The document outlines a climate change impact and adaptation study for natural and agricultural systems in the Mekong River Basin. The study aims to identify vulnerabilities to climate change related to water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity. It will assess adaptation strategies to inform community projects. The study will use zoning, trend analysis, vulnerability assessments, and the identification of adaptation options to achieve its objectives. Climate and hydrological modeling will be employed to project future conditions and threats.
This document discusses developing optimal conservation strategies for dynamic landscapes in the Southeast US. It outlines a project to 1) assess climate change impacts on habitats and species, 2) predict how management can affect focal species, 3) determine optimal conservation strategies, locations and timings, and 4) identify monitoring needs. Stakeholder input will help define objectives. Expert opinion, research and models will predict strategy consequences. Working groups will develop decision tools to compare strategies and make recommendations.
The document outlines the Eyre Peninsula NRM Board's climate change research strategy and priorities. The objectives are to understand climate change through research and modeling, adapt to living with climate change through resilient farming systems, mitigate climate impacts by reducing emissions, and facilitate communication through knowledge sharing. Key research priorities include downscaling climate models, understanding impacts on water resources, developing adaptive land management, and opportunities to sequester carbon and reduce emissions.
1. The document reviews scientific developments around linking ecosystem management and disaster risk reduction. It examines the contribution of ecosystem services to vulnerability reduction and resilience.
2. Case studies from around the world show how vegetation cover plays an important role in landslide prevention. Protection forests in Switzerland are estimated to save $2-3.5 billion annually in damage costs.
3. More economic valuation studies are needed to demonstrate the value of ecosystems for disaster risk reduction. Research gaps also include better understanding the thresholds of vegetation impacts and how human activities affect landslides.
Tropical wetlands like peat swamp forests and mangroves provide valuable ecosystem services but are under threat from climate change and land conversion. They store vast amounts of carbon in their soils, with estimates of up to 2000-3000 Mg of carbon per hectare stored belowground. However, their carbon stocks are not well quantified and they require specialized methods and guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and verification under REDD+ programs due to their unique belowground carbon dynamics. Effective conservation of tropical wetlands through REDD+ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while protecting important habitats and coastal communities.
Adapting to climate change and variability: Tropical forests and wildfireCIFOR-ICRAF
Fire is part of the natural ecological processes in tropical forests, and is also widely used as a tool in managing forests. But as the climate of the world changes and becomes hotter and climate events like droughts become more extreme, many tropical forest areas could be impacted by an increase in fire activity.
In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Hety Herawati gives an overview of the interaction between climate change, wildfire and tropical forests, and gives a number of recommendations for helping both people and forests adapt to a future in which fire danger is increased. She gave this presentation at the IUFRO Conference on Forests for People held on 22-24 May 2012 in Alpbach, Austria, which was attended by approximately 200 participants from around 40 countries.
Applying advanced spatial tools for landscape analysis and climate change ada...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Applying advanced spatial tools can help analyze landscapes and climate change impacts in Asian highlands. In Yunnan, China, evidence shows warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and loss of biodiversity and traditional livelihoods. Case studies in Xishuangbanna and Baoshan show expanding rubber plantations and loss of forests and agricultural lands. Protected areas may no longer protect intended habitats by 2050 due to climate change. Adaptation strategies are needed to help alpine plants shift ranges upward to cope with warming temperatures in southwest China's highlands.
Hanspeter LINIGER "Assessment and mapping of LD and SLM as a direct support t...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document discusses mapping land degradation and sustainable land management (SLM) interventions to support combating desertification. It describes assessing where and when to intervene based on the level of degradation and mapping specific technologies and approaches. The mapping involves assessing land use systems, degradation types and extent, conservation approaches, and their impacts. This provides spatial overviews to identify priority areas and guide the scaling up of effective SLM. Lessons include developing participatory and harmonized databases to inform policy, planning, and monitoring of projects combating land degradation.
Appendix G - Ecological Impact Report - La Cambuse Hotelaknl-mauritius
This ecological report summarizes the findings of an ecological survey conducted for a proposed hotel development site in Le Chaland, Mauritius. The key points are:
1) The site contains a coastal sand dune system and inland rocky soil area that support various plant communities and habitats.
2) Surveys identified 12 indigenous plant species and vegetation zones including a littoral zone with outpost vegetation near the shore and inner littoral vegetation on the dune.
3) Wildlife observed was limited but included common bird species and insects.
4) The report provides details on the site location and description, survey methodology, ecological features and habitats identified, and recommendations.
This document discusses developing optimal conservation strategies for dynamic landscapes in the Southeast US. It outlines a project to 1) assess climate change impacts on habitats and species, 2) predict how management can affect focal species, 3) determine optimal conservation strategies, locations and timings, and 4) identify monitoring needs. Stakeholder input will help define objectives. Expert opinion, research and models will predict strategy consequences. Working groups will develop decision tools to compare strategies and make recommendations.
The document outlines the Eyre Peninsula NRM Board's climate change research strategy and priorities. The objectives are to understand climate change through research and modeling, adapt to living with climate change through resilient farming systems, mitigate climate impacts by reducing emissions, and facilitate communication through knowledge sharing. Key research priorities include downscaling climate models, understanding impacts on water resources, developing adaptive land management, and opportunities to sequester carbon and reduce emissions.
1. The document reviews scientific developments around linking ecosystem management and disaster risk reduction. It examines the contribution of ecosystem services to vulnerability reduction and resilience.
2. Case studies from around the world show how vegetation cover plays an important role in landslide prevention. Protection forests in Switzerland are estimated to save $2-3.5 billion annually in damage costs.
3. More economic valuation studies are needed to demonstrate the value of ecosystems for disaster risk reduction. Research gaps also include better understanding the thresholds of vegetation impacts and how human activities affect landslides.
Tropical wetlands like peat swamp forests and mangroves provide valuable ecosystem services but are under threat from climate change and land conversion. They store vast amounts of carbon in their soils, with estimates of up to 2000-3000 Mg of carbon per hectare stored belowground. However, their carbon stocks are not well quantified and they require specialized methods and guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and verification under REDD+ programs due to their unique belowground carbon dynamics. Effective conservation of tropical wetlands through REDD+ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while protecting important habitats and coastal communities.
Adapting to climate change and variability: Tropical forests and wildfireCIFOR-ICRAF
Fire is part of the natural ecological processes in tropical forests, and is also widely used as a tool in managing forests. But as the climate of the world changes and becomes hotter and climate events like droughts become more extreme, many tropical forest areas could be impacted by an increase in fire activity.
In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Hety Herawati gives an overview of the interaction between climate change, wildfire and tropical forests, and gives a number of recommendations for helping both people and forests adapt to a future in which fire danger is increased. She gave this presentation at the IUFRO Conference on Forests for People held on 22-24 May 2012 in Alpbach, Austria, which was attended by approximately 200 participants from around 40 countries.
Applying advanced spatial tools for landscape analysis and climate change ada...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Applying advanced spatial tools can help analyze landscapes and climate change impacts in Asian highlands. In Yunnan, China, evidence shows warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and loss of biodiversity and traditional livelihoods. Case studies in Xishuangbanna and Baoshan show expanding rubber plantations and loss of forests and agricultural lands. Protected areas may no longer protect intended habitats by 2050 due to climate change. Adaptation strategies are needed to help alpine plants shift ranges upward to cope with warming temperatures in southwest China's highlands.
Hanspeter LINIGER "Assessment and mapping of LD and SLM as a direct support t...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document discusses mapping land degradation and sustainable land management (SLM) interventions to support combating desertification. It describes assessing where and when to intervene based on the level of degradation and mapping specific technologies and approaches. The mapping involves assessing land use systems, degradation types and extent, conservation approaches, and their impacts. This provides spatial overviews to identify priority areas and guide the scaling up of effective SLM. Lessons include developing participatory and harmonized databases to inform policy, planning, and monitoring of projects combating land degradation.
Appendix G - Ecological Impact Report - La Cambuse Hotelaknl-mauritius
This ecological report summarizes the findings of an ecological survey conducted for a proposed hotel development site in Le Chaland, Mauritius. The key points are:
1) The site contains a coastal sand dune system and inland rocky soil area that support various plant communities and habitats.
2) Surveys identified 12 indigenous plant species and vegetation zones including a littoral zone with outpost vegetation near the shore and inner littoral vegetation on the dune.
3) Wildlife observed was limited but included common bird species and insects.
4) The report provides details on the site location and description, survey methodology, ecological features and habitats identified, and recommendations.
Lessons learned on the achievement of the Joint Program of Climate Change Adaption in the Colombian Massif (Andean Belt Constellation Biosphere Reserve - Cauca Basin) with indigenous and peasant communities to affront the effects of climate change. Presented by Luis Alfonso Ortega at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Smallholders’ agriculture at the tropical forest margin in cameroon opportuni...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses smallholder agriculture at the tropical forest margin in Cameroon and opportunities to promote agroforestry using a landscape approach. Smallholder farmers are a major driver of deforestation as they practice slash and burn agriculture and depend on forest resources. However, fallows and agroforests provide ecosystem services like carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. A landscape approach is needed to address production, ecosystem services, biodiversity, livelihoods, policies and institutions across scales in these complex landscapes. Research is analyzing the implications of land use change on environmental services and exploring entry points for agroforestry interventions.
This presentation outlines the ARCC Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment & Adaptation Study.
The objectives of the study were to take an ecosystems approach in:
1) Identifying CC impact and vulnerabilities of rural poor and their environment - water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity (fisheries and wildlife);
2) Identifying hot spots in the LMB: provide a scientific evidence base to guide the selection of pilot project sites;
3) Defining adaptation strategies to inform community and ecosystem-based adaptation pilot projects and
4) Communicating the results of the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning.
1) The presentation outlined approaches for vegetation management that considers both weed control goals and wildlife habitat needs.
2) Modifications to the timing, intensity, proportion, and scale of management activities can help reduce impacts on wildlife.
3) Coordinating with wildlife professionals and taking on some wildlife responsibilities can help achieve dual goals of weed control and wildlife habitat preservation through vegetation management.
Alan GRAINGER "Is zero net land degradation in dry areas a feasible operation...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The document discusses the challenges of achieving zero net land degradation, a goal proposed by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. It outlines two major challenges: implementation and monitoring progress. For implementation, there are political challenges due to differing country perspectives, complexity since ZNLD has dual goals of reducing degradation and increasing restoration, and societal constraints like lack of support and conflicts with traditional institutions. Monitoring brings difficulties in assessing restoration of soil quality as well as establishing baselines for degradation rates since estimates vary widely. Overall, achieving zero net land degradation is complicated by the interactions between environmental and human factors in dryland systems.
This document discusses how protected areas can help address global challenges like climate change. It outlines several key ways that protected areas and ecosystems can act as part of the solution:
1) Protected areas can enhance resilience to climate change by storing carbon, capturing carbon dioxide, and protecting ecosystems to buffer climate impacts and maintain essential services.
2) Establishing large, well-connected protected area networks that represent diverse ecosystems can help conserve biodiversity and support climate adaptation and mitigation.
3) Improving protected area management, financing, governance, and participation can help protected areas achieve conservation objectives and be integrated into broader landscape planning to meet global challenges.
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...IJEAB
Stone pine (Pinus pinea) is a typical Mediterranean tree well adapted to drought and high temperatures. It is a species of great interest and economical importance in Lebanon and has a strong beneficial impact on the local communities from the marketing of its edible nuts. This tree is threatened by human activities and fire that are leading to its degradation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to delineate and map the suitability of soils for the plantation and extension of the stone pine. For this purpose, the adopted research methods were composed of the following three steps: (1) identifying through available data and traditional methods the ability of the lands to be planted with stone pine (2) identifying the various factors influencing the growth and fruiting of the treeand (3) transforming and integrating all the data into geo-referenced thematic maps and introducing them into the Geographic Information System (GIS) suitable for delimiting Lebanese areas suitable for planting stone pines. The obtained results were presented in a form of 10 thematic maps (GIS layers) that represent the influence of each ecological factor on the land suitability for afforestation by stone pine. A final thematic map that illustrates the most suitable areas for Pinus pinea plantations was generated by superimposing the 10 GIS layers.
This document discusses using terrestrial lidar to monitor morphological changes to the Dartford Creek in Kent resulting from bank protection measures. It faces challenges due to the creek's complex structure from tidal and fluvial processes over many spatial scales. Large data sets were collected through intensive lidar surveys to capture small geomorphological features over reach distances. Post-processing was complicated by differences between scan positions in a complex, changing environment. The lidar monitoring aims to accurately represent this environment and detect changes from the engineering works.
Spatial and temporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes along a degradati...CIFOR-ICRAF
This study examined the spatial and temporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes along a degradation gradient in a palm swamp peat forest in the Peruvian Amazon. The researchers measured fluxes monthly for 3 years at intact, medium degradation, and high degradation sites. At the microscale, N2O and CH4 fluxes varied between hummocks and hollows and between live and cut palm trees depending on the degradation level. At the macroscale, annual N2O fluxes were similar across sites but annual CH4 fluxes increased with precipitation. Water table level, temperature, and soil nitrification rates influenced the fluxes. While degradation altered microscale emissions, site-scale emissions were homogeneous. Climate change may increase CH4
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
The document summarizes Tony Simons' speech on trees and forests for a healthy world by 2030. It discusses the challenges of population growth, inequality, and food insecurity. It presents paradigms for balancing ecological functioning, productivity, and income stability. It looks ahead to opportunities for knowledge transfer regarding agroforestry, forest definitions, and an integrated view of trees within and outside forests.
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
This document discusses ensuring environmental sustainability in Papua New Guinea. It outlines PNG's commitments to sustainability through Vision 2050 and the Millennium Development Goals. It presents PNG's policy framework for biodiversity protection and integrating sustainable development principles. The challenges of increasing population, climate change impacts, land tenure systems, and development priorities are discussed. The document advocates for mainstreaming the environment into planning, partnerships, best practices, and appropriate policies to achieve sustainability in PNG.
Princeton Sei Presentation August 19 [Compatibility Mode]dcaswell
This document summarizes Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory (SEI) mapping projects conducted in the Chain Lakes, Otter Lake, and East Gate study areas of the Regional District of Okanagan Similkameen. The SEI process involves delineating sensitive ecosystem polygons from aerial photos, describing the ecosystems in a database, field verifying the mapping, and updating the maps. Sensitive ecosystems mapped included grasslands, wetlands, riparian areas, and woodlands. Rare and at-risk species associated with each ecosystem are also identified. The results found that 21-31% of each study area consisted of sensitive ecosystems that support species of conservation concern.
This document discusses biodiversity loss in Thailand from a global perspective. It notes that biodiversity loss leads to a homogenization process where high abundance species become low abundance. One of the main causes of biodiversity loss is habitat destruction from factors like land use changes, exotic species introduction, pollution, and climate change. The document also lists 48 indicators that can be used to assess the status, trends, threats to, and conservation of biodiversity components. It describes how the GLOBIO 3 global biodiversity model can be used to show biodiversity loss over time on the global level and per biome.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Assessment for Agriculture in LMBMekong ARCC
The document summarizes an assessment of climate change impacts on agriculture in the Lower Mekong Basin. It outlines the methodology used, which includes modeling changes in climate/hydrology and their effects on crop suitability, yields, and vulnerability. Baseline data on current farming systems and key crops is provided for several hotspot provinces. Results indicate some crops may increase in certain areas due to climate changes, while others are likely to decrease substantially, especially in central Laos, due to increased rainfall and drought. The assessment identifies climate threats and assesses vulnerability for key crops and systems.
Lessons learned on the achievement of the Joint Program of Climate Change Adaption in the Colombian Massif (Andean Belt Constellation Biosphere Reserve - Cauca Basin) with indigenous and peasant communities to affront the effects of climate change. Presented by Luis Alfonso Ortega at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Smallholders’ agriculture at the tropical forest margin in cameroon opportuni...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses smallholder agriculture at the tropical forest margin in Cameroon and opportunities to promote agroforestry using a landscape approach. Smallholder farmers are a major driver of deforestation as they practice slash and burn agriculture and depend on forest resources. However, fallows and agroforests provide ecosystem services like carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. A landscape approach is needed to address production, ecosystem services, biodiversity, livelihoods, policies and institutions across scales in these complex landscapes. Research is analyzing the implications of land use change on environmental services and exploring entry points for agroforestry interventions.
This presentation outlines the ARCC Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment & Adaptation Study.
The objectives of the study were to take an ecosystems approach in:
1) Identifying CC impact and vulnerabilities of rural poor and their environment - water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity (fisheries and wildlife);
2) Identifying hot spots in the LMB: provide a scientific evidence base to guide the selection of pilot project sites;
3) Defining adaptation strategies to inform community and ecosystem-based adaptation pilot projects and
4) Communicating the results of the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning.
1) The presentation outlined approaches for vegetation management that considers both weed control goals and wildlife habitat needs.
2) Modifications to the timing, intensity, proportion, and scale of management activities can help reduce impacts on wildlife.
3) Coordinating with wildlife professionals and taking on some wildlife responsibilities can help achieve dual goals of weed control and wildlife habitat preservation through vegetation management.
Alan GRAINGER "Is zero net land degradation in dry areas a feasible operation...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The document discusses the challenges of achieving zero net land degradation, a goal proposed by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. It outlines two major challenges: implementation and monitoring progress. For implementation, there are political challenges due to differing country perspectives, complexity since ZNLD has dual goals of reducing degradation and increasing restoration, and societal constraints like lack of support and conflicts with traditional institutions. Monitoring brings difficulties in assessing restoration of soil quality as well as establishing baselines for degradation rates since estimates vary widely. Overall, achieving zero net land degradation is complicated by the interactions between environmental and human factors in dryland systems.
This document discusses how protected areas can help address global challenges like climate change. It outlines several key ways that protected areas and ecosystems can act as part of the solution:
1) Protected areas can enhance resilience to climate change by storing carbon, capturing carbon dioxide, and protecting ecosystems to buffer climate impacts and maintain essential services.
2) Establishing large, well-connected protected area networks that represent diverse ecosystems can help conserve biodiversity and support climate adaptation and mitigation.
3) Improving protected area management, financing, governance, and participation can help protected areas achieve conservation objectives and be integrated into broader landscape planning to meet global challenges.
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...IJEAB
Stone pine (Pinus pinea) is a typical Mediterranean tree well adapted to drought and high temperatures. It is a species of great interest and economical importance in Lebanon and has a strong beneficial impact on the local communities from the marketing of its edible nuts. This tree is threatened by human activities and fire that are leading to its degradation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to delineate and map the suitability of soils for the plantation and extension of the stone pine. For this purpose, the adopted research methods were composed of the following three steps: (1) identifying through available data and traditional methods the ability of the lands to be planted with stone pine (2) identifying the various factors influencing the growth and fruiting of the treeand (3) transforming and integrating all the data into geo-referenced thematic maps and introducing them into the Geographic Information System (GIS) suitable for delimiting Lebanese areas suitable for planting stone pines. The obtained results were presented in a form of 10 thematic maps (GIS layers) that represent the influence of each ecological factor on the land suitability for afforestation by stone pine. A final thematic map that illustrates the most suitable areas for Pinus pinea plantations was generated by superimposing the 10 GIS layers.
This document discusses using terrestrial lidar to monitor morphological changes to the Dartford Creek in Kent resulting from bank protection measures. It faces challenges due to the creek's complex structure from tidal and fluvial processes over many spatial scales. Large data sets were collected through intensive lidar surveys to capture small geomorphological features over reach distances. Post-processing was complicated by differences between scan positions in a complex, changing environment. The lidar monitoring aims to accurately represent this environment and detect changes from the engineering works.
Spatial and temporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes along a degradati...CIFOR-ICRAF
This study examined the spatial and temporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes along a degradation gradient in a palm swamp peat forest in the Peruvian Amazon. The researchers measured fluxes monthly for 3 years at intact, medium degradation, and high degradation sites. At the microscale, N2O and CH4 fluxes varied between hummocks and hollows and between live and cut palm trees depending on the degradation level. At the macroscale, annual N2O fluxes were similar across sites but annual CH4 fluxes increased with precipitation. Water table level, temperature, and soil nitrification rates influenced the fluxes. While degradation altered microscale emissions, site-scale emissions were homogeneous. Climate change may increase CH4
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
The document summarizes Tony Simons' speech on trees and forests for a healthy world by 2030. It discusses the challenges of population growth, inequality, and food insecurity. It presents paradigms for balancing ecological functioning, productivity, and income stability. It looks ahead to opportunities for knowledge transfer regarding agroforestry, forest definitions, and an integrated view of trees within and outside forests.
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
This document discusses ensuring environmental sustainability in Papua New Guinea. It outlines PNG's commitments to sustainability through Vision 2050 and the Millennium Development Goals. It presents PNG's policy framework for biodiversity protection and integrating sustainable development principles. The challenges of increasing population, climate change impacts, land tenure systems, and development priorities are discussed. The document advocates for mainstreaming the environment into planning, partnerships, best practices, and appropriate policies to achieve sustainability in PNG.
Princeton Sei Presentation August 19 [Compatibility Mode]dcaswell
This document summarizes Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory (SEI) mapping projects conducted in the Chain Lakes, Otter Lake, and East Gate study areas of the Regional District of Okanagan Similkameen. The SEI process involves delineating sensitive ecosystem polygons from aerial photos, describing the ecosystems in a database, field verifying the mapping, and updating the maps. Sensitive ecosystems mapped included grasslands, wetlands, riparian areas, and woodlands. Rare and at-risk species associated with each ecosystem are also identified. The results found that 21-31% of each study area consisted of sensitive ecosystems that support species of conservation concern.
This document discusses biodiversity loss in Thailand from a global perspective. It notes that biodiversity loss leads to a homogenization process where high abundance species become low abundance. One of the main causes of biodiversity loss is habitat destruction from factors like land use changes, exotic species introduction, pollution, and climate change. The document also lists 48 indicators that can be used to assess the status, trends, threats to, and conservation of biodiversity components. It describes how the GLOBIO 3 global biodiversity model can be used to show biodiversity loss over time on the global level and per biome.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Assessment for Agriculture in LMBMekong ARCC
The document summarizes an assessment of climate change impacts on agriculture in the Lower Mekong Basin. It outlines the methodology used, which includes modeling changes in climate/hydrology and their effects on crop suitability, yields, and vulnerability. Baseline data on current farming systems and key crops is provided for several hotspot provinces. Results indicate some crops may increase in certain areas due to climate changes, while others are likely to decrease substantially, especially in central Laos, due to increased rainfall and drought. The assessment identifies climate threats and assesses vulnerability for key crops and systems.
This document summarizes a study that used a geographic information systems (GIS) model to evaluate how climate change may impact agricultural land suitability in Hawaii. The study analyzed climate projections for temperature and rainfall and assessed their effects on the suitability of lands for growing several key Hawaiian crops. The results indicated some areas may experience reduced suitability for crops like coffee due to higher temperatures and rainfall, though production could continue in most existing locations. The GIS model allows comparing current and projected future land suitability to help farmers and planners prepare for climate change impacts.
This document provides an overview of a study on the economics of adaptation to climate change in Vietnam. It examines the potential impacts of climate change on key economic sectors such as agriculture, aquaculture, forestry and coastal infrastructure. It finds that climate change could reduce agricultural production and damage aquaculture farms and coastal infrastructure through sea level rise and changes in temperature and rainfall. However, the study also evaluates potential adaptation measures in each sector that could help reduce the damaging effects of climate change. These include expanding irrigation for agriculture, using different aquaculture species, and protecting coastal infrastructure. The analysis suggests that implementing adaptation measures could significantly reduce the economic costs of climate change compared to taking no action.
1. The document discusses the challenges of climate change adaptation and mitigation in Vietnamese agriculture. It outlines national programs on food security and emissions reduction, and findings from studies on land use change, food security, and flooding risks under climate change.
2. Key challenges include more difficult farming conditions, high food waste, land use policy trade-offs between rice cultivation and forest protection, and fragmentation of policies and data across sectors and agencies. Addressing climate change also requires raising awareness, institutional capacity, and international cooperation.
3. Issues that need to be addressed are focusing on sustainable "better production" over just "more production", coordinating policies across levels and line agencies, and applying models and tools to integrate climate
The Key Final Results draws from and summarizes the methodology and key basin-wide results generated by the USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lower Mekong Basin and updates the Key Initial Results document prepared in March 2013. This publication employs maps, charts, and graphics to provide a snapshot view of how projected climate changes in the Lower Mekong Basin would impact key livelihood sectors. Visit the website for more information: http://mekongarcc.net/resource/key-final-results.
Complete information on the USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Study can be found in the full report and summary report (http://bit.ly/1dczzRP).
Headlines: USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Study for the Lower Mekong BasinMekong ARCC
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For further analysis from the Climate Study, please download the full report and summary report at http://bit.ly/1dczzRP.
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Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricultural Systems
1. Task 2: Mekong ARCC Climate
Change Impact and Adaptation
Study for natural and agricultural
systems
May 2012, Vientiane
2. Aim
• The aim of Task 2 is to undertake a climate change
impact and adaptation study on the water
resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity
of the Mekong River Basin
3. Objectives
1) identify vulnerabilities of rural poor and their environment to
climate change vis-à-vis water resources, food
security, livelihoods and biodiversity;
2) provide a scientific evidence base for the selection of case
study sites;
3) identify adaptation strategies to inform development of
community and ecosystem-based adaptation projects; and
4) inform policy makers, development specialists and the global
climate science community on the impacts of climate change
on water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity
of the Mekong Basin.
4. Phases, events & outputs
threat vulnerability adaptation
3. Future
5. Identify
2. Zoning and climate 4.Vulnerability
1. Inception adaption 6. Reporting
trend analysis conditions assessment
options
and threats
Team Inception Team Vulnerability Team Final
working workshop working workshop working workshop
session session session
Baseline assessment Basin & zone Adaptation FINAL
& review of past vulnerability options by REPORT
studies assessment Zones
5. Study technical team
Sector/theme working groups
Sector/theme Members
1. Climate change, water Tarek Ketelsen (lead), Jorma Koponen, Mai Ky Vinh, Oliver Joffre
resources, modelling and GIS
2. Natural systems and Peter-John Meynell (lead), Nguyen Huu Thien, Sansanee
biodiversity Choowaew, Jeremy Carew-Reid,
3. Agriculture Oliver Joffre (lead), Dang Kieu Nhan, Bun Chantrea, Jorma
Koponen
4. Fisheries and aquaculture Rick Gregory (lead) Truong Hoanh Minh, Chavalit Vidthayanon,
Meng Monyrak
5. Livestock Rod Lefroy (remote participant)
6. Socio-economics and John Sawdon (lead), Try Thuon, Sengmanichanh
livelihoods Somchanmavong, Alex Kenny
National working groups
Sector/theme Members
1. Cambodia Try Thuon (lead), Bun Chantrea, Meng Monyrak
2. Lao PDR Sengmanichanh Somchanmavong (lead)
3. Thailand Sansanee Choowaew (lead), Chavalit Vidthayanon
4. Vietnam Nguyen Huu Thien (lead), Dang Kieu Nhan, Truong Hoanh Minh,
6. Assessing climate change threats to agriculture and
subsistence livelihoods
Climate
changes
Hydrological
changes
Agricultural Ecological
zones zones
Species “zones”
Commercial Subsistence Aqua- Traditional Live- Crop wild NTFPs Wild fish Wildlife
crops crops culture crops stock relatives catch
Adaptation options
10. Climate change overlaid on “zones”
Zones provide the common analytical framework for the study team
Purpose of zoning is to:
• Identify areas of the basin with common bio-physical and
socio-economic characteristics
• Observe “shifts” in the zones with climate change
Three types of zones:
1. Climate change zones – temperature, rainfall
and hydrology
2. Agricultural zones – agricultural land uses and
natural conditions
3. Ecological zones – natural habitat, species and
genetic resources 10
11. Climate
change zones
Areas experiencing
similar climate
change
2050
14. Climate change shifts
Regular climate
1. Geographic shifts – change in area of suitability
2. Elevation shifts (for highly restricted habitats and
species) – change in (i) location and (ii) elevation
3. Seasonal shifts – change in (i) yields, (ii) cropping
patterns
Extreme events
4. Extreme event shifts
Micro – eg flash flooding and soil loss in uplands
Macro – eg saline intrusion in Delta; cyclone landfall
15. Geographic shift Shift in zone of suitability
for habitat and crops
Original extent of
natural habitat
Paddy rice
and
commercial
crops
Remaining
natural habitat Subsistence crops and NTF
pockets collection
17. Seasonal shifts
Kratie
Increase in flood magnitude
& volume
Quicker onset of flood &
shortening of transition
season Increase in flood duration
Source: ICEM, 2012
18. Climate change “hot spots” – i.e. highly vulnerable areas
• High exposure:
significant climate change relative to base conditions
exposure to new climate/hydrological conditions
• High sensitivity:
limited temperature and moisture tolerance range
degraded and/or under acute pressure
severely restricted geographic range
rare or threatened
• Low adaptive capacity
Poor connectivity
Low diversity and tolerances
Homogenous systems
26. Key issues the team needs to resolve
• Deciding on the priority assets (i.e. species and
habitats)
• Linking species to habitats
• Dealing with ecosystem services
• Knowing enough about species and habitat
tolerances to conduct the vulnerability assessment
32. Approaches to modeling climate change:
assessing future threat
• CC modelling:
– allows for the 1. Projections of future emissions
quantification of future
climate change threats 2. Projections of future atmospheric
and ocean dynamics
– Is not perfect but is
based on leading 3. Downscaling projections to the
Mekong Basin
thinking on climate
science
4. Predicting future changes in the
– Assesses the impact of basin hydrological regime
changes in the global 5. Predicting future changes in the
climate system to local Delta floodplain environment & project
site
areas of interest
32
33. Steps in the CC approach:
1 - Selection of appropriate IPCC scenarios
33
Source: CSIRO, 2009
34. Step 2: selection of appropriate GCMs
• Two earlier studies (Cao et al, 2009; Eastham et al, 2008)
reviewed the performance of or used 17/24 IPCC AR4 GCMs
for suitability to the Mekong region
• 6 were chosen based on their ability to replicate daily
historical temperature and rainfall data
• In general, models perform better for temperature than
precipitation
Climate model CO2 Scenario Abbreviation Data period Model resolution (degrees)
CCCMA_CGCM3.1 A1b, B1 ccA, ccB 1850-2300 3.75° x 3.75°
CNRM_CM3 A1b, B1 cnA, cnB 1860-2299 2.8° x 2.8°
GISS_AOM A1b, B1 giA, giB 1850-2100 3° x 4°
MIROC3.2Hires A1b, B1 miA, miB 1900-2100 1.1° x 1.1°
MPI_ECHAM5 A1b, B1 mpA, mpB 1860-2200 1.9° x 1.9°
NCAR_CCSM3 A1b, B1 ncA, ncB 1870-2099 1.4° x 1.4°
34
35. Steps 3 – downscaling projections to the Mekong Basin
Purpose: reduce the geographical scope so that
resolution can be improved
1. Statistical
Assumes local climate is conditioned by large-
scale (global) climate but does not try to
understand physical causality
GCM output is compared to observed information
for a reference period to calculate period factors
Period factors are then used to adjust GCM time-
series
2. RCM (Regional Circulation Models)
most sophisticated way to downscale GCM data
Physically based
25-50km resolution
Computationally intensive
Requires detailed understanding of regional
atmospheric and ocean processes
3. Pattern-scaling
Uses high resolution observation data to scale
GCM data to small areas or monitoring points
Suitable when there is extensive observation data
Cannot correct for statistical bias so should only
be used to assess relative changes 35
36. Step 4 – Predicting future changes in the basin hydrological
regime
• VMod model
• area-based distribution of
hydro-meteorological
impacts of climate change
• Computes water balance for
grid cells ~3kmx3km
• Baseline 1981 - 2005
• Can predict changes in:
– Rainfall
– Runoff
– Flows
– Infiltration
– evapotranspiration
36
37. Step 5 – Predicting future changes in the flooding
• MIKE-11
• Uses Vmod to establish
boundary conditions
• Divides the floodplain into
zones (>120 in the delta)
• Calculates small area water
balances
– 25,900 water level points
– 18,500 flow points
• Quantifies the changes in
depth and duration of
flooding due to changes in
upstream hydrology and sea
level rise
37
Source: SIWRR, 2011
39. Predicting future changes in land suitability
Basin – crop suitability
basin • Agro & eco zoning of basin characteristics
• Historic suitability of basin for a range of
commercial and subsistence crops
• Suitability with climate change
• Assessment of transitions and shifts in
geographical and seasonal suitability
target area
Target areas – crop yields
• Losses in crop yields within transition zones
• Yield potential for new crops in transition
zones
40. Predicting future changes in land suitability
LUSET – Land use suitability evaluation tool
• Developed by IRRI
• evaluates the suitability of each land unit (grid cell)
for a single type of land use type (single crop).
• based on crop requirement, climate, terrain and soil
characteristics.
• Allows for assessing changes in temperature and
rainfall before aggregating suitability
41. Crop requirement: Terrain
(slope and drainage)
Terrain suitability value
Land characteristic:
Terrain (slope and
drainage)
Crop requirement: Soil
characteristics (pH, soil
texture, soil depth, base
saturation)
Soil characteristics Combined weighted Suitability class table and
suitability value suitability value GIS layer
Land characteristic: Soil
characteristics (pH, soil
texture, soil depth, base
saturation)
Crop requirement: Water,
temperature
Land characteristic:
Meteorological Water, temperature
characteristics (rainfall, suitability value
temperature)
Land characteristic:
Irrigation
41
52. Predicting future changes in agricultural productivity
AquaCrop
• Crop productivity model
developed by FAO
• Water driven
– quantifies the relationship between
crop growth/biomass and crop
transpiration
• Changes in yield compared to
reference/ideal conditions for a
given crop
• emphasizes the fundamental
processes involved in crop
productivity and the responses to
water deficits,
• Can also factor in CO2
concentrations
52
Source: FAO, 2010
53. Maize growth cycle
AquaCrop
• Assesses water
requirements at each
growth phase relative to
a reference norm and
quantifies changes in
biomass => yield
Source: FAO, 2010
54. yield
Establishment | Vegetative | Flowering | Formation | Ripening | Maturity
Reduction in max
canopy cover
Decline in
canopy cover
during
productive
phases (yield
formation/
ripening)
Delay in time to reach max canopy cover
Source: FAO, 2010