Genetics
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Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel was the first to successfully predict how traits are transferred through generations by experimenting with pea plants. He discovered that every organism has two alleles that control each trait, and that one allele may be dominant and expressed while the other is recessive and not expressed. The combination of alleles an organism has is its genotype, while its physical appearance and behavior is its phenotype. When gametes are produced, each receives one of the two alleles according to Mendel's law of segregation. An individual can be homozygous, meaning its alleles are the same, or heterozygous, meaning its alleles are different.
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Genetics Part 1
This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity. It discusses how traits are passed down from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. The work of Gregor Mendel, the "Father of Genetics", is described, including his experiments breeding pea plants and his discovery of dominant and recessive alleles. Key genetics concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous, heterozygous, and Punnett squares are also introduced.
Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel was the first to successfully predict how traits are transferred through generations by experimenting with pea plants. He discovered that every organism has two alleles that control each trait, and that one allele may be dominant and expressed while the other is recessive and not expressed. The combination of alleles an organism has is its genotype, while its observable physical traits are its phenotype. When gametes are produced, each receives one of the two alleles according to Mendel's law of segregation. An organism is homozygous if its alleles are the same and heterozygous if they are different.
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Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied genetics and is considered the father of the field. Through experiments breeding pea plants over 8 years and tracking traits over generations, he discovered the basic principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes and alleles). He developed the idea of dominant and recessive traits and used statistical analysis to predict inheritance patterns, laying the foundation for modern genetics. His large sample sizes and focus on one trait at a time allowed him to identify consistent patterns that had eluded earlier scientists.
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The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
- Mendel studied traits like plant height, seed shape and color in pea plants which existed in distinct forms (tall vs short, round vs wrinkled seeds)
- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
Mendel and Heredity
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study heredity and inheritance of traits. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. Mendel discovered that genes exist in pairs and can be dominant or recessive, and that they assort independently during reproduction. His work established the foundations of classical genetics and heredity.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel was the first to successfully predict how traits are transferred through generations by experimenting with pea plants. He discovered that every organism has two alleles that control each trait, and that one allele may be dominant and expressed while the other is recessive and not expressed. The combination of alleles an organism has is its genotype, while its observable physical traits are its phenotype. When gametes are produced, each receives one of the two alleles according to Mendel's law of segregation. An organism is homozygous if its alleles are the same and heterozygous if they are different.
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The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
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(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time.
Discuss at least two of his principles in detail, providing examples.
Describe how each principle contributes to genetic variability.
Discuss the significance of Mendel’s discoveries to modern biology.
part 2
respond to post 1 and 2 with 150 words.
post 1
Gregor Mendel is an Augustan monk. He lived and worked in a abbey in Brunn, Astria. In the 1860's he begin his study of genetics and heredity by breeding garden peas.
The first principle I will like to discuss is the law of segregation. During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate (separate) from each other so that each gene carries only one allele for each gene. The example..
Round seeds segregation R
R
Wrinkled Seeds r
r (gametes)
The other I will discuss is the law of dominance. Its stated as, "In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype. You have a tall plant having the gene TT and a short plant having the gene tt.
Tall pea plant
T T
Short Pea plant t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
This Punnet square shoes that if we cross a tall pea plant with genotype TT and a short pea plant with genotype tt. All offsprings will be tall with the genotype Tt. During gamete production, each egg and sperm cell receives just one of the two gene copies present in the organism, and the copy allocated to each gamete is random (law of segregation). In the law of dominance, an offspring receives a pair of alleles for a trait by inheriting homologous chromosomes from the parent organisms; one allele for each trait from each parent. Each parent contributes a single gamete, and a single randomly successful allele copy to their offspring and fertilization. Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
POST2
Gregory Mendel, who was a monk and known as the father of genetics, discovered two laws that have contributed to Modern Biology. One of them was the law of inheritance. When he discovere ...
INTRODUCTION ABOUT GENETICS.ppt
This document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including:
- Genetics is the study of heredity and traits are characteristics that vary between individuals.
- Genes determine traits and alleles are different versions of genes.
- Gregor Mendel established laws of inheritance through pea plant experiments.
- Dominant and recessive alleles determine phenotypes according to genotypes. Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental crosses.
- Other inheritance patterns include incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits controlled by multiple genes.
11 gregor mendel
1. The document introduces genetics and Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses Mendel's discoveries about dominant and recessive traits being passed from parents to offspring.
2. Mendel discovered that each trait is controlled by alleles, or gene variants, and that offspring receive one allele from each parent. He found that some alleles are dominant and will hide the appearance of recessive alleles.
3. The document provides examples of Mendel's crosses between pea plants with different traits and explains how he used this to discover the principles of segregation and independent assortment.
Mendel and heredity
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel studied the inheritance of traits through successive generations of pea plant crosses. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratio patterns. From this he developed his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical/Mendelian genetics and was the forerunner of modern understanding of heredity and genes.
Mendel and heredity
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel studied the inheritance of traits through successive generations of pea plant crosses. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratio patterns. From this he developed his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work established the basic principles of classical genetics and heredity.
Inheritance
Gregor Mendel is known as the "Father of Genetics" as he discovered the principles of heredity by breeding and observing pea plants. Through his experiments, he determined that traits are passed from parents to offspring and are controlled by discrete units called genes. Mendel discovered that genes exist in pairs and that some traits are dominant over others through his study of true-breeding pea plants and their hybrid offspring.
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Genetics
- 2. What is genetics? The study of heredity The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring Traits
- 3. Gregor Mendel… The first person to predict successfully how traits are transferred from one generation to the next. He experimented with garden pea plants.
- 4. Gametes? Male and female sex cells. When these two join through fertilization, a zygote is produced.
- 5. Hybrids… The offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait. Tall (T) Short (t) hybrid
- 6. A discovery… Mendel, experimenting with the pea plants, discovered that every organism has two genes that control the outcome of a trait. Tt = tall tt = short * each gene is represented by a letter
- 7. AllelesGenes exist in different forms… Allele 1 Allele 2 Trait Allele 1 Allele 2 Trait T t = tall t t = short
- 8. Dominant or Recessive? • Even though for each trait there are two alleles, only one of them actually shows… The trait that we can observe Dominant The trait that disappears Recessive
- 9. An example with plants… If a plant has a combination… in which T is tall and t is short… The plant will be tall… T is the dominant allele (tall) t is the recessive allele (short)
- 10. Phenotype vs. Genotype The difference is simple… A phenotype is the way an organism looks and behaves. A genotype is the allele combination an organism has.
- 11. The law of segregation “Every individual has two alleles of each gene, and when gametes are produced, each gamete recieves one of these alleles” or Individual gamete Individual gamete
- 12. Homozygous or Heterozygous? The alleles don’t always have to be different… When the alleles for a trait are the same (TT) (tt) HOMOZYGOUS When the alleles for a trait are the different (Tt) HETEROZYGOUS
- 13. Remember… Homo = same Hetero = different
- 14. The end…