Metadata enriching and discovery

GETANEH ALEMU, PH.D.
FEBRUARY 19TH 2020
WEBINAR
HOSTED BY ALCTS, ASSOCIATION FOR LIBRARY
COLLECTIONS AND TECHNICAL SERVICES
METADATA ENRICHING
& DISCOVERY

INTRODUCTION & CONTEXT
Cataloguing and Metadata Librarian, Solent University, UK
getaneh.alemu@solent.ac.uk
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-1725
Hosted by ALCTS, Association for Library Collections and Technical Services

 “The design of systems for organising information rests on an intellectual foundation” (Svenonius, 2000)
 Theoretically coherent foundational principles rather than case-based rules (Lubetzky, 1953)

Metadata that is ENRICHED, LINKED, OPEN
and FILTERED drives usage of resources.
(Alemu, 2014)
“The catalogue guides the reader as far as the location of the book but not to the contents
within and also r e l a t i o n s h i p s between documents.” (Paul Otlet, 1934 cited by Wright, 2007; 2014)

“The convenience of the public is always to be set before the ease
of the cataloguer.” Cutter, 1904
SAVE THE TIME OF THE READER
Users expecting
• Instantaneous
• 24/7
• Seamless
• Triangulated/complete
• Full-text
• Convenient access

SAVE THE TIME OF THE READER
3
4
5
2
1
Source: (Connaway & Faniel, 2014)
https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2014/oclcresearch-reordering-ranganathan-2014.pdf

Metadata is the raison d'être for galleries, libraries, archives and museums
(GLAMs)
 Ensuring print and electronic resources are discoverable and usable by users
 Supports the circulation, acquisition and interlibrary loan functions of a library
 Central for the preservation and access of cultural heritage objects
(Alemneh, 2009; Alemu et al., 2012; Alemu & Stevens, 2015; Anderson et al., 2009; Baker, 1998; Baker, 2000; Caplan, 2009; Dekkers, 2002; Dekkers & Weibel, 2002;
Duval et al., 2002; Gartner, 2016; Gartner, 2008; Haynes, 2018; Lagoze, 2001, 2001, 2010; Lavoie & Gartner, 2005; Zeng & Chan, 2006; Zeng & Qin, 2008).
WHY METADATA ?
Elaine Svenonius
The Intellectual
Foundation of
Information
Organization

“Metadata plays a critical role in the function of any discovery service. Search,
relevancy ranking, faceted refinement, and recording grouping function (FRBR)
all respond to the metadata present.”
Source: (Han & Weathers, 2016, p, 275 in Varnum, 2016).
WHY METADATA ?

 The Library of Congress > 164 million information
objects
 The British library > 150 million items
 Europeana.eu > 57,817,0582 artworks, artefacts,
books, films & music from EU’s GLAMs
 The Digital Public Library of America > 20,597,354
items
 Project Gutenberg > 56,000 free and public domain
e-books
 World Digital Library > 19,147 items
 The Internet Archive > 15 petabytes of webpages
WHY METADATA ?

METADATA & MONEY
• Return on investment in library resources is ever more important
• At Solent, 90% of the resources budget goes on digital products –
usage drives everything
• Metadata aides acquisition – the more we know about a resource,
the more likely we acquire the right one
• Metadata aides usage – undiscoverable resources do not get used

CATALOGUING PRINCIPLES
• The principle of sufficiency and necessity
• The principle of user convenience
• The principle of representation
• The principle of standardisation
(Svenonius, 2000; IFLA, 2009)

METADATA STANDARDS

METADATA GRANULARITY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens#/media/File:Raffaello_Scuola_di_Atene_numbered.svg
http://ceres.mcu.es/pages/Viewer?accion=41&Museo=&AMuseo=MRABASF&Ninv=0047&txt_id_imagen=1&txt_rotar=0&txt_contraste=0&txt_zoom=10&cabecera=N&viewName=visorZoom
The School of Athens by Raphael

LIMITATION OF STANDARDS
 Growing library collections
 Ever changing technologies
 Changing user expectations
 Books often lend themselves to various
interpretations and contexts
 The social space of documents is missing

• Hierarchical, structured and standards-based metadata vs bottom-up, collaborative
(Web 2.0 approaches metadata co-creation)
• Authority controls and subject headings providing consistency for FRBRisation and
discovery
• Metadata that is structured, uniquely identified and inter/intra-linked, provides
scalability, portability and interoperability
• Linked Data model (the ability to uniquely identify schemas, controlled
vocabularies, entities, elements, relations, resources and metadata using URIs and
interoperable technical formats example RDF/XML)
EMERGING TRENDS


USER-GENERATED METADATA

METADATA CREATION
Custodians: “libraries, archives, repositories who are tasked with
keeping this metadata and other information current, accessible, and
discoverable.” (Meadows, 2019)
(Meadows, 2019)
Authors
Users
Librarians
Publishers
Metadata
experts

METAD ATA EN R I C H I N G & F I LT ER I N G
Source: (Alemu, 2014)

 Separation of metadata content (enriching) and interface (filtering)
 Enriching and filtering as a continuous, non-deterministic process
 From user-centred to user-driven metadata enriching and filtering
 Metadata diversity better conforming to users’ needs
 Seamless linking
 ‘Useful’ rather than ‘perfect’ metadata
 Post-hoc user-driven filtering

 A mixed metadata approach where both the experts and users are
continually enhancing metadata
 From the principle of metadata simplicity to the principle of metadata
enriching
 From human-readable metadata to structured, uniquely identified and
interlinked metadata (metadata linking)
 From metadata silos to metadata openness enabling metadata sharing
and re-use (metadata openness)
 From a single interface to user-led, re-configurable interface (metadata
filtering)

ENRICHING…

ENRICHING ---

Solent University Library
 Imported 15,000 LC subject headings (2016/17)
 Imported 65,000 LC authorities (2016/17)
 Embedded LC headings and authorities within
LMS (automatic updates) (2017/18)
 Metadata sharing with community (2018/19)
SUBJECT HEADINGS & AUTHORITIES

S U B J E C T H E A D I N G S & A U T H O R I T Y C O N T R O L

C ATA L O G U I N G – A U T H O R I T Y & S U B J E C T H E A D I N G S
Context https://open-na.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/alma/contexts/bib
bibo:isbn13 http://www.isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780465085965 9780465085965
dct:creator http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85347503 Weinberger, David, 1950-
dct:creator http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n85347503 Weinberger, David, 1950-
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85133143 Technological change
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85066147 Information resources management.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh94003046 Personal information management.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2009127186 Information technology Social aspects.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008006980 Information technology Management.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh97007353 Knowledge management.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2013002090 Linked open data
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2013002090 Linked Data
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2012003227 Big data
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh96000740 Metadata
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85076723 Librarianship
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh89000606 Information society
dct:language http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-2/eng ---
JSONLD version
https://open-
na.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/alma/44SSU_INST/bibs/99009683
7020204796
---

METADATA CONFIGURATION – METADATA FIELDS

METADATA CONFIGURATION – INDEXING

• FRBR requires good metadata
• FRBR criteria – matching title and
author fields
• Authority records/headings –
standardisation and consistency in
recording authors
FRBRISATION /GROUPING OF RELATED WORKS
Author matching rules
100 a (personal name), b (numeration), c (title associated with name), q (fuller
form of name)
110 a, b, c, q
111 a, b, c, n, q
700 a, b, c, q
710 a, b, c, q
711 a, b, c, n (Number of part/section/meeting), q
Title matching rules
240 a (uniforma title), d, m, n, p, r
245 a, b, e, f, g, n, p
https://knowledge.exlibrisgroup.com/Primo/Product_Documentation/020Primo_VE/040Dedup_and_FRBR_for_Primo_VE/010Understanding_the_Dedup_and_FRBR_Processes_(Primo_VE)
“The catalogue has to tell you more than what you ask for….
The answer of a good catalogue is not to say yes or no, but … to
tell [the user] that the library has [the item] in so many editions
and translations, and you have your choice.” Seymour Lubetzky,
1977

FRBRISATION /GROUPING OF RELATED WORKS

F R B R – T H E C A S E O F VA RY I N G T I T L E S , E D I T I O N S , A U T H O R S
245 Fabrics. 2nd ed. 
245 Fabrics. 
250 2nd ed. 
24514 L $$a The nautical almanac for the year 2015. 
24514 L $$a The nautical almanac. 
250 L $$a For the year 2015. 
 Selwyn, Norman
 Selwyn, NM
 Selwyn, Norman M

F R B R – T H E C A S E O F VA RY I N G T I T L E S , E D I T I O N S , A U T H O R S

N A M E S – W H I C H B R I T I S H P R I M E M I N I S T E R I S D I F F I C U LT T O C ATA L O G U E ?

F R B R – S U B J E C T H E A D I N G S – S TA N D A R D I S AT I O N A N D C O N S I S T E N C Y
I N R E C O R D I N G N A M E S A N D P L A C E S

R D A – R E S O U R C E D E S C R I P T I O N & A C C E S S
 RDA better complies with current web technologies (in line
with FRBR’s WEMI, FRAD theoretical framework and the use
of relations and relationship designators)
 RDA enables the creation of metadata that better caters for
finding, discovering, identifying, selecting, obtaining and
exploring information resources (access & usage)
 RDA is intuitive for cataloguers and helps to generate user-
friendly bibliographic metadata, for example it avoids the use
of abbreviations (usability and accessibility)

R D A – R E S O U R C E D E S C R I P T I O N &
A C C E S S
AACR2 RDA

R D A – R E S O U R C E D E S C R I P T I O N & A C C E S S
AACR2:
• AACR2 - borne in a time when space on the 3X4 inch card catalogue/storage
space was a major issue
• Adheres to the principle of metadata simplicity
• Abbreviated bibliographic description (such as ed., rev., vol., s.l., s.n., n.d., &
et al)
RDA:
• AACR2’s rule of three expanded – more access points /index terms
• RDA better empowers the cataloguer
• RDA is designed with linking and collocating multi-part and related works
together
• Richer metadata description (the principle of metadata enriching)

R D A – B I B R E C O R D N O R M A L I S AT I O N

METADATA OPENNESS

OPENNESS ---
https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/

METADATA FILTERING: SIMPLE vs ADVANCED


# OF WORDS IN SEARCH (WORD COUNT)
#words %
1 29.47%
2 38.38%
3 16.80%
4 6.97%
5 3.86%
6 1.26%
7 0.93%
8 0.65%
9 0.31%
10 0.12%
11 0.23%
12 0.21%
13 0.13%
14 0.15%
15 0.29%
16 0.08%
18 0.03%
20 0.06%
21 0.03%
26 0.05%

Source: (Statista)
SEARCHES BY WORD COUNT

METADATA USAGE
• Specificity of subjects  Individual/concrete subjects [persons, events, places] (e.g.
Churchill; D-Day, Normandy ) vs General/abstract subjects (e.g. Leadership) (Cutter,
1904 cited by Dousa, 2015)
• “Coextensive heading is one that summarises the book’s topic, fits it like a cap that is
neither to loose, not too tight.” (Stone, 2000)

CONSIDER THE USER: OLD & NEW VOCABULARY
 Toryism
 Thatcherism
 Blairites
 Anglo Saxon
 The Whigs
 The Tories
 Commoners
 Curia Regs
 The Witan
 Magna Carta
 Bill of Rights

METADATA FILTERING: FACET USAGE

METADATA FILTERING: USER ACTIONS

ENRICH THEN FILTER
 Keep the metadata enriched
 Keep the interface simple
 Keep users happy 
 Keep maximising usage & impact


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