction to Quantitative research method
2. 4 concepts of Quantitative Method :
Population
Sampling of Quantitative research
Samples of Quantitative research

4. An introduction to Quantitative
research method

5. What is Quantitative research ?
 Quantitative research is an inquiry into an
identified problem, based on testing a theory,
measured with numbers, and analyzed using
statistical techniques.
 The goal of is to
determine
quantitative methods
whether the predictive
generalizations of a theory hold true.

6. Three general types of quantitative
methods:
 1. Experiments  True
characterized by random
experiments are
assignment of
subjects to experimental conditions and the
use of experimental controls.
 2. Quasi-Experiments  Quasi-experimental
studies share almost all the features of
experimental designs except that they involve
non-randomized assignment of subjects to
experimental conditions.

7. Three general types of quantitative
methods:
 3. Surveys  Surveys include cross-sectional
and longitudinal studies using questionnaires
or interviews for data collection with the intent
of estimating the characteristics of a large
population of interest based on a smaller
sample from that population.

8. Comparison
of
quantitative
and
qualitative
research
approaches
¨ Different
Aspects:
• Objective
• Data Description
• Sample
• Data Gathering
• Data Analysis
• Outcome

9. Objective
Quantitative
Approve/Disappro
ve a Hypothesis
-Null/Alternative
Qualitative
Understand the
human minds.
(Behavior and
experiences)

10. Data
Descriptions
Quantitative
-Numbers
-To measure the
variable of the
study.
Qualitative
-Words
-Narrations and
Descriptions

11. SAMPLE
Quantitative
-Large Sample
Qualitative
-Limited Sample

12. Data
Gathering
Quantitative
-Survey
Questionnaires /
Checklist
-Standardized /
Structured Close-
ended Questions
Qualitative
Interviews / Group
Discussions
Structured
/Unstructured
Open-ended
Questions

13. Data
Analysis
Quantitative
-Statistical Tools,
Instruments and
Treatments
-Pearson’s r.,
Spearman’s rho,
Percentile
Deviation
Qualitative
Thematic Analysis
(people's views,
opinions,
knowledge,
experiences)

14. OUTCOME
Quantitative
- Conclusions
Qualitative
New Insights gain.

15. SIMILARITY
• Apply inquiry and
investigation.
• Aim to improve our lives
in varied aspects
• Use textual forms in
analyzing and interpreting
data
• Start and End with a
problem

16. WHICH is easier to use?

17. VARIABLES
A variable in research simply
refers to a person, place, thing, or
phenomenon that you are trying to
measure in some way.

18. Outline
• Relating notions
• Types
– Independence
– Dependence
– Control
– Moderator
– Extraneous
– Correlation
• Cause

19. Relating notions
• Attributes: demographic information such
as age, gender, education level, income,
and ethnicity, as well as psychological or
behavioral characteristics such as
personality traits, attitudes, beliefs, and
habits.

20. • Quantitative data isnumeric. This is
useful for mathematical and statistical
analysis  predictive formula.
• Qualitative data isbased on human
judgement. You can also turn
qualitative data into quantitative data

21. • Unitsare the ways that variables are
classified. These include:
individuals, groups, social interactions
and objects.

22. Types
1. Independence
2. Dependence
3. Control
4. Moderator
5. Extraneous
6. Correlation

23. Independent
(Experimental, Manipulated, Treatment,
Grouping) Variable
• Ina research study, independent variables are
antecedent conditions that are presumed to
affect a dependent variable. They are either
manipulated by the researcher or are observed
by the researcher so that their values can be
related to that of the dependent variable.

24. Dependent (Outcome) Variable
• In a research study, the independent variable
defines a principal focus of research interest. It
is the consequent variable that is presumably
affected by one or more independent
variables that are either manipulated by the
researcher or observed by the researcher and
regarded as antecedent conditions that
determine the value of the dependent
variable.
• The dependent variable isthe outcome.

25. Control
• In an experiment there may be many
additional variables beyond the
manipulated independent variable
and the measured dependent
variables. It is critical in experiments
that these variables do not vary and
hence bias or otherwise distort the
results. Example: Temperature (C/F).

26. Moderator
• That factor which is measured,
manipulated, or selected by the
experimenter to discover whether it
modifies the relationship of the
independent variable to an observed
phenomenon.
Example: examining the relationship
between stress and job performance,
age might be a moderating variable.

27. Extraneous
• Those factors which cannot be
controlled.
• They may or may not influence the results.
Example: age or gender
, Time of day of testing.

28. Correlation
• Correlation can be positive (increasing X
increases Y), negative (increasing X
decreases Y) or non-linear (increasing X
makes Y increase or decrease, depending
on the value of X).
• Correlation can also be partial, that is
across only a range of values X. Asall
possible values of X can seldom be
tested, most correlations found are at best
partial.

29. POPULATION

30. Population
1. What isa population?
2. When isa population identified?
3. Collecting data about a population

31. What is a population?
• A population isany complete group
with at least one characteristic in
common.
• Populations are not just people.
Populations may consist of, but are not
limited
to, people, animals, businesses, buildin
gs, motor vehicles, farms, objects or
events.

32. Populations

33. I
dentify the population
• When looking at data, it isimportant to clearly
identify the population being studied or
referred to, so that you can understand who
or what are included in the data.
• For example, if you were looking at some
Australian farming data, you would need to
understand whether the population the data
refers to isall farms in Australia, just farms that
grow crops, those that only have livestock, or
some other type of farm.

34. When is a population identified?
• The population needs to be clearly
identified at the beginning of a study.
• The study should be based on a clear
understanding of who or what isof
interest, as well as the type of information
required from that population.

35. Collecting data about a population

37. SAMPLing of
Quantitative reseach

38. Definition of 'Sampling'
Population is the entirety of the group including all the
members that forms of set of data.
Sample contains a few members of the population. They
were taken to represent the characteristics or traits of
the whole population.

39. Sampling Methods
• In most surveys, access to the entire population is
near on impossible, however, the results from a
survey with a carefully selected sample will
reflect extremely closely those that would have
been obtained had the population provided the
data.
• There are essentiality two types of sampling
o probability sampling
o non-probability sampling

40. Probability Sampling
In probability sampling, every member of the population
has the chance of being selected. It involves principle or
randomization or chance.
1. Simple Random Sampling - is a type of probability
sampling in which the researcher randomly
selects a subset of participants from a
population.
2. Systematic Sampling - is a probability sampling
method where researchers select members of the
population at a regular interval

41. Probability Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling - is the process of creating
subgroups in a dataset according to various factors,
such as age, gender, income level, or education.
4. Cluster Sampling - researchers divide a population
into smaller groups known as clusters. They then
randomly select among these clusters to form a
sample.

42. Non Probability
Sampling
In non-probability sampling, not every member of the
population has equal chance of being selected. It can rely
on the subjective judgement of the researcher.
1. Convenience Sampling
-selecting a sample based on the availability of the
member and /or proximity to the researcher.
-also known as accidental, opportunity or grab sampling.

43. Non-Probability
Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
-samples are chosen based n the goals of the study. They
may be chosen based on their knowledge of the study being
conducted or if they satisfy the traits or conditions set by
the researcher.
3. Quota Sampling
-Almost the same in Stratified Random Sampling. The
proportion of the groups in the population were considered
in the number and selection of the respondents.

44. Non-Probability
Sampling
4. Snowball Sampling
-participants in the study were tasked to recruit other
members for the study.

45. Sample size
• Sample size isimportant  must be large
enough
• Too big sample increases costs, too small
sample causes insufficient of data to
reach any meaningful conclusions

46. • Have as large a sample as possible
• Larger sample  more accurate results
• Take advice from a statistician who will
help you decide the numbers required
to give validity to your results.

47. Purpose of sampling (choosing a
sample)
1. Save time
2. Save money
3. Unable to survey some large population
4. Maybe only some parts of population
are accessible
5. Just observation isneverenough

49. Parts of Chapter 1
⦿ Introduction
⦿ Background of the
Study
⦿ Statement of the
Problem
⦿ Theoretical
Framework
⦿ Conceptual
Framework
⦿ Assumptions and
Hypothesis
⦿ Scope and
Delimitations of the
Study
⦿ Limitations of the
Study
⦿ Definition of Terms

50. Introduction
⦿ Discusses four (4) relevant ideas:
⚫ TOPIC or subject matter: define and elaborate
using methods of paragraph development like
classification and giving examples
⚫ IMPORTANCE of the Topic: cite the role that the
topic plays in your life and the benefits you
derive from it.
⚫ REASONS for Choosing the topic: emphasized
what motivated you to choose the topic.
⚫ PURPOSE of the Study: discusses the objective
of the study.

52. Background of The Study
⦿ consists of statements on what led the
investigator to launch the study.
⦿ may have been generated by some
empirical observations, the need to
explore the problem and some other
relevant conditions.
⦿ describe as clearly as possible the
problem intended to be addressed and
refer to the relevant literature in the field.

53. Background of the Study
⦿ it is an overview of factors which have
led to the problem, comprise the
problem and historical significance
relative to the problem.

55. Statement of the Problem
⦿ There should be a general statement of
the whole problem followed by the
specific questions or sub problems into
which the general problem is broken up.

58. Theoretical Framework
⦿ This is the foundation of the research
study. These are highly related theories
and principles that were established and
proven by authorities
⦿ refers to the set of interrelated construct,
definitions, and prepositions that
presents a systematic view of
phenomena

59. Theoretical Framework
⦿ an organized body that explains what
has been done and what has been said
on the topic or problem being
investigated.

60. Scope and Delimitations
⦿ The scope and delimitations should
include the following:
⚫A brief statement of the general purpose of
the study.
⚫The subject matter and topics studied and
discussed.
⚫The locale of the study, where the data were
gathered or the entity to which the data
belong.

61. Scope and Delimitations
⚫The population or universe from which the
respondents were selected. This must be
large enough to make generalizations
significant.
⚫ The period of the study. This is the time,
either months or years, during which the
data were gathered.

63. Limitations of the Study
⦿ include the weaknesses of the study
beyond the control of the researcher.
⦿ The weaknesses spring out of the
inaccuracies of the perceptions of the
respondents.

65. Significance of the Study
⦿ The rationale, timeliness and/or
relevance of the study. The rationale,
timeliness and/or relevance of the study
to existing conditions must be explained
or discussed.
⦿ Possible solutions to existing problems
or improvement to unsatisfactory
conditions.

66. Significance of the Study
⦿ Who are to be benefited and how they
are going to be benefited. It must be
shown who are the individuals, groups,
or communities who may be placed in a
more advantageous position on account
of the study.
⦿ Possible contribution to the fund of
knowledge.

67. Significance of the Study
⦿ Possible implications. It should be
discussed here that the implications
include the possible causes of the
problems discovered, the possible
effects of the problems, and the
remedial measures to solve the
problems.

69. Definition of Terms
⦿ Only terms, words, or phrases which
have special or unique meanings in the
study are defined.
⦿ Terms should be defined operationally,
that is how they are used in the study.
⦿ The researcher may develop his own
definition from the characteristics of the
term defined.

70. Definition of Terms
⦿ Definitions may be taken from
encyclopedias, books, magazines and
newspaper articles, dictionaries, and
other publications but the researcher
must acknowledge his sources.
⦿ Definitions should abe brief, clear, and
unequivocal as possible.
⦿ Acronyms should always be spelled out
fully