Nervous system and mechanism of pain sensationDeepa jinan
summary of nervous system, including peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, a brief on nerve anatomy and functioning,gate control theory, mechanism of dental pain
This is my presentation for my report. I shared it to you guys. hope it will be helpful :) This is all about chemical and nervous control in plants and animals
Nervous system and mechanism of pain sensationDeepa jinan
summary of nervous system, including peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, a brief on nerve anatomy and functioning,gate control theory, mechanism of dental pain
This is my presentation for my report. I shared it to you guys. hope it will be helpful :) This is all about chemical and nervous control in plants and animals
THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM -
The neurological system controls body functions and is
inter-related to other body systems i.e. a patient with diabetes
may suffer a stroke
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Consciousness
„ Two components of conscious behavior
ƒ content- the sum of cognitive and affective
function
ƒ arousal- appearance of wakefulness
„ Content depends on arousal but normal
arousal does not guarantee normal
content
4. Really Simple
Neuroanatomy
„ Arousal: where is it localized?
ƒ Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
‘core of the brainstem’
ƒ receives input from numerous somatic
afferents
ƒ projects to midline thalamic nuclei (which are
in a circuit with cortical structures) and the
limbic system
5. ARAS
„ ARAS acts as a gating system, increasing
or decreasing thalamic inhibitory influence
on the cortex
ƒ alters effect of sensory stimuli ascending
ƒ alters descending cortical stimulation
6. Demands of Arousal
„ Function of ARAS-Thalamic-Cortical
system depends on:
ƒ anatomic integrity of structures
ƒ metabolic integrity (circulatory integrity)
ƒ communicative integrity (neurotransmitter
function)
7. Coma Fact Number One
„ Coma implies dysfunction of:
ƒ ARAS or
ƒ Both hemi-cortices
„ Anatomically, this means
ƒ central brainstem structures (bilaterally) from
caudal medulla to rostral midbrain
ƒ both hemispheres
8. Clues from History
„ Onset of symptoms
ƒ sudden onset
ƒ fluctuations
„ Associated neurologic symptoms
„ Medications
9. Breathing
„ Abnormalities of respiration can help
localize but almost always in the context
of other signs
ƒ Central-reflex Hyperpnea (midbrain-
hypothalamus)
ƒ Apneustic, cluster, Ataxic (Lower pons)
ƒ Loss of automatic breathing (medulla)
12. Pupillary Light Responses
„ Be aware of drug effects
ƒ Systemic and Local
„ Avoid ‘PERLA’
ƒ State size, before and after light stimulation
ƒ Specify right and left
13. Pupils: Localizing Value
„ Pons-pinpoint pupils
ƒ Symp. Dysfinction plus parasymp.irritation
„ Midbrain-Large fixed pupils unresponsive
to light, hippus
„ Horner’s- symp.dysfunction
„ Unilateral dilation- parasymp. Dysfunction
usually due to 3rd nerve lesion
14. Ciliospinal Reflex
„ 1-2 mm pupillary dilatation evoked by
noxious cutaneous stimulation
„ More prominent in sleep or coma than
during wakefulness
„ Test integrity of symp.pathways in
comatose patients
„ Not particularly useful in evaluating
brainstem function
15. Corneal Reflex
„ Afferent: Trigeminal Nerve
„ Efferent: Third Nerve (Bell’s Phenomenon
and Facial Nerve (Eye closure)
„ Tests dorsal midbrain (Bell’s) and pontine
integrity (Eye closure)
17. Occulocephalic/ Calorics
„ Same reflex elicited differently
„ Afferent: Eighth nerve
„ Efferent: 3,4,6 via MLF and PPRF
„ Occulocephalics may also involve
proprioceptive afferents from the neck
18. Occulcephalic Reflex
„ Brisk rotation of head with eyes held open
„ Watch for contraversive movements
„ Next:
ƒ Flexion: eyes deviate up and eyelids open
(doll’s head phenomenon)
ƒ Extension:eyes deviate downward
19. Caloric reflex
„ Ensure TM integrity
„ Elevation of head to 30 degrees (so that
lateral semicircular canal is vertical)
„ Instillation of up to 120 ml of ice water
ƒ Awake: deviation toward,nystagmus away
ƒ Comatose: deviation toward
„ Wait 5 minutes, do other ear
20. Calorics
„ Watch for conjugance of deviation
„ To test vertical eye movements
ƒ Both ears, cold water-downward gaze
ƒ Both ears, warm water-upward gaze
21. Gag Reflex
„ Afferent: Glossopharyngeal
„ Efferent: Vagus
„ Taken in context of other findings
22. Motor Exam
„ Assess tone, presence of asterixis
„ Response to painful stimuli
ƒ none
ƒ abnormal flexor
ƒ abnormal extensor
ƒ normal localization/withdrawal
„ Avoid use of decerebrate/ decorticate
24. Uncal herniaiton
„ Expanding lesions in lateral middle fossa
„ Compression of hippocampal gyrus over
free edge of tentorium
„ Three stages described
ƒ Early third nerve
ƒ Late third nerve
ƒ Midbrain-Upper pons stage
25. Goals in Emergency
„ Primary Neurological Process?
ƒ evidence of raised ICP
ƒ focal findings, especially that implicate
brainstem structures
„ Secondary Processes
ƒ signs of infection, toxic/metabolic processes
ƒ relative lack of focality
27. Akinetic Mutism
„ Silent, immobile but alert appearing
„ Usually due to lesion in bilateral mesial
frontal lobes, bilateral thalamic lesions or
lesions in peri-aqueductal grey
(brainstem)
28. “Locked-In’ Syndrome
„ Infarction of basis pontis (all descending
motor fibers to body and face)
„ May spare eye-movements
„ Often spares eye-opening
„ EEG is normal or shows alpha activity
29. Catatonia
„ Symptom complex associated with severe
psychiatric disease with:
ƒ stupor, excitement, mutism, posturing
ƒ can also be seen in organic brain diease:
encephalitis, toxic and drug-induced
psychosis
30. Conversion reactions
„ Fairly rare
„ Occulocephalics may or may not be
present
„ The presence of nystagmus with cold
water calorics indicates the patient is
physiologically awake
„ EEG used to confirm normal activity
