The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel studied the inheritance of traits through successive generations of pea plant crosses. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratio patterns. From this he developed his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work established the basic principles of classical genetics and heredity.

1. Mendel and Heredity 7-1 Fundamental of Genetics 7-2 Analyzing Heredity 7-3 Human Genetics

2. Fundamentals of Genetics List four characteristics that make Pisum sativum a good subject for genetic studies. Outline the three major steps of Gregor Mendel’s garden pea experiments. Explain how Mendel derived ratios from his observations. Compare and contrast Mendel’s two laws of heredity.

3. Gregor Mendel Began experiments in 1857 Austrian monk Studied genetics of peas Father of genetics Failed his math/science teacher exam Attended Univ. of Vienna - experimentation

4. Why the Garden Pea? Many varieties – 32 to start – used 7 More than one form of the same trait Small, easy to grow, matures quickly, large numbers of offspring… Ability to cross-pollinate and self-pollinate

5. Experimental Design Step 1 – allow self-pollination to produce plants that are true-breeding. P generation. Step 2 – cross-pollination. F1 generation. Step 3 – self-pollination of F1 generation. F2 generatoin.

6. Two ratios observed Dominant trait – expressed trait in F1 generation. Recessive trait – not expressed in F1 generation. Self-pollination of F1 yields a 3:1 phenotypic ratio, but a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio.

7. Mendel’s proposed Theory Parent’s pass factors(genes) to their offspring that produce traits. Two alleles for each trait – heterozygous (Tt) or homozygous (TT, tt) Phenotype = physical appearance Genotype = set of alleles Dominant is expressed over recessive

8. Mendel’s Laws Law of segregation – member of each pair of alleles are separated when gametes are formed. Law of Independent Assortment – pairs of alleles separate independently of one another during gamete formation.

9. Interpreting Mendel’s Model Capital letters= dominant alleles Lower case letters = recessive alleles Two alleles for each trait Homozygous dominant = DD Heterozygous dominant = Dd (hybrid) Homozygous recessive - dd

10. Probability The likelihood that an event will take place. = number of one kind of possible outcome total number of possible outcomes

11. Monohybrid Crosses Provide information about one pair of contrasting traits.

12. Dihybrid Crosses Involve two pairs of contrasting traits.

14. Review Questions: Write the formula used to determine the likelihood that an event will occur. How is probability used in genetics? Construct a Punnett Square to predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous tall pea plants. What are the expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios? What is a dihybrid cross? What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a heterozygous dihybrid cross?

15. 5 Factors that Influence Heredity A trait is displayed that is intermediate between two parents. Flower color in snapdragons Red + White = Pink #1 Incomplete Dominance

16. #2 Codominance Two dominant alleles are expressed simultaneously Different from incomplete dominance because both traits are displayed Example) roan coat in horses is a result of a cross between a homozygous red and homozygous white horse…resulting in a horse with a coat of red and white hair.

17. #3 Multiple Alleles Genes with more than one allele Example) three alleles can determine blood type (A, B, and O) A and B are dominant over O Neither A nor B are dominant over each other When A and B are present…they are codominant

18. #4 Continuous Variation Several genes influence a trait Examples) height and weight A variety of phenotypes exist from one extreme to another

19. #5 Environmental Influences Phenotypes being influenced by the environment Example) the coat color of the arctic fox in winter

20. Review Questions What are dominant and recessive alleles? Why were true-breeding plants important in Mendel’s experiments? What is a Punnett Square? What is the difference between Phenotype and Genotype? Describe two inheritance patterns besides simple dominance.