The document outlines Merril's Theory of Instruction, which proposes that learning is optimized through five phases: 1) Problem-centered - Engaging learners in real-world problems they want to solve. The teacher finds problems relevant to students to motivate learning. 2) Activation - Activating relevant prior knowledge and experience. The teacher shares experiences to build confidence and interest. 3) Demonstration - Demonstrating what is to be learned rather than just explaining it. The teacher models good presentation skills through examples. 4) Application - Requiring learners to apply their new knowledge or skills to solve problems. Students think about how to present, choose topics, and feel comfortable speaking. 5) Integration

1. Merril’sTheory Principle
Instructional transactions are "all of the learning interactions necessary for s student to
acquire a particular kind of knowledge or skills" (Merril, 1999).
For example I take this from :
Name of school : MTsN 1Rejoso
Class : VII A
Person : 25 students
Characteristic :Curiously
Responsibility
Apologize
Confident
English Skill : Speaking Class
Material : “Giving a describe things outside in front of class room”
Such as “ Gardening”, “ Spider’s activities” or “ Animals’ activities”
Level : Beginner
Goal : The student able to present by himself firstly and next together
Problem-centered:
Learning ispromoted when learners are engaged in solvingreal-world problems.
Problem here both learner and teacher should understanding what the problem will get it, and
The teacher can involve the problem. As teacher ,we can find a lot of problems when
teaching practice this is problem we able to involve become motivation for student, and also
not only student has problem but also teacher too.
We take sample from class VII A Islamic Junior High School ( MTsN ) 2 Rejoso,
PeteronganJombang for English Lesson.
Problem : Worried
Uncomfortable
Anxiety
Leak Vocabularies
Activation:
Learning is promotedwhen relevant previous experience is activated.
• Activate previous experience/knowledge
The experience is basically for this principle.
We as teacher tell about our experience or the student tells all about his experience so teacher
gives times tostudents presentation about it. This season the teacher gives brainstorming to
students the purpose is how to make self-confidence and interested in this lesson.

2. Demonstration
Learningis promoted when the instruction demonstrateswhat is to be learned rather
than merely tellinginformation about what is to be learned.
Presentation is a talk giving information about something. The teacher gives some
example how to be good present.
“How give good presentation “
I take some example from handle book source “ EVERYDAY ENGLISH FOR
YOUNG PEOPLE “ Lawrence J.Zwier
1. First Picture
At home, Jason prepared his presentation “
2. Second picture
…And went over it with his parent and Jason said “ Spider are not insect”
3. Next
In Class, Mr. Hanson Called Jason to the front of the room Mr. Hanson said
“ Jason,are you ready “
4. Jason cleared his throat and started his presentation Jason said “ Ahem.. well today
I’m talk about spiders
5. Sometimes he looked at his notes, but mostly he looked at his audience, Jason Said
“ The spider feels a vibration when an insect lands in web”
6. He used some visuals to make presentation to make his presentation more interesting
7. After he wrapped up his presentation….
8. He left some time for question. Audience said “why do spiders attack people “
This is demonstration text will read to student
Demonstration become foundation of Merril’s phase because this phase make correlations
each other
Application
Learning ispromoted when learners are required to usetheir new knowledge or skill to
solve problems. This phase that how this material can use by all students.
How to presentation?
How to choose theme?
How to apply it?
How to make comfortable when presentation?
Integration:
Learning is promoted when learners are encouraged to integrate(transfer) the new
knowledge or skill into their everyday life.
This Part for feeding back to audience