The document summarizes Tony Simons' speech on trees and forests for a healthy world by 2030. It discusses the challenges of population growth, inequality, and food insecurity. It presents paradigms for balancing ecological functioning, productivity, and income stability. It looks ahead to opportunities for knowledge transfer regarding agroforestry, forest definitions, and an integrated view of trees within and outside forests.
1) The document discusses three approaches to estimate national-level activity data on forest change using total land-use area with no conversion data, total land-use area with spatially explicit data including changes between categories, and conversion data from remote sensing.
2) It describes three tiers of emission factors - Tier 1 using default IPCC values, Tier 2 using country-specific factors, and Tier 3 using high-resolution models and measurements.
3) Tables and figures show examples of analyzing deforestation and degradation drivers by continent and how they change over phases of development.
Landscape approaches to future forest and tree resources managementtheREDDdesk
This document discusses landscape approaches to future forest and tree resource management. It addresses what a landscape is, provides a portrait of current forests and trees, and examines some of the problems addressed through landscape approaches. These include issues like deforestation, forest degradation, and the need to consider production, biodiversity, ecosystem services, livelihoods, policies and institutions across scales when managing landscapes.
The document summarizes the key findings and recommendations from The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) study regarding the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It outlines that TEEB was an international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of biodiversity and the associated costs of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. The document reviews TEEB's assessment that biodiversity and ecosystems provide services worth trillions of dollars globally and that their loss imposes significant economic costs. It also discusses the dependence of human livelihoods and businesses on ecosystem services and makes recommendations for businesses to measure, value and reduce their biodiversity footprint through ambitious conservation targets and sustainable sourcing practices.
This document discusses the history of weed control in agriculture and the development of new technologies. It notes that prior to herbicides, tillage was used to control weeds, but this led to issues like the Dust Bowl. The invention of synthetic herbicides in the 1950s and 1960s offered new tools, and Roundup provided an effective burndown option. More recently, biotechnology has allowed for herbicide-tolerant crops, which have been widely adopted by farmers for improved weed control and convenience. The document examines maize production and the major weed threats in Europe. Weed control strategies generally involve mixtures of 14 to 33 herbicide active ingredients per country, with 1-2 applications per crop. Weeds
Agroforestry's Contributions to Ecosystem Enhancement in Miombo Region of Afr...ZY8
This document reviews the contributions of agroforestry to ecosystem services in the miombo eco-region of eastern and southern Africa. It finds that agroforestry provides (1) provisioning services such as food, source of energy and fodder, (2) regulatory services including microclimate modification, erosion control, mitigation of desertification, carbon sequestration and pest control, and (3) supporting services namely, soil fertility improvement, biodiversity conservation and pollination in the miombo eco-region. The miombo woodlands are threatened by deforestation, land degradation and loss of biodiversity. Agroforestry is presented as an integrated natural resource management intervention that can address
Lessons learned on the achievement of the Joint Program of Climate Change Adaption in the Colombian Massif (Andean Belt Constellation Biosphere Reserve - Cauca Basin) with indigenous and peasant communities to affront the effects of climate change. Presented by Luis Alfonso Ortega at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
1) The document discusses three approaches to estimate national-level activity data on forest change using total land-use area with no conversion data, total land-use area with spatially explicit data including changes between categories, and conversion data from remote sensing.
2) It describes three tiers of emission factors - Tier 1 using default IPCC values, Tier 2 using country-specific factors, and Tier 3 using high-resolution models and measurements.
3) Tables and figures show examples of analyzing deforestation and degradation drivers by continent and how they change over phases of development.
Landscape approaches to future forest and tree resources managementtheREDDdesk
This document discusses landscape approaches to future forest and tree resource management. It addresses what a landscape is, provides a portrait of current forests and trees, and examines some of the problems addressed through landscape approaches. These include issues like deforestation, forest degradation, and the need to consider production, biodiversity, ecosystem services, livelihoods, policies and institutions across scales when managing landscapes.
The document summarizes the key findings and recommendations from The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) study regarding the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It outlines that TEEB was an international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of biodiversity and the associated costs of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. The document reviews TEEB's assessment that biodiversity and ecosystems provide services worth trillions of dollars globally and that their loss imposes significant economic costs. It also discusses the dependence of human livelihoods and businesses on ecosystem services and makes recommendations for businesses to measure, value and reduce their biodiversity footprint through ambitious conservation targets and sustainable sourcing practices.
This document discusses the history of weed control in agriculture and the development of new technologies. It notes that prior to herbicides, tillage was used to control weeds, but this led to issues like the Dust Bowl. The invention of synthetic herbicides in the 1950s and 1960s offered new tools, and Roundup provided an effective burndown option. More recently, biotechnology has allowed for herbicide-tolerant crops, which have been widely adopted by farmers for improved weed control and convenience. The document examines maize production and the major weed threats in Europe. Weed control strategies generally involve mixtures of 14 to 33 herbicide active ingredients per country, with 1-2 applications per crop. Weeds
Agroforestry's Contributions to Ecosystem Enhancement in Miombo Region of Afr...ZY8
This document reviews the contributions of agroforestry to ecosystem services in the miombo eco-region of eastern and southern Africa. It finds that agroforestry provides (1) provisioning services such as food, source of energy and fodder, (2) regulatory services including microclimate modification, erosion control, mitigation of desertification, carbon sequestration and pest control, and (3) supporting services namely, soil fertility improvement, biodiversity conservation and pollination in the miombo eco-region. The miombo woodlands are threatened by deforestation, land degradation and loss of biodiversity. Agroforestry is presented as an integrated natural resource management intervention that can address
Lessons learned on the achievement of the Joint Program of Climate Change Adaption in the Colombian Massif (Andean Belt Constellation Biosphere Reserve - Cauca Basin) with indigenous and peasant communities to affront the effects of climate change. Presented by Luis Alfonso Ortega at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
This document discusses various economic techniques and methods for valuing ecosystem services provided by the Bijagual, Giligual and Daintree (BGBD) landscape. It provides examples of applying techniques like total economic valuation, direct market valuation, replacement cost, and travel cost methods to estimate the economic value of specific ecosystem services provided by microorganisms, macroorganisms and mesofauna in BGBD. Case studies from Indonesia, India and Africa demonstrate how these techniques have been used to value services like nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, soil structure formation and biological nitrogen fixation. Challenges with valuation are also acknowledged.
This document discusses coastal aquaculture and proposes an indicator system to measure its eco-innovation and environmental impact. It defines coastal aquaculture and the context of the project, which aims to help authorities objectively monitor coastal aquaculture activities. It proposes using the DPSIR framework to measure the drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses of coastal aquaculture. An indicator system is presented using percentages, numbers and other units to measure technology/best practices, eco-innovation knowledge/participation, and ecological footprint. The NUSAP tool is discussed for assessing uncertainty in the indicators.
1. The document describes tools and data that can be used to identify and map the ecological value of landscapes, especially outside protected areas, at a fine spatial scale. It details data on biodiversity, threatened species, fragmentation, connectivity and resilience that provide information on key ecological properties and features.
2. The Local Ecological Footprint Tool (LEFT) combines these data layers to provide an index of overall ecological value for each pixel in a map. It was shown to accurately identify threatened species present in a study site in Honduras when compared to field data, though it had some errors of omission and commission.
3. Developing such tools using globally-available web databases allows assessing the ecological value of
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document discusses approaches for valuing the soil biota and its diversity. It argues that an economic valuation is needed to 1) give reality to the soil biota that society and decision makers will accept and 2) properly assess optimal agricultural management practices. It lays out a framework to link agricultural interventions to impacts on soil organism abundance, diversity, and processes, and the resulting agricultural and environmental benefits. This framework aims to establish rules of proof for valuing managing the soil biota as an economic option. It also discusses requirements for applying an economic value, like demonstrating and measuring benefits, and examples of valuing outcomes from direct or indirect management.
Presented at the Basin Focal Project workshop 'Clarifying the global picture of water, food and poverty' from 18-20th September in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
The document outlines the development of a global learning network on forest landscape restoration called the GPFLR learning network. It discusses establishing nested learning networks at multiple scales from site to global levels. The network will facilitate sharing of experiences and learning among practitioners, policymakers, and researchers involved in forest landscape restoration projects around the world. Initial scoping identified priority issues, learning strategies, and criteria for selecting pilot learning sites to participate in the network. An online learning platform and websites are being developed to support collaborative learning across the network.
Three ways to improve water productivity in ZimbabweILRI
Poster prepared by T. Amede, K. Descheemaeker, E. Mapedza, P. Masikati, M. Munyaradzi, A.Sibanda, D.Nkomboni, S.Homann and A.van Rooyen for the ILRI Annual Program Meeting (APM) 2010, held at ILRI campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 14-17, 2010.
Informing the development of farmland biodiversity prescriptions and policiesDavy McCracken
The presentation discussed the challenges facing farmland biodiversity in Scotland and Europe. Many farmland bird populations have significantly declined in recent decades due to agricultural intensification and landscape simplification. About 40% of Scotland's agricultural land is considered high nature value farming systems that support greater biodiversity if properly managed. The Common Agricultural Policy aims to address biodiversity concerns through measures like recognizing issues, identifying priority areas, and developing appropriate funding programs.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to help restore forests and combat environmental degradation. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the GBM's reforestation efforts by comparing tree cover in GBM project watersheds to non-project areas, and assessing suitability based on population density, poverty levels, and other factors. The results showed significantly higher forest cover in the GBM watersheds, indicating their reforestation work is effective and focused in areas most suitable for replanting. The implications are that similar approaches could benefit other countries facing deforestation.
Enhancing farmer’s resilience toward droughts: perspective from northwestern ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on enhancing farmer resilience to droughts in northwestern Bangladesh. The study developed a tool called the SIP approach to measure socio-economic, institutional, and physical resilience at the upazila level. Data was collected from 14 upazilas across two districts. The SIP approach uses weighted mean indexes to analyze resilience across three dimensions and multiple indicators. The results will help document adaptive practices and inform policy recommendations to improve drought resilience.
The document discusses the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) initiative. TEEB aims to 1) assess and communicate the economic significance of biodiversity loss, 2) demonstrate the value of ecosystems in decisions, and 3) address the needs of policymakers. TEEB Phase 1 involved preliminary analysis and clarification. Phase 2 expands the analysis, focuses on end-user products, and strengthens expert involvement to better account for natural capital in measurement and decisions. The document provides background on biodiversity and ecosystem losses to communicate the urgency of action.
The wilder the better in biodiversity conservation? Comparison of three biodi...Zoltan Kun
Silvia Ceausu's presentation during the Wilderness at the edge of survival in Europe symposium during the 3rd European Conference on Conservation Biology in Glasgow on August 2012. Silvia's conclusions included the following: wilderness insures protection of higher altitude areas and the ecosystem services produced here.
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses agroforestry of jelutung trees on peatlands in Central Kalimantan. It finds that growing jelutung in various agroforestry systems is a technically feasible way to rehabilitate degraded peatlands. Local communities have established seed sources that can provide over 100 million seeds per year. Different agroforestry patterns using jelutung are described, and growth measurements show the trees grow well. Microclimates in jelutung agroforestry systems are found to be better than in agricultural monocultures. The development of jelutung agroforestry is concluded to be a promising approach for peatland rehabilitation
Pontillas, J. Role of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Reserves in Climate Change A...No to mining in Palawan
The document discusses the role of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Reserves in climate change adaptation, using the example of Palawan Biosphere Reserve in the Philippines. It provides an overview of Palawan BR, including its characteristics, natural resources, population, and zoning system called ECAN. It describes challenges like deforestation, mining, and climate impacts. Finally, it discusses how ECAN zoning and the biosphere reserve concept can help balance environmental protection and sustainable development in Palawan.
Woodland owners who interacted with other landowners were more likely to cooperate on forestry activities and have higher forestry knowledge than those who did not interact. A survey of woodland owners and Master Forest Owner Volunteers found that over two-thirds interacted with other forest owners, most commonly a few times per year. The most common cooperative activities were watching for trespassers, allowing access to hunt or recreate, and improving wildlife habitat. Landowner programs that facilitate interaction, such as the Master Forest Owner Volunteer Program, are associated with higher rates of cooperation and forestry knowledge than woodland owners in general.
This document discusses systems approaches for analyzing smallholder agriculture. It provides a 10-point "Farming Systems Decalogue" for conducting on-farm systems analysis, including dealing with farm diversity, spatio-temporal variability, and crop-livestock interactions. It also discusses the properties of smallholder farming systems, including anisotropy and heterogeneity. Examples are given of on-farm nutrient flows and the complexity of crop-livestock systems.
EverCrop aims to develop improved farming systems for the crop-livestock zone incorporating perennials. It addresses constraints to adopting perennials and develops tools to evaluate their role. Experiments are conducted across rainfall zones to determine the productivity and tradeoffs of incorporating perennials into low rainfall cropping systems. Research includes modelling fodder shrub growth, measuring saltbush and Rhagodia preisii performance across landscapes, and evaluating summer-growing grasses to fill feed gaps in the Victorian Mallee.
Does landscape heterogeneity modify the trade-off between production and biod...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how landscape heterogeneity affects the trade-off between agricultural production and biodiversity. It presents a case study of a grassland landscape with different management practices across farms. Modeling results show that landscape heterogeneity leverages the trade-off by allowing complementarity between management regimes that benefits both bird populations and herbage production. Compositional and structural heterogeneity both positively impact birds, with structure having a larger effect on mobile species. However, modifying landscapes requires coordination between farmers. Future work includes co-designing feasible heterogeneous landscapes with stakeholders.
This document discusses various economic techniques and methods for valuing ecosystem services provided by the Bijagual, Giligual and Daintree (BGBD) landscape. It provides examples of applying techniques like total economic valuation, direct market valuation, replacement cost, and travel cost methods to estimate the economic value of specific ecosystem services provided by microorganisms, macroorganisms and mesofauna in BGBD. Case studies from Indonesia, India and Africa demonstrate how these techniques have been used to value services like nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, soil structure formation and biological nitrogen fixation. Challenges with valuation are also acknowledged.
This document discusses coastal aquaculture and proposes an indicator system to measure its eco-innovation and environmental impact. It defines coastal aquaculture and the context of the project, which aims to help authorities objectively monitor coastal aquaculture activities. It proposes using the DPSIR framework to measure the drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses of coastal aquaculture. An indicator system is presented using percentages, numbers and other units to measure technology/best practices, eco-innovation knowledge/participation, and ecological footprint. The NUSAP tool is discussed for assessing uncertainty in the indicators.
1. The document describes tools and data that can be used to identify and map the ecological value of landscapes, especially outside protected areas, at a fine spatial scale. It details data on biodiversity, threatened species, fragmentation, connectivity and resilience that provide information on key ecological properties and features.
2. The Local Ecological Footprint Tool (LEFT) combines these data layers to provide an index of overall ecological value for each pixel in a map. It was shown to accurately identify threatened species present in a study site in Honduras when compared to field data, though it had some errors of omission and commission.
3. Developing such tools using globally-available web databases allows assessing the ecological value of
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document discusses approaches for valuing the soil biota and its diversity. It argues that an economic valuation is needed to 1) give reality to the soil biota that society and decision makers will accept and 2) properly assess optimal agricultural management practices. It lays out a framework to link agricultural interventions to impacts on soil organism abundance, diversity, and processes, and the resulting agricultural and environmental benefits. This framework aims to establish rules of proof for valuing managing the soil biota as an economic option. It also discusses requirements for applying an economic value, like demonstrating and measuring benefits, and examples of valuing outcomes from direct or indirect management.
Presented at the Basin Focal Project workshop 'Clarifying the global picture of water, food and poverty' from 18-20th September in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
The document outlines the development of a global learning network on forest landscape restoration called the GPFLR learning network. It discusses establishing nested learning networks at multiple scales from site to global levels. The network will facilitate sharing of experiences and learning among practitioners, policymakers, and researchers involved in forest landscape restoration projects around the world. Initial scoping identified priority issues, learning strategies, and criteria for selecting pilot learning sites to participate in the network. An online learning platform and websites are being developed to support collaborative learning across the network.
Three ways to improve water productivity in ZimbabweILRI
Poster prepared by T. Amede, K. Descheemaeker, E. Mapedza, P. Masikati, M. Munyaradzi, A.Sibanda, D.Nkomboni, S.Homann and A.van Rooyen for the ILRI Annual Program Meeting (APM) 2010, held at ILRI campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 14-17, 2010.
Informing the development of farmland biodiversity prescriptions and policiesDavy McCracken
The presentation discussed the challenges facing farmland biodiversity in Scotland and Europe. Many farmland bird populations have significantly declined in recent decades due to agricultural intensification and landscape simplification. About 40% of Scotland's agricultural land is considered high nature value farming systems that support greater biodiversity if properly managed. The Common Agricultural Policy aims to address biodiversity concerns through measures like recognizing issues, identifying priority areas, and developing appropriate funding programs.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to help restore forests and combat environmental degradation. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the GBM's reforestation efforts by comparing tree cover in GBM project watersheds to non-project areas, and assessing suitability based on population density, poverty levels, and other factors. The results showed significantly higher forest cover in the GBM watersheds, indicating their reforestation work is effective and focused in areas most suitable for replanting. The implications are that similar approaches could benefit other countries facing deforestation.
Enhancing farmer’s resilience toward droughts: perspective from northwestern ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on enhancing farmer resilience to droughts in northwestern Bangladesh. The study developed a tool called the SIP approach to measure socio-economic, institutional, and physical resilience at the upazila level. Data was collected from 14 upazilas across two districts. The SIP approach uses weighted mean indexes to analyze resilience across three dimensions and multiple indicators. The results will help document adaptive practices and inform policy recommendations to improve drought resilience.
The document discusses the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) initiative. TEEB aims to 1) assess and communicate the economic significance of biodiversity loss, 2) demonstrate the value of ecosystems in decisions, and 3) address the needs of policymakers. TEEB Phase 1 involved preliminary analysis and clarification. Phase 2 expands the analysis, focuses on end-user products, and strengthens expert involvement to better account for natural capital in measurement and decisions. The document provides background on biodiversity and ecosystem losses to communicate the urgency of action.
The wilder the better in biodiversity conservation? Comparison of three biodi...Zoltan Kun
Silvia Ceausu's presentation during the Wilderness at the edge of survival in Europe symposium during the 3rd European Conference on Conservation Biology in Glasgow on August 2012. Silvia's conclusions included the following: wilderness insures protection of higher altitude areas and the ecosystem services produced here.
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses agroforestry of jelutung trees on peatlands in Central Kalimantan. It finds that growing jelutung in various agroforestry systems is a technically feasible way to rehabilitate degraded peatlands. Local communities have established seed sources that can provide over 100 million seeds per year. Different agroforestry patterns using jelutung are described, and growth measurements show the trees grow well. Microclimates in jelutung agroforestry systems are found to be better than in agricultural monocultures. The development of jelutung agroforestry is concluded to be a promising approach for peatland rehabilitation
Pontillas, J. Role of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Reserves in Climate Change A...No to mining in Palawan
The document discusses the role of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Reserves in climate change adaptation, using the example of Palawan Biosphere Reserve in the Philippines. It provides an overview of Palawan BR, including its characteristics, natural resources, population, and zoning system called ECAN. It describes challenges like deforestation, mining, and climate impacts. Finally, it discusses how ECAN zoning and the biosphere reserve concept can help balance environmental protection and sustainable development in Palawan.
Woodland owners who interacted with other landowners were more likely to cooperate on forestry activities and have higher forestry knowledge than those who did not interact. A survey of woodland owners and Master Forest Owner Volunteers found that over two-thirds interacted with other forest owners, most commonly a few times per year. The most common cooperative activities were watching for trespassers, allowing access to hunt or recreate, and improving wildlife habitat. Landowner programs that facilitate interaction, such as the Master Forest Owner Volunteer Program, are associated with higher rates of cooperation and forestry knowledge than woodland owners in general.
This document discusses systems approaches for analyzing smallholder agriculture. It provides a 10-point "Farming Systems Decalogue" for conducting on-farm systems analysis, including dealing with farm diversity, spatio-temporal variability, and crop-livestock interactions. It also discusses the properties of smallholder farming systems, including anisotropy and heterogeneity. Examples are given of on-farm nutrient flows and the complexity of crop-livestock systems.
EverCrop aims to develop improved farming systems for the crop-livestock zone incorporating perennials. It addresses constraints to adopting perennials and develops tools to evaluate their role. Experiments are conducted across rainfall zones to determine the productivity and tradeoffs of incorporating perennials into low rainfall cropping systems. Research includes modelling fodder shrub growth, measuring saltbush and Rhagodia preisii performance across landscapes, and evaluating summer-growing grasses to fill feed gaps in the Victorian Mallee.
Does landscape heterogeneity modify the trade-off between production and biod...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how landscape heterogeneity affects the trade-off between agricultural production and biodiversity. It presents a case study of a grassland landscape with different management practices across farms. Modeling results show that landscape heterogeneity leverages the trade-off by allowing complementarity between management regimes that benefits both bird populations and herbage production. Compositional and structural heterogeneity both positively impact birds, with structure having a larger effect on mobile species. However, modifying landscapes requires coordination between farmers. Future work includes co-designing feasible heterogeneous landscapes with stakeholders.
Role for farming systems and CA for food security in Cambodia. VangJoanna Hicks
The document discusses Cambodia's agriculture sector and the Royal Government's policies to improve it. It provides background on Cambodia's climate, soils, land use, farming systems, and constraints to crop production. It outlines the government's Agricultural Strategic Development Plan and Strategy for Agriculture and Water to ensure food security and increase income through improving productivity, diversification, and commercialization of agriculture. It specifically discusses the policy to promote paddy production and rice export, identifying priority rice varieties for different seasons and goals of a paddy surplus and milled rice exports by 2015.
Presentation of Jim Harris, Professor at Cranfield University, at Food, Ferti...Fertilizers Europe
The document discusses the global challenges of preserving biodiversity and soil resources in the face of threats like climate change and agricultural intensification. It covers the complex biological, chemical, and physical nature of soil and the effects of different land uses on soil biodiversity, function, and carbon storage. The talk outlines options for sustainably managing soils and landscapes in the future using an ecosystem services framework to assess trade-offs between different land management practices.
Synergies Between Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change:What is the pot...Claudia Ringler
This presentation describes first how climate change compromises food security and then explains the role of agriculture in greenhouse gas emissions. The crux is what
synergies exist between adaptation and mitigation, with recommendations for implementation.
OP01:Dung beetle communities and ecological services in a mixed-use Amazon la...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes research on dung beetle communities and their ecological services across a gradient of land use intensities in the Amazon. The study aims to evaluate how dung beetle community structure and functions like dung removal, soil pedoturbation, and seed dispersion are affected from primary forests to degraded pastures. Methods include sampling dung beetles and measuring their services in various habitats. Results show differences in community structure and reduction of services from natural to intense human-used areas, with primary forests supporting the most diverse and functionally active dung beetle communities.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
‘Scenarios for Policy: Transforming Farming, Landscape and Food Systems for the 21st Century’ was a side event held at the Hunger for Action Conference: 2nd Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change. This session, coordinated by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) considered future policy options for the major transformative changes needed in farming, landscapes and food systems to make climate-smart agriculture a reality.
Mosnier - Impacts of improved transportation infrastructure on agricultural s...CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
The document discusses the synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's agriculture sector. It finds that agriculture practices can both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help farmers adapt to climate impacts. Many common practices provide benefits for mitigation, adaptation, and income generation. However, Africa's potential for agricultural mitigation is currently not realized due to barriers like high transaction costs and lack of institutional support. The document calls for continued pilot programs and capacity building to better integrate adaptation and mitigation in Sub-Saharan African agriculture.
The presentation discusses mainstreaming the economics of nature and the relationship between nature and the green economy. It provides 3 key points:
1) Mainstreaming the economics of nature involves making nature's values visible across sectors and policies to seek synergies. Protected areas like Natura 2000 offer biodiversity protection as well as economic benefits like tourism and cultural identity.
2) Natura 2000 provides substantial economic benefits estimated at €200-300 billion annually from services like carbon storage, tourism, and recreation. It also supports over 12,000 jobs in Spain.
3) Transitioning to a green economy requires recognizing nature's role in supporting the economy and human well-being over the long-term through ecosystem services.
Session 5.3 tree soil interactions and provision of soil mediated ecosystem s...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses biodiversity in agroforestry habitats and its relationship to ecosystem functions. It summarizes that trees provide various habitats for soil biota through microclimate buffering and substrates. Trees interact with soil and influence ecosystem services like nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and plant health. Agroforestry systems maintain higher densities and diversity of soil biota than agricultural systems alone. The document then outlines a land health surveillance framework used in Africa to monitor aboveground and belowground biodiversity in landscapes. The framework involves establishing sentinel sites to systematically sample and characterize soils, plants, and soil biota over time using various techniques to develop predictive models of ecosystem service provision in different land uses.
The document discusses the advantages of conservation agriculture techniques such as minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. It notes that these techniques can help reduce soil erosion by up to 92%, runoff by up to 70%, and increase soil organic matter content compared to conventional tillage practices. Conservation agriculture is described as a sustainable agricultural system that can provide environmental and economic benefits to farmers.
REDD+ and agriculture_Dr Vinod T R (The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Vinod T R, Programme Director, Centre for Enviroment and Development, explains the REDD+ concept and how it extends beyond the conventional aspects of deforestation and forest degradation to sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
MRV in REDD+: Deforestation and forest degradation driversCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was given by CIFOR scientist Louis Verchot on 28 November 2012 at a joint CIFOR and GOFC-GOLD (Global Observation of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics) UNFCCC COP18 side-event in Doha, Qatar.
OP09:Enhancement of soil biota and soil biological health through inoculation...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) Soil biota play an important role in nutrient supply, soil structure, and resilience of below-ground systems. Meso- and microfauna are important due to their abundance, diversity, and ecological functions.
2) The study evaluated the effects of microbial inoculants, forest soil, farmyard manure, and fertilizers on soil invertebrates, microbes, enzymes, and soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in an agricultural ecosystem.
3) Treatments that included both microbial inoculants and farmyard manure showed the highest abundance of soil invertebrates and microbes as well as enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass.
Cristina Branquinho "Improving ecosystem services in drylands: microclimate m...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on how microclimate affects the natural regeneration of forests in dryland areas of Portugal after agricultural abandonment. The study found that the rate of regeneration of holm oak trees depends on local microclimate conditions, with regeneration being faster in areas with higher potential solar radiation and slower in areas with lower potential solar radiation. The researchers developed a predictive model for holm oak regeneration based on microclimate variables that can help improve reforestation planning efforts. Validating the model over time showed it has potential for predicting natural regeneration patterns under different climate scenarios.
Similar to Dia 1 - Conferência de Abertua - Tony Simons (20)
O documento discute a substituição das eritrinas por seringueiras como árvores de sombreamento em sistemas agroflorestais de cacaueiro. A seringueira é recomendada porque é uma planta de usos múltiplos que pode produzir mel, óleo, madeira, látex e borracha, além de sequestrar carbono. A substituição é benéfica porque a eritrina é exótica e competitiva com o cacaueiro, enquanto a seringueira é uma espécie nativa e produtiva que permite
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- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
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Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
5. Widening Inequality
Country Gini coefficient
Brazil 57%
Burkina Faso 39%
Cameroon 45%
China 41%
European Union 30%
Finland 26%
India 37%
Indonesia 37%
Kenya 42%
Malawi 39%
Namibia 71%
Peru 50%
Philippines 46%
6. Food Insecurity
‐ Global food prices doubled 2006 to 2008
‐ By 2050 we will need to produce 70% more food
‐ Growth in agriculture generates greatest
improvements for the poor
‐ Policies, good governance and investments as
important as technologies
‐ Better risk management and avoidance is
required
‐ Greater infrastructure needed in rural areas
‐ We need to produce as much food in the next
40 years as we have done in the last 8000 years
13. Choosing a forest definition
for the Clean Development Mechanism
FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE WORKING PAPER 4 – 2006
http://www.fao.org/forestry/media/11280/1/0/
For the CDM, developing countries must choose the
parameter values from the ranges: “Forest” is a
minimum area of land of 0.05‐1.0 hectares with
tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of
more than 10‐30 per cent with trees with the
potential to reach a minimum height of 2‐5 meters
at maturity in situ.
14. 50
The relationship between tree crown cover and ability
40 to add extra carbon looks something like this.
Opportunity
for 30
incremental
carbon
(t/ha) 20
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% tree crown cover
15. Lower and upper limits for
CDM A/R
50
40
National governments can set their
Opportunity forest definition as tree cover
for 30 minimum threshold between
incremental 10% and 30%
carbon
(t/ha) 20
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% crown cover
16. AR
at
10%
50
Avoided deforestation at 10%
40
Opportunity
for 30
incremental REDD
carbon
(t/ha) 20 Avoided deforestation at 30%
CDM A/R
10
Aff/Reforestation
at 30%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% crown cover
17. Any signs of deforestation?
….are included under forest, as are
areas normally forming part of the
forest area which are temporarily
unstocked as a result of human
intervention such as harvesting or
natural causes but which are expected
to revert to forest;
[FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.1]
26. Some effects of trees are mediated through impact
on soil biota – trees increase abundance
Mean density of different soil biota and calculated response ratios
Agroforestry Agriculture RR References
Soil macrofauna (indiv m‐2) (indiv m‐2)
Earthworms 54.4 17.6 3.1 1,2,3,4,5,6
Beetles 20.9 9.6 2.2 1,2,5
Centipedes 2.7 0.5 5.6 1,2,5
Termites 90.7 81.0 1.1 1,2,5
Ants 23.2 8.6 2.7 1,2,5
Soil mesofauna (indiv m‐2) (indiv m‐2)
Collembola 3890.1 2000.7 1.9 7
Mites 5100.7 1860.1 2.7 7
Soil microfauna (indiv liter‐1) (indiv liter‐1)
Non‐parasitic nematodes 2922 1288 2.3 8
Parasitic nematodes 203.7 211.5 1 8
Barrios, Sileshi, Shepherd, Sinclair 2010
27. Water
Environmental services
Soil
Selection fertility Mechanization
Agroecosystem
diversity
Breeding Cropping system
Genetic IPM
potential Agricultural
inputs
GREEN International Assessment of
REVOLUTION Pests,
GOAL weeds Agricultural Science
Hunger Yield and
(IAASTD GOAL 1) diseases and Technology for
Development
Biotechnology Biotechnology
2005‐2008
IAASTD Marketing
GOAL 2 and trade Other
Population Health and Nutrition products
control
IAASTD IAASTD IAASTD
GOAL 5 GOAL 3 GOAL 6 Industry
Social Livelihoods Economic growth
sustainability
IAASTD Public /
Tradition and GOAL 4 Global
policies Private
Culture Environmental
Partnerships
sustainability
28. Sustainable Yields
Annual yield (t/ha)
FARM
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total
Farm A 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.5 12.5
Farm B 3.5 3.2 2.5 1.9 1.4 12.5
Farm C 4.5 0.0 4.1 3.2 0.7 12.5
Farm D 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.6 4.1 16.2
Farm E 2.5 3.3 3.8 4.4 5.0 19.0
29. Limitations of Disciplinary Approaches
LANDSCAPE APPROACHES
Land units as non‐interacting aggregates
Economic or social synergies not accommodated
Social processes across land uses ignored or aggregated
Ghazoul, ISPC Meeting, 2011)
30. re‐ and afforestation
Fields,fallow, forest mosaic
Farm fo‐
Plantations
restry, Fields,
agrofo‐ Forests
rests & Parks
deforestation
Integrate Segregate
31. ‘deforestation’
natural forest
integrated,
Tree plan- multifunctional
tations landscape: crops, trees,
meadows and forest
patches
‘loss of forest
intensive
functions’
agriculture
Segregate Integrate
functions
Current legal, institutional Current reality
& educational paradigm
35. Social scale Geographic scale Political scale
Farmer Individual
Family Farm Household
Village Village Village
Relatives Watershed Institutions
Ethnic Community District Local government
Social network Landscape
Nation Country Government
Region Region
Global International
36. The Science of Scaling Up
Science (noun) – to know, knowledge
Scaling up – to bring more benefits to more
people, more quickly and more lastingly
√ Multiplying and disseminating a new maize variety
?? Payment for environmental services
?? Agroecosystems improvement approach
37. Google Scholar
Extension ‐ 3,810,000 urls
Dissemination ‐ 992,000 urls
Technology transfer ‐ 522,000 urls
Scaling up ‐ 148,000 urls
Science of scaling up ‐ 15 urls
38. Impact Pathway Paradigm
Development
(application of knowledge)
Research
(building of knowledge)
Time (years)
39. New Impact Pathway Paradigm
Development
(proof of application &
application of knowledge)
Research
(building of knowledge)
Time (years)
40. Extension, Scaling Up
Research Dimension
Why ??????
What ?????
Where ????
When ???
HOW X
Best Bet, Good Practice, Guideline
41. Why not use Principles for Research in Scaling Up?
1. Problem based (utility, not pure curiousity)
2. Testing a hypothesis, construct, paradigm
3. Systematic/experimental approach
4. Observations (repeated)
5. Independent thinking, deductive reasoning
6. Documented and shared
7. Undergoes critical peer review (credible)
8. Validated, revalidated (robustness)
9. Unplanned serendipity
10.Progressive, building on base of knowledge, zero fraud
42. Scaling up defined
ExpandNet defines scaling up as "deliberate efforts to
increase the impact of health innovations tested in pilot
or experimental projects so as to benefit more people
and to foster policy and program development on a
lasting basis." This definition is more specific than when
ExpandNet is a global network of public health professionals and
scientists seeking to advance the practice and science of scaling up
the term is used in a general sense to mean broadening
successful health service innovations tested in experimental, pilot and
the impact of existing or new practices.
demonstration projects.
http://www.expandnet.net/PDFs/ExpandNet‐WHO%20Nine%20Step%20Guide%20published.pdf
43.
44. Three main farm types in 2030
1. Medium and Large Size Farms
economies of scale, national food security
2. Individual smallholders
vulnerable, subsistence, poverty traps, marginalised
3. Collective smallholders
(relatives, neighbours, coops, interest groups)
more empowered, negotiation skills, aggregate produce, certification
51. FAIRLY EFFICIENT OR EFFICIENTLY FAIR:
SUCCESS FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS OF PAYMENT AND
REWARD SCHEMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES IN ASIA
Beria Leimona
Co authors: Meine van Noordwijk, Laxman Joshi,
Rachman Pasha, Betha Lusiana,,
Elok Mulyoutami, Nimatul Khasanah, Andree Ekadinata
ICRAF Science Week
12-17 September 2011
Nairobi
52. RUPES SITES IN ASIA
covering 12 sites in 8
countries
Bac Kan
53. Three approaches within PES
Paradigm
CES : COS : CIS :
(van Noordwijk & commoditization of ES, compensating or coinvestement in
Leimona, 2010) e.g. C markets opportunities skipped, stewardship, risk &
e.g. public fund benefit sharing
allocations
Condition
Requires A + B Requires B + C Requires C
(A helps as well)
A. Spatial & con‐ Yes (national AFOLU)
ceptual ES boun‐ No (subnational REDD)
daries clear? No (local: plot&tree)
B. All rightholders Yes (national constitu‐ Yes (national constitu‐
identified & in tion, UNFCCC rules) tion, UNFCCC rules)
agreement Yes? (subnat./sectors) Yes? (subnat./sectors)
No (local: plot&tree) No (local: plot&tree)
C. All stakeholders Yes? With nested MRV Yes? With nested MRV
engage in adaptive Yes? With nested MRV Yes? With nested MRV
learning Yes? Possible locally Yes? Possible locally
Conclusion National scale only Subnational scale Local plot&tree scale
58. Participatory
Assessment of
Current and
Potential Climate
Smart Practices
Using and Improving Awareness Raising,
Predictive Tools for Capacity
Potential Impact Increasing Productivity Development and
Demonstrations
Reducing Environmental
Footprint
Baseline
Measurement and Introduction or
Monitoring of Land testing of Climate
Health Smart Practices
Greenhouse Gases
60. Trees on farms: Tackling the triple challenge
of mitigation, adaptation and food security
Trees on farms address
climate change mitigation
and adaptation, and food
security by storing carbon,
buffering against climate‐
related impacts and providing
additional income through
tree‐based products
61. Tools for monitoring, reporting and verification
The Carbon Benefits Project aims to provide
a cost‐effective end‐to‐end estimation and
support system for showing carbon benefits
in GEF and potentially other natural
resource management projects
The system will be applicable to a wide
range of soils, climates and land uses
63. Timber Value Chain (per standing tree) Assumptions:
For Vitex grown in Meru
Seed germination 60%
Nursery survival 85%
$0.01 Field survival 70%
seed sowing, watering, tending 15 year rotation
Three lengths 2.8m a 40cm dbh
$0.30 Sawnwood recovery 40%
Nursery seedling Carbonprice $14 per tonne
Planting, weeding, protecting Wood density 0.65 tree, 0.55 pole
$0.01
(year 1)
Product value Sapling in field
thinning, pruning, protecting
thinning, pruning, protecting (year 2) Carbon value
(total)
$42.85
$7.14
Standing pole in field Standing tree in field $9.45
$1.15
(year 9) (year 16)
Felling, limbing, cutting, stacking
Felling, limbing, stacking $50.00
$8.57 Felled tree at farm gate $6.30
Pole at farm gate $0.86
Transport, sizing, stacking
$64.28
Log at timber yard $6.30
Transport, sizing, stacking
Sawing, grading, stacking If 15% is
Gross – with no:
permanent
Community
$128.57 then it
risk $17.14
DNA Pole in merchant yard $0.86 Sawn wood at timber yard equals US$0.37
$2.52
verification
Carbon Value Chain Farmer Project Manager Broker Buyer
$8.08 $12.01 $14.00
(If use half life cycle of 30 years and Roy and Phelps decay curve then 15% of carbon still stored at 100 years)
64. INNOVATION: Rural Resource Centers
ICRAF‐WCA has been experimenting the
concept of rural resource centres and
relay organisations for the
dissemination of agroforestry
innovations and more particularly
participatory tree domestication, for
the last 5 years in Cameroon, DRC
and Nigeria.
Degrande A et al,. 2010. Agroforestry innovations supporting
livelihoods in conservation landscapes: experiences from the
World Agroforestry Centre in the Congo Basin. Paper presented
at the National Forum on Forests, 29‐30 March 2010, Yaoundé,
Cameroon.
65. KEY SERVICES PROVIDED BY RRCs
Skills development in areas such as nursery practices
(Tree Domestication, group dynamics and marketing)
Information and demonstration of new technologies
and innovations
Access to market information
Links with market actors particularly from the private
sector
A forum for exchange of information among farmers
and between farmers and other stakeholders
Seed, seedlings and other inputs
66. Spread
350
317
300
250
Numbers
200
Nigeria
150 DRC
Cameroon
100
50
43
0
2009 2010 2009 2010
RC Smallholder
nurseries
Asaah E.K., et al, (2011). Trees, Agroforestry and
Multifunctional Agriculture in Cameroon.
International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
9 (1): 110‐119.
67. Rehabilitation of old cocoa farms
• Improved variety grafted to old
cocoa tree
– Success rate 59‐73 %
– Variation on growth
– Variation among clones
4 weeks after grafting
82. 5. Some new/stronger directions in agroforestry
1. Land tenure, rights and resources
2. Production economics
3. Tree commodities (cocoa, coffee, rubber, oilpalm, others)
4. Productivity gap and how trees can help
5. Adaptation decision support
6. Location‐based intelligence (new Geoinformatics work)
7. Co‐investment PES model development
8. Capacity Development (incl. local level)
9. Agroforestry indicators
10. M&E and Impact Assessment
11. Science of Scaling Up
12. Genomics of trees
83. Forest definition Forest definition
based on X% canopy based on insti‐tutions
cover & intent
Non-forest without trees
Trees Forest Forest
outside with without
forest trees trees
Clearfelling/ re‐
plant is accep‐ted
Including e.g. as forest; no time‐
agroforests, oil limit on ‘replant’
palm plantation
84. RED = Reducing emissions from (gross) REDD+ = idem, + restocking within and towards
deforestation: only changes from ‘forest’ to ‘forest’ ; in some versions RED+ will also include
‘non‐forest’ land cover types are included, and peatlands, regardless of their forest status ;
details very much depend on the operational details still depend on the operational
definition of ‘forest’ definition of ‘forest’
REDD++ = REALU = idem, + all transitions in land
REDD = idem, + (forest) degradation, or the
cover that affect C storage, whether peatland or
shifts to lower C‐stock densities within the
mineral soil, trees‐outside‐forest, agroforest,
forest; details very much depend on the
plantations or natural forest. It does not depend on
operational definition of ‘forest’
the operational definition of ‘forest’
85. Annex‐I Non‐ A REDD PEAT SLM Agricult. Alleviating
Emissions all Annex‐I / and intensi‐ rural
sectors CDM R SFM fication poverty
Export of wood Biofuel, agrocommodities
Non‐accountable
footprint
86. Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses: The
case for a whole landscape approach
A whole‐landscape approach
to reducing emissions and
managing carbon stocks can
help address the drivers of
deforestation, reduce
problems like leakage, and
enhance participation of
developing countries in a
REDD deal.
88. New disciplines
“CONSILIENCE: the methods and assumptions of any field of study
should be consistent with the known and accepted facts in other
disciplines” E.J. Wilson.
Social Transdisciplinary Biological
Sciences Sciences Sciences
Anthropology Landscape ecology Botany
Economy Ecological economy Ecology
Policy Genetics
Political ecology
Sociology Zoology
Land change …
…
Human ecology…