This is my presentation for my report. I shared it to you guys. hope it will be helpful :) This is all about chemical and nervous control in plants and animals
Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School by Duyanen and Andaya pages 176-179
My fun and colorful grade 11 report on Life Sciences 2nd semester of A.Y. 2016-2017 under Ms. Lagmay
Ang katitikan ng pulong ay isang akademikong sulatin na naglalaman ng mga tala, rekord o pagdodokumento ng mga mahahalagang puntong nailahad sa isang pagpupulong. So, para mas ma-gets mo, sa wikang Ingles, tinatawag itong “minutes of meeting”. Hindi kasi kilala sa mga Pilipino ang tawag na “katitikan ng pulong” dahil nasanay tayong gamitin ang wikang dala ng dayuhan sa mga ganitong mga bagay-bagay.
MGA INEREREKORD SA KATITIKAN NG PULONG
Napagpasiyahang aksiyon
Rekomendasyon
Mahahalagang isyung lumutang sa pulong
Pagababago sa polisiya
Pagbibigay ng mga magandang balita
Kahalagahan ng katitikan
1. Ginagamit ang katitikan ng pulong upang ipaalam sa mga sangkot sa pulong, nakadalo o di nakadalo ang mga nangyari dito.
- Kailan at saan ito nangyari- sinu-sino ang mga dumalo-sinu-sino ang mga lumiban at kung ano ang kanilang mga dahilan- ano ang pinag-usapan- ano ang mga desisyon
2. Nagsisilbing permanenteng rekord
3. Sa pamamagitan ng katitikan, maaaring magkaroon ng nahahawakang kopya ng mga nangyaring komunikasyon.
4. Pagiging hanguan nito ng mga impormasyonpara sa mga susunod na pulong.
5. Magagamit bilang ebidensiya sakaling magkaroon ng pagtatalo sa dalawa o higit pang indibidwal o grupo.
6. Ginagamit din upang ipaalaala sa mga indibidwal ang kanilang mga papel o responsibilidad sa isang partikular na proyekto o gawain.
NAKATALA SA KATITIKAN ANG MGA SUMUSUNOD-paksa-petsa-oras-pook na pagdarausan ng pulong-mga taong dumalo at di dumalo-oras ng pagsisimula-oras ng pagtatapos
Gabay sa pagsulat ng katitikan ng pulong
BAGO ANG PULONG1. Ihanda ang sarili bilang tagatala2. Lumikha ng isang template upang mapadali ang pagsulat3. Basahin na ang inihandang agenda upang mapadali na lamang sundan ang magiging daloy ng mismong pulong4. Maaaring gumamit ng lapis o bolpen at papel, laptop o tape recorder
HABANG NAGPULONG1. Magpokus sa pang-unawa sa pinag-uusapan at sa pagtala ng mga desisyon o rekomendasyon.2. Itala ang mga aksiyon habang nangyayari ang mga ito, hindi pagkatapos.
PAGKATAPOS NG NAGPULONG1. Repasuhin ang isinulat.2. Kung may mga bagay na di maintindihan, lapitan at tanungin agad pagkatapos ng pulong ang namamahala rito o ang iba pang mga dumalo.3. Kapag tapos ng isulat, ipabasa ito sa namuno sa pulong para sa mga hindi wastong impormasyon.4. Mas mainan na may numero ang bawat linya at pahina ng katitikan upang madali itong matukoy sa pagrerepaso o pagsusuri sa susunod na pulong.
• THEMES OF LIFE:
o BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
o THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
o STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
o REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
o ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
o ENERGY AND LIFE
o REGULATION
o EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
o SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
o SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School by Duyanen and Andaya pages 176-179
My fun and colorful grade 11 report on Life Sciences 2nd semester of A.Y. 2016-2017 under Ms. Lagmay
Ang katitikan ng pulong ay isang akademikong sulatin na naglalaman ng mga tala, rekord o pagdodokumento ng mga mahahalagang puntong nailahad sa isang pagpupulong. So, para mas ma-gets mo, sa wikang Ingles, tinatawag itong “minutes of meeting”. Hindi kasi kilala sa mga Pilipino ang tawag na “katitikan ng pulong” dahil nasanay tayong gamitin ang wikang dala ng dayuhan sa mga ganitong mga bagay-bagay.
MGA INEREREKORD SA KATITIKAN NG PULONG
Napagpasiyahang aksiyon
Rekomendasyon
Mahahalagang isyung lumutang sa pulong
Pagababago sa polisiya
Pagbibigay ng mga magandang balita
Kahalagahan ng katitikan
1. Ginagamit ang katitikan ng pulong upang ipaalam sa mga sangkot sa pulong, nakadalo o di nakadalo ang mga nangyari dito.
- Kailan at saan ito nangyari- sinu-sino ang mga dumalo-sinu-sino ang mga lumiban at kung ano ang kanilang mga dahilan- ano ang pinag-usapan- ano ang mga desisyon
2. Nagsisilbing permanenteng rekord
3. Sa pamamagitan ng katitikan, maaaring magkaroon ng nahahawakang kopya ng mga nangyaring komunikasyon.
4. Pagiging hanguan nito ng mga impormasyonpara sa mga susunod na pulong.
5. Magagamit bilang ebidensiya sakaling magkaroon ng pagtatalo sa dalawa o higit pang indibidwal o grupo.
6. Ginagamit din upang ipaalaala sa mga indibidwal ang kanilang mga papel o responsibilidad sa isang partikular na proyekto o gawain.
NAKATALA SA KATITIKAN ANG MGA SUMUSUNOD-paksa-petsa-oras-pook na pagdarausan ng pulong-mga taong dumalo at di dumalo-oras ng pagsisimula-oras ng pagtatapos
Gabay sa pagsulat ng katitikan ng pulong
BAGO ANG PULONG1. Ihanda ang sarili bilang tagatala2. Lumikha ng isang template upang mapadali ang pagsulat3. Basahin na ang inihandang agenda upang mapadali na lamang sundan ang magiging daloy ng mismong pulong4. Maaaring gumamit ng lapis o bolpen at papel, laptop o tape recorder
HABANG NAGPULONG1. Magpokus sa pang-unawa sa pinag-uusapan at sa pagtala ng mga desisyon o rekomendasyon.2. Itala ang mga aksiyon habang nangyayari ang mga ito, hindi pagkatapos.
PAGKATAPOS NG NAGPULONG1. Repasuhin ang isinulat.2. Kung may mga bagay na di maintindihan, lapitan at tanungin agad pagkatapos ng pulong ang namamahala rito o ang iba pang mga dumalo.3. Kapag tapos ng isulat, ipabasa ito sa namuno sa pulong para sa mga hindi wastong impormasyon.4. Mas mainan na may numero ang bawat linya at pahina ng katitikan upang madali itong matukoy sa pagrerepaso o pagsusuri sa susunod na pulong.
• THEMES OF LIFE:
o BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
o THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
o STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
o REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
o ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
o ENERGY AND LIFE
o REGULATION
o EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
o SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
o SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
http://www.phdthesiswriting.biz/ The concept paper for PhD is often seen as an important part of post graduate scholarly work. As a student in PhD, your concept paper needs to be very uniquely done and effective enough to guarantee quality research papers in the end.
DepEd SHS STEM General Chemistry Modules Quarters 1-2 by Tapayan
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
akademikong pagsulat sa filipino ni christine may marasigan gutierrez
makakatulong ito sa inyo upang magkaroon ng dagdag nkaalaman at makakatulong din ito sa inyo kapag meron kayong gagawing presentasyon o isang pag aaral.
Touring the Universe (An Introduction to Formation of the Universe)
I hope this lesson can shed light to SHS Grade 11 Science Teachers. My appeal to those who will download this ppt. please email me at marileahmendina08@gmail.com for my own references. I would be glad to hear from you.
The best explaining PowerPoint presentation for the class 10 chapter Control and Coordination. This ppt will give you a detailed conceptual understanding of the chapter in a very easy language.
http://www.phdthesiswriting.biz/ The concept paper for PhD is often seen as an important part of post graduate scholarly work. As a student in PhD, your concept paper needs to be very uniquely done and effective enough to guarantee quality research papers in the end.
DepEd SHS STEM General Chemistry Modules Quarters 1-2 by Tapayan
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
akademikong pagsulat sa filipino ni christine may marasigan gutierrez
makakatulong ito sa inyo upang magkaroon ng dagdag nkaalaman at makakatulong din ito sa inyo kapag meron kayong gagawing presentasyon o isang pag aaral.
Touring the Universe (An Introduction to Formation of the Universe)
I hope this lesson can shed light to SHS Grade 11 Science Teachers. My appeal to those who will download this ppt. please email me at marileahmendina08@gmail.com for my own references. I would be glad to hear from you.
The best explaining PowerPoint presentation for the class 10 chapter Control and Coordination. This ppt will give you a detailed conceptual understanding of the chapter in a very easy language.
Key Points:
Human Nervous System
Types of neurons
Structure of Human Brain
Types of Reflexes
Reflect Arc
Plant Hormones
Movements in Plants (Tactic, Tropic and Nastic)
Endocrine Glands in Human
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
9. Nervous System
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Brain Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Motor Neurons
Somatic Nervous
System
Autonomic Nervous
System
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Sensory Neurons
Receives and
processes, sensory
information, initiates
responses, stores,
memories generate
thoughts and emotions.
Conducts signal
to and from the
brain, controls
reflex activities
Controls
voluntary
movements
Controls
involuntary
movements
“Fight or Flight” “Rest or Digest”
CNS to muscles
and glands
Sensory Organs
to CNS
10. TWO MAIN DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System (CNS) is
composed of the brain and spinal cord.
The brain is the control center while
the spinal cord connects the brain to
other nerves of the body.
11. TWO MAIN DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is
composed of nerves that branch out from the
brain and spinal cord to specific body parts
and divided further into somatic and
autonomic nervous system.
The somatic nervous system controls
voluntary body movements while the
autonomic control involuntary actions.
16. Dendrites – are several projections
which extends outward from the
cell body to receive chemical
signals from the axon terminals of
another neuron.
17. Soma – or the cell body
contains the nucleus and most
organelles.
18. Axon – single projection from
the soma which carries the
impulse to the axon terminal.
Maybe envolope by myelin
sheath for faster conduction of
impulse.
19. Myelin Sheath - Myelin is a fatty white
substance that surrounds the axon of
some nerve cells, forming an
electrically insulating layer. It is
essential for the proper functioning of
the nervous system.
22. Neurons connect with one another
through a junction called synapse.
The moment an action potential
reaches the axon’s terminal, a series
of events will be created leading to
the stimulation of the next neuron.
26. Endocrine Gland System
Chemical coordination of body
functions is mediated by the
endocrine system, composed of
ductless glands that release
hormones.
33. HYPOTHALAMUS
• section of the brain responsible
for the production of many of
the body’s essential
hormones, chemical substances
that help control different cells
and organs.
34. HYPOTHALAMUS
• The hormones from the
hypothalamus govern
physiologic functions such as
temperature regulation, thirst,
hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive,
and the release of other
hormones within the body.
35. HYPOTHALAMUS
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
• Stimulates release of GH from the pituitary
gland
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
• Stimulates release of ACTH from pituitary
gland
Thyroid-releasing hormone
• Stimulates release of TSH from thyroid
gland
36. HYPOTHALAMUS
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• Stimulates release of FSH and LH from
pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Promotes reabsorption of 𝐻2O by kidneys
Oxytocin
• Induces labor and milk release from the
mammary glands in females
40. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Growth Hormone (GH)
• Stimulates growth
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• The function of ACTH is to regulate
levels of the steroid hormone cortisol,
which released from the adrenal gland.
• Stimulates adrenal glands to secrete
glucocorticoids such as cortisol
41. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete
thyroxine
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Involved in production of sex hormone;
regulates menstrual cycle in females
51. ADRENAL GLAND
Epinephrine
• Produces many effects related to short-term
stress response
Cortisol
• Produces many effects related to short-term
and long-term responses
Aldosterone
• Increases reabsorption of 𝑁𝑎+
by kidneys
69. PLANT RESPONSE
• All living things respond to
environmental stimuli primarily
to survive.
• Plants, which are sessile
(stationary) exhibit responses
to stimuli such as light,
water, touch and wind.
70. PLANT RESPONSE
• Responses are important to
get a needed nutrient, survive
a certain condition (such as
extreme weather changes) or
defend itself from predators
and to reproduce.
71. PLANT RESPONSE
• The sensitive plant, Mimosa
pudica, locally called
“makahiya”, closes its leaflets
once touched.
• The sunflower moves toward
the direction of the sun.
72. PLANT RESPONSE
• The stomata close in response
to rapid loss of water.
• The seeds of some plants
need to be burned to trigger
seed germination.
73. PLANT RESPONSE
• Recent studies also show that
some plants can release
chemicals that act as defense
mechanisms against pathogen
and predators and warn nearby
plants to prepare for an
impending attack.
74. TROPISM
is a biological mechanism
that enables plant to move
toward (positive tropism) or
against (negative tropism)
the source of a stimulus.
78. TROPISM
• Hormones are chemical
messengers in plants.
• They regulate various biochemical
and physiological responses that
include seed germination,
flowering, photosynthesis, fruit
ripening and shoot and root
development.
79. OVERVIEW OF PLANT HORMONES
Hormone Where produced and found in
plants
Major Function
Auxin (IAA) Embryo of seed, meristems of
apical buds, young leaves
Stimulates stem elongation (low
concentration only), root growth, cell
differentiation, and branching:
regulates development of fruit;
enhances apical dominance;
function in phototropism and
gravitropism; promotes xylem
differentiation; retards leaf
abscission.
Cytokinins Synthesized in roots and
transported to other organs
Affect root growth and
differentiation; stimulate cell division
and growth; stimulate germination;
delay senescence
80. OVERVIEW OF PLANT HORMONES
Hormone Where produced and found in
plants
Major Function
Gibberellins Meristems of apical buds and roots,
young leaves, embryo
Promotes seed and bud
germination, stem elongation, and
leaf growth; stimulates flowering
and development of fruit; affect root
growth and differentiation
Brassinosrteroids Seeds, fruits, shoots, leaves, and
floral buds
Inhibit root growth; retard leaf
abscission; promotes xylem
differentiation
Abscisic Acid Leaves, stem, roots, green fruit Inhibits growth; closes stomata
during water stress; promotes seed
dormancy
Ethylene Tissues of ripening fruits, nodes of
stems, aging leaves and flowers
Promotes fruit ripening, opposes
some auxin effects; promotes or
inhibits growth and development of
roots, leaves and flowers,
depending on species
82. STIMULUS AND RESPONSE
STIMULUS- anything in the environment
(light, water, heat, pressure, wind, touch,
etc) that triggers a physiological change
in an organism
RESPONSE- the corresponding reaction
to an environmental stimulus. In the long
run, a series of responses will enable an
organism to adapt and survive.
83. The five sensory receptors are:
I. Photoreceptors- respond to light
II. Mechanoreceptors- respond to
physical stimuli such as sound or touch
III. Chemoreceptors- detect chemicals
IV. Thermoreceptors- respond to
temperature
V. Pain receptors- detect possible
tissue damage
84. The three types of eyes that have
evolved in the animal kingdom are:
I. Eye cups in flatworms and other
invertebrates
II. Compound eyes in insects and
arthropods
III. Single lens eyes in squid
85. The sclera is the outermost
layer of the eyeball.
It forms the white of the eye
and in front, there is a
transparent cornea.
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE
86. The conjunctiva lines the
eyelids and the front of the
eyeball.
It helps keep the eyes moist.
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE
87. • The sclera surrounds the
choroid.
• The iris giving the eye its
color, is formed from the
choroid
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE
88. Vision starts when light
passes through the pupil and
into a transparent lens that
focuses images on the retina.
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE
90. These nerve impulses travel
along the optic nerve to the
corresponding visual areas of
the brain. An image is then
formed.
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE
91. I. Rod cells use the pigment called
rhodopsin. They are used for night
vision and can detect only
shades of gray and not color.
II. Cone cells distinguish various
colors and they are sensitive to bright
light.
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS
92. The outer ear lobes catch
sound waves and channel
them to the eardrums.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
93. From the eardrum, the middle
ear amplifies the sound wave
vibrations to three small bones
– the hammer, anvil and
stirrup.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
94. The sound waves travel to the
oval window.
The Eustachian tube
equalizes air pressure in
the middle ear and outer ear.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
95. The hearing organ is in the
inner ear, composed of several
channels of fluid wrapped in a
spiral cochlea.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
96. This is encased in the bones of
the skull.
Vibrations in the oval
window produce pressure
waves.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
97. These waves travel through the
upper canal to the tip of the
cochlea, enter the lower
canal and fade away.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
98. Pressure waves of the upper
canal push down to the
middle canal and the
membrane below this canal
vibrates.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
99. These vibrations stimulate
hair cells attached to the
membrane by moving them
against the overlying tissue.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
100. The hair cells are able to
develop receptor potentials
causing release of
neurotransmitters that induce
action potentials in the auditory
neurons.
HEARING IN THE HUMAN EAR
101. The senses of odor and taste
are interrelated.
Chemoreceptors in the nose
detect molecules, differentiated
into numerous types of odor.
ODOR AND TASTE SENSES
102. In the upper portion of the nasal
cavity, there are olfactory
chemoreceptors.
Odor molecules enter the nose and
bind to specific receptor molecules on
the chemoreceptor cilia. This event
triggers receptor potentials.
ODOR AND TASTE SENSES
103. In the tongue, chemoreceptors in
taste buds detect salty, bitter,
sweet and sour tastes.
Taste perception is due to similar
signal mechanisms as mentioned
above for smell.
ODOR AND TASTE SENSES
104. What one “tastes” is
actually “smell” or odor. The
common cold (due to a virus) can
disrupt our sense of smell, thus,
we lose taste for the food.
ODOR AND TASTE SENSES