The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It outlines that prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea, which lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells include organisms like fungi, plants and animals that have a nucleus enclosed in membranes. It also provides details on the structural components of prokaryotic cells, including cell walls, flagella, pili and plasmids.
Introduction of medical microbiology unit 1meghashridhar
This document provides an introduction to medical microbiology. It defines key terms related to bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and immunology. The history of microbiology is discussed, focusing on pioneers like Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Lister, and Fleming. The relationship between microbes and hosts is explained, including normal flora, pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and virulence. The transmission of infection is summarized, covering portals of entry/exit and means of transmission. The process of pathogenesis is outlined.
Dr. abdelhakam aldigeal (2) introduction to medical microbiologyAbdelhakam Ali
This document discusses important discoveries and contributors in the field of microbiology, including Robert Koch who established the link between bacteria and disease, Louis Pasteur who developed the germ theory of disease, Paul Ehrlich who developed the first antibiotic drug to treat syphilis, and Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin. It also covers the development of vaccines for polio and advances in understanding DNA and genetics through the work of scientists like Watson, Crick, Jacob and Monod. Microbes play crucial roles in environments, foods, recycling waste, and applications in biotechnology.
The document discusses various aspects of reporting in diagnostic microbiology. It addresses the transition of microbiology from past practices to future advances. Various topics covered include what constitutes a laboratory report, how polymerase chain reaction changed biology, the changing role of microbiologists from clinics to laboratories, identifying infectious diseases, improving diagnostic methods, supporting laboratory results for different types of infections, key points about microbes and their diagnosis, defining terms, and challenges with automation and interpretation of results for clinicians. The document emphasizes clear communication between laboratories and clinicians.
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
1. The document provides instructions for reviewing a digital proof of a book on general microbiology. It recommends reviewing the proof three times, focusing on formatting, grammar, and design each time.
2. Once satisfied, the proof can be approved to move to the next step in the publishing process. Scaling the PDF to fit printer paper is also recommended for printing.
3. Aspects to review include formatting, headers/footers, page numbers, spacing, table of contents, index, images/graphics, and grammar/typos.
This document provides an overview of microbiology concepts for central service technicians. It defines key terms like microbiology, contamination, and pathogenic organisms. It describes the basic structure and classification of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It explains how microorganisms grow and identifies conditions necessary for their growth. It also outlines the steps central service technicians must take to control microorganisms like understanding their transmission and breaking the chain of infection through cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment and supplies.
This document discusses microbiology and the role of the medical assistant. It explains that the medical assistant assists physicians by obtaining specimens, preparing them for examination or transport, and possibly performing microbiology procedures if the office has a point-of-care lab. It also outlines how microorganisms cause disease and the classification, identification, and diagnosis of various microbes like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites.
This document provides an introduction to medical microbiology. It discusses what microbiology is, examples of microbes like bacteria, fungi and viruses. It describes the early history of microbiology including the discovery of the microscope and Anton van Leeuwenhoek's observations of microorganisms in the 1670s. Finally, it discusses landmarks like Pasteur's work showing the relationship between microbes and disease and Koch's experiments establishing that specific microbes cause particular diseases, helping found the germ theory of disease.
Introduction of medical microbiology unit 1meghashridhar
This document provides an introduction to medical microbiology. It defines key terms related to bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and immunology. The history of microbiology is discussed, focusing on pioneers like Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Lister, and Fleming. The relationship between microbes and hosts is explained, including normal flora, pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and virulence. The transmission of infection is summarized, covering portals of entry/exit and means of transmission. The process of pathogenesis is outlined.
Dr. abdelhakam aldigeal (2) introduction to medical microbiologyAbdelhakam Ali
This document discusses important discoveries and contributors in the field of microbiology, including Robert Koch who established the link between bacteria and disease, Louis Pasteur who developed the germ theory of disease, Paul Ehrlich who developed the first antibiotic drug to treat syphilis, and Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin. It also covers the development of vaccines for polio and advances in understanding DNA and genetics through the work of scientists like Watson, Crick, Jacob and Monod. Microbes play crucial roles in environments, foods, recycling waste, and applications in biotechnology.
The document discusses various aspects of reporting in diagnostic microbiology. It addresses the transition of microbiology from past practices to future advances. Various topics covered include what constitutes a laboratory report, how polymerase chain reaction changed biology, the changing role of microbiologists from clinics to laboratories, identifying infectious diseases, improving diagnostic methods, supporting laboratory results for different types of infections, key points about microbes and their diagnosis, defining terms, and challenges with automation and interpretation of results for clinicians. The document emphasizes clear communication between laboratories and clinicians.
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
1. The document provides instructions for reviewing a digital proof of a book on general microbiology. It recommends reviewing the proof three times, focusing on formatting, grammar, and design each time.
2. Once satisfied, the proof can be approved to move to the next step in the publishing process. Scaling the PDF to fit printer paper is also recommended for printing.
3. Aspects to review include formatting, headers/footers, page numbers, spacing, table of contents, index, images/graphics, and grammar/typos.
This document provides an overview of microbiology concepts for central service technicians. It defines key terms like microbiology, contamination, and pathogenic organisms. It describes the basic structure and classification of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It explains how microorganisms grow and identifies conditions necessary for their growth. It also outlines the steps central service technicians must take to control microorganisms like understanding their transmission and breaking the chain of infection through cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment and supplies.
This document discusses microbiology and the role of the medical assistant. It explains that the medical assistant assists physicians by obtaining specimens, preparing them for examination or transport, and possibly performing microbiology procedures if the office has a point-of-care lab. It also outlines how microorganisms cause disease and the classification, identification, and diagnosis of various microbes like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites.
This document provides an introduction to medical microbiology. It discusses what microbiology is, examples of microbes like bacteria, fungi and viruses. It describes the early history of microbiology including the discovery of the microscope and Anton van Leeuwenhoek's observations of microorganisms in the 1670s. Finally, it discusses landmarks like Pasteur's work showing the relationship between microbes and disease and Koch's experiments establishing that specific microbes cause particular diseases, helping found the germ theory of disease.
Medical microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are medically significant to humans and animals. It involves the study of pathogenic microbes that cause disease, as well as the normal microflora of the human body. There are two main branches - human and veterinary medical microbiology. Clinical microbiology focuses on the causes, mechanisms, and diagnosis of diseases caused by microbes. Medical microbiology is divided into areas focused on specific microbe types such as bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, virology, and others.
Dr. abdelhakam aldigeal (1) introduction to medical microbiologyAbdelhakam Ali
This document provides an introduction to microbiology, including a brief history and key discoveries. It discusses how [1] Antony van Leeuwenhoek first observed microorganisms under a microscope in the 1600s. [2] Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in the late 1700s, laying the foundation for vaccines. [3] Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after observing mold inhibiting bacterial growth. It then describes experiments refuting spontaneous generation, including those by Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur, which proved that microorganisms do not spontaneously generate from nonliving matter.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology. It discusses why microbiology is studied, including its impact on human health, environmental balance, and industries like food and manufacturing. Microbiology is defined as the study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye. The document then gives a brief history of microbiology, highlighting early pioneers like Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Pasteur. It also discusses spontaneous generation and how Pasteur disproved this theory. The document concludes with sections on classifying and naming microorganisms and comparing the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The document introduces key topics in microbiology including branches of study like bacteriology, mycology, and virology. It discusses pioneers in the field like Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch and their important contributions. Tools and techniques used in microbiology like microscopy, staining, and culture media are also outlined. The document provides an overview of microbial taxonomy, important classification systems, and phylogenetic relationships between microbial groups.
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including the structure and morphology of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It discusses topics like bacterial cell structure, flagella and pili, endospores, capsules, inclusion bodies, and the contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who is considered the father of microbiology.
A brief introductory overview of microbiology subject matter and what it includes. This presentation and the following was teaching undertaken for Allied Health Sciences BSc as part of my postgraduate degree.
This document provides information about the course 01:447:390 General Microbiology offered by the Division of Life Sciences at Rutgers University. The course is intended for life science majors and those with a strong biology background. It focuses on the basic principles of microbiology, including the physiology, morphology, pathogenicity, and genetics of microorganisms. Topics covered include bacterial cell structure and function, growth, genetics, diseases, and applications. The course involves lectures, exams, a laboratory component, and is worth 4 credits. Prerequisites for the course and information about instructors, materials, and registration are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in microbiology. It discusses [1] the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, [2] the branches of microbiology including immunology and food/water microbiology, [3] the impact of microbes including their role in nutrient production and disease, and [4] pioneers like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under a microscope and Louis Pasteur who disproved spontaneous generation.
The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
This document discusses the various branches and scope of microbiology. It covers the main categories microbiology is divided into including bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, and immunology. Additionally, it outlines some specialized fields like phycology, nematology, microbial physiology, ecology, genetics, taxonomy, and molecular microbiology. It also provides brief overviews of the history of microbiology from the early discovery of microorganisms to the development of germ theory and acceptance of biogenesis over spontaneous generation.
The document provides an overview of microbiology and bacterial cell structure. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then summarizes the different types of microorganisms studied in medical microbiology and branches of microbiology. Finally, it outlines the typical structures of a bacterial cell, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, capsules, pili, flagella, and their functions.
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
This document provides information on fundamental principles of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and medical microbiology focuses on pathogens that infect humans. The main types of microorganisms covered are bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and more. It provides details on the classification, structure, growth and diseases caused by different bacteria and fungi.
The document provides an introduction to medical microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae. It discusses the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch. It also summarizes the classification of microorganisms into domains of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Key aspects of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are introduced.
This document provides an overview of medical microbiology for medical graduates. It discusses what medical microbiology is, the importance of studying it, and some key concepts. Some highlights include how microorganisms are classified, the contributions of early scientists like Leeuwenhoek and Pasteur, Koch's postulates for determining causative agents of disease, and the different types of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that can cause human illness. The document emphasizes understanding microbial classification, pathogenesis and treatment of infectious diseases.
The document provides an overview of microbiology classification and key figures in the history of microbiology. It describes the three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - and how organisms are classified into kingdoms, including Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Important historical figures discussed include Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Semmelweis, and Lister, and their contributions to proving germ theory and developing sterilization techniques.
The document provides a history of microbiology from its early beginnings to modern applications. It describes key early scientists like Van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes, and Linnaeus who developed a taxonomy system. Later, scientists like Pasteur and Koch established germ theory and methods to study microbes. Their work led to understanding fermentation and the microbial causes of disease. Today, microbiology involves understanding biochemical reactions, genetics, molecular biology, and applications like bioremediation, disease prevention, and recombinant DNA technology. The future of microbiology relies on continued scientific questioning and discovery.
The document discusses Gram staining technique used to differentiate between bacteria. It describes the Gram staining procedure which involves using crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer and safranin. The document also discusses using Gram staining to diagnose if a patient is infected with Salmonella based on a case study where the patient experienced food poisoning after eating a tamale. It provides information about Salmonella and Lactobacillus acidophilus and how to perform the Gram staining diagnostic test on samples from the patient.
This document describes different shapes that bacteria can take based on how they divide and group together after cell division. It discusses several types of cocci (spherical bacteria) that can remain in pairs, chains, tetrads, cube-like groups, or grape-like clusters after dividing. It also mentions bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria) that typically remain as single rods or pairs, and describes some spiral-shaped bacteria like vibrios, spirilla, and spirochetes. It notes that some bacteria have unusual shapes like star-shaped or rectangular.
This document provides information about microbiology practical course for second year nursing students from 2012-2013. It discusses key topics like health associated infections, microbes, bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. It emphasizes the importance of microbiology lab safety and following preventive measures like proper hand hygiene, sterilization, and environmental cleaning to prevent transmission of infections in healthcare settings. The three main areas of preventive measures discussed are personal hygiene practices for healthcare workers, proper procedural techniques, and maintaining a clean environmental surface. Overall, the document outlines best practices to reduce infection risk and ensure safety of patients and healthcare staff in clinical settings.
Medical microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are medically significant to humans and animals. It involves the study of pathogenic microbes that cause disease, as well as the normal microflora of the human body. There are two main branches - human and veterinary medical microbiology. Clinical microbiology focuses on the causes, mechanisms, and diagnosis of diseases caused by microbes. Medical microbiology is divided into areas focused on specific microbe types such as bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, virology, and others.
Dr. abdelhakam aldigeal (1) introduction to medical microbiologyAbdelhakam Ali
This document provides an introduction to microbiology, including a brief history and key discoveries. It discusses how [1] Antony van Leeuwenhoek first observed microorganisms under a microscope in the 1600s. [2] Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in the late 1700s, laying the foundation for vaccines. [3] Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after observing mold inhibiting bacterial growth. It then describes experiments refuting spontaneous generation, including those by Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur, which proved that microorganisms do not spontaneously generate from nonliving matter.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology. It discusses why microbiology is studied, including its impact on human health, environmental balance, and industries like food and manufacturing. Microbiology is defined as the study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye. The document then gives a brief history of microbiology, highlighting early pioneers like Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Pasteur. It also discusses spontaneous generation and how Pasteur disproved this theory. The document concludes with sections on classifying and naming microorganisms and comparing the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The document introduces key topics in microbiology including branches of study like bacteriology, mycology, and virology. It discusses pioneers in the field like Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch and their important contributions. Tools and techniques used in microbiology like microscopy, staining, and culture media are also outlined. The document provides an overview of microbial taxonomy, important classification systems, and phylogenetic relationships between microbial groups.
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including the structure and morphology of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It discusses topics like bacterial cell structure, flagella and pili, endospores, capsules, inclusion bodies, and the contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who is considered the father of microbiology.
A brief introductory overview of microbiology subject matter and what it includes. This presentation and the following was teaching undertaken for Allied Health Sciences BSc as part of my postgraduate degree.
This document provides information about the course 01:447:390 General Microbiology offered by the Division of Life Sciences at Rutgers University. The course is intended for life science majors and those with a strong biology background. It focuses on the basic principles of microbiology, including the physiology, morphology, pathogenicity, and genetics of microorganisms. Topics covered include bacterial cell structure and function, growth, genetics, diseases, and applications. The course involves lectures, exams, a laboratory component, and is worth 4 credits. Prerequisites for the course and information about instructors, materials, and registration are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in microbiology. It discusses [1] the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, [2] the branches of microbiology including immunology and food/water microbiology, [3] the impact of microbes including their role in nutrient production and disease, and [4] pioneers like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under a microscope and Louis Pasteur who disproved spontaneous generation.
The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
This document discusses the various branches and scope of microbiology. It covers the main categories microbiology is divided into including bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, and immunology. Additionally, it outlines some specialized fields like phycology, nematology, microbial physiology, ecology, genetics, taxonomy, and molecular microbiology. It also provides brief overviews of the history of microbiology from the early discovery of microorganisms to the development of germ theory and acceptance of biogenesis over spontaneous generation.
The document provides an overview of microbiology and bacterial cell structure. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then summarizes the different types of microorganisms studied in medical microbiology and branches of microbiology. Finally, it outlines the typical structures of a bacterial cell, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, capsules, pili, flagella, and their functions.
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
This document provides information on fundamental principles of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and medical microbiology focuses on pathogens that infect humans. The main types of microorganisms covered are bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and more. It provides details on the classification, structure, growth and diseases caused by different bacteria and fungi.
The document provides an introduction to medical microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae. It discusses the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch. It also summarizes the classification of microorganisms into domains of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Key aspects of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are introduced.
This document provides an overview of medical microbiology for medical graduates. It discusses what medical microbiology is, the importance of studying it, and some key concepts. Some highlights include how microorganisms are classified, the contributions of early scientists like Leeuwenhoek and Pasteur, Koch's postulates for determining causative agents of disease, and the different types of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that can cause human illness. The document emphasizes understanding microbial classification, pathogenesis and treatment of infectious diseases.
The document provides an overview of microbiology classification and key figures in the history of microbiology. It describes the three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - and how organisms are classified into kingdoms, including Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Important historical figures discussed include Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Semmelweis, and Lister, and their contributions to proving germ theory and developing sterilization techniques.
The document provides a history of microbiology from its early beginnings to modern applications. It describes key early scientists like Van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes, and Linnaeus who developed a taxonomy system. Later, scientists like Pasteur and Koch established germ theory and methods to study microbes. Their work led to understanding fermentation and the microbial causes of disease. Today, microbiology involves understanding biochemical reactions, genetics, molecular biology, and applications like bioremediation, disease prevention, and recombinant DNA technology. The future of microbiology relies on continued scientific questioning and discovery.
The document discusses Gram staining technique used to differentiate between bacteria. It describes the Gram staining procedure which involves using crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer and safranin. The document also discusses using Gram staining to diagnose if a patient is infected with Salmonella based on a case study where the patient experienced food poisoning after eating a tamale. It provides information about Salmonella and Lactobacillus acidophilus and how to perform the Gram staining diagnostic test on samples from the patient.
This document describes different shapes that bacteria can take based on how they divide and group together after cell division. It discusses several types of cocci (spherical bacteria) that can remain in pairs, chains, tetrads, cube-like groups, or grape-like clusters after dividing. It also mentions bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria) that typically remain as single rods or pairs, and describes some spiral-shaped bacteria like vibrios, spirilla, and spirochetes. It notes that some bacteria have unusual shapes like star-shaped or rectangular.
This document provides information about microbiology practical course for second year nursing students from 2012-2013. It discusses key topics like health associated infections, microbes, bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. It emphasizes the importance of microbiology lab safety and following preventive measures like proper hand hygiene, sterilization, and environmental cleaning to prevent transmission of infections in healthcare settings. The three main areas of preventive measures discussed are personal hygiene practices for healthcare workers, proper procedural techniques, and maintaining a clean environmental surface. Overall, the document outlines best practices to reduce infection risk and ensure safety of patients and healthcare staff in clinical settings.
The document is the exam for BIOL 2250 Microbiology for Health Sciences. It contains 23 multiple choice questions and 6 true/false questions worth a total of 100 points. Students are instructed to mark their answers on the scantron sheet and test itself. They are also told to ask for clarification on any unclear questions to receive credit.
This document summarizes the structure of bacterial cells. It notes that gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with teichoic acids, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an additional outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides. It also describes the cell wall, flagella, pili, and differences in how gram-positive and gram-negative cells react to lysozyme and penicillin.
Medical microbiology and infection at a glance 2012 slides allElsa von Licy
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses methods for identifying bacteria in a medical microbiology lab. It describes using enrichment mediums like blood agar plates to culture bacteria and selective and indicator mediums to isolate certain bacteria or monitor metabolic processes. Identification involves examining the morphological, physiological, and chemical characteristics of bacteria, such as their shape, staining, enzymes, metabolism, DNA structure, cell wall composition, and antigens.
Medical Laboratory Scientist-microbiology summaryProtegeNithi
This document summarizes microbiology concepts and tests for the ASCP medical laboratory scientist exam, including morphology of bacteria, staining techniques like Gram stain and acid-fast stain, characteristics of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the triple sugar iron agar test used to identify enteric bacteria. It provides examples and interpretations of triple sugar iron agar test results.
Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cellShahan Rahman
- Bacteria come in a variety of shapes, including spherical, straight rods, and helically curved, which is determined by their rigid cell wall. Their small size and high surface area to volume ratio allows for efficient nutrient absorption and waste removal.
- Structures external to the cell wall include flagella for motility, pili for attachment, and capsules for protection. The cell wall provides structure and is composed mainly of peptidoglycan. The cytoplasmic membrane internal to the cell wall regulates passage of molecules and contains enzymes.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology as a 3-unit subject for dental students. It discusses the history of microbiology, including key figures such as Fracastorius, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, and Koch. It also summarizes the development of microscopy, the spontaneous generation controversy, and proofs that microbes cause disease. Finally, it briefly outlines the divisions, applications, and career opportunities within the field of microbiology.
This document provides information on various microbiology tests used to identify bacterial species, including examples of positive and negative results. It describes tests such as the catalase test to distinguish Staphylococci from Streptococci, the coagulase test for identifying Staph aureus, and the DNase test to differentiate Staph aureus from Staph epidermidis. It also summarizes culture-based tests on different media types to isolate and identify bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Streptococcus species.
This document discusses viral hepatitis B and D. It provides information on what hepatitis is, the hepatitis viruses that cause liver damage, and focuses on hepatitis B virus. Key points include that hepatitis B is a serious disease that infects over 350 million people globally and can lead to chronic liver disease or liver cancer. It describes the hepatitis B virus structure and genome, its various antigens, and the different genotypes that have been identified. The document also outlines the modes of transmission of hepatitis B including perinatal, sexual, intravenous drug use and others. It provides details on the diagnosis, treatment, prevention through vaccination and immunoglobulin, and importance of testing to ensure adequate immune response to the vaccine.
This document summarizes key concepts from a medical microbiology lecture, including definitions of infection, pathogens, commensals, and nonpathogens. It discusses the roles of normal flora in protecting the host and how their composition is determined. It also outlines colonization, carriage states, pathogenicity, and virulence factors. Specific examples are provided of bacterial adherence mechanisms like pili and adhesins in E. coli and S. aureus. The document also briefly discusses bacterial growth requirements, iron acquisition, and toxin production.
This document provides a summary of the third edition of the Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. It lists the editorial board members and contributors who assisted in developing the handbook. The handbook is split into three volumes that cover various topics related to clinical microbiology procedures, including bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, virology, immunology, and molecular diagnostics. It also includes sections on quality assurance, safety, epidemiology, and bioterrorism. The dedication is to Henry D. Isenberg, who pioneered the field of clinical microbiology and served as editor-in-chief for the original and second editions.
This document provides information on the classification and characteristics of viruses. It discusses their size, composition, nucleic acid content, structure, sites of replication, and examples from different virus families. Key details include that viruses possess either DNA or RNA, have specific structures like helical or icosahedral capsids, may have envelopes, and replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected cells. Common virus families and their disease associations are also outlined.
Medical microbiology deals with microorganisms that cause disease in humans. It aims to characterize, prevent, and control infectious agents. Key techniques include preparing culture media, isolating microbes from clinical samples via serial dilution or plating methods, and characterizing microbes based on morphology, microscopy, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility. Common tests include Gram staining, IMViC, citrate utilization, catalase production, and disk diffusion for antibiotic testing. These techniques help identify unknown microbes and determine appropriate treatment.
This document provides a 4-step guide for medical students preparing to take the Philippine Physician Licensure Examination (PLE). Step 1 involves knowing the exam details like the 12 subject areas tested over 4 days, question styles, scoring methods, and testing centers. Step 2 recommends arming yourself with review materials from the PRC list as well as USMLE and local reviewers. Step 3 suggests finding a review partner or center to aid preparation. Finally, step 4 emphasizes developing an effective test-taking strategy including staying calm and using time wisely during the exam. The document aims to help examinees understand the PLE and develop a strategic approach to maximizing their chances of success.
The document discusses various microbiological methods used to examine clinical samples and diagnose microbial diseases. It covers bacterioscopic, bacteriological, serological, and express diagnosis techniques used to identify bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from samples like blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. It provides details on proper sample collection and the media and methods used to isolate, culture, and identify microbes from clinical specimens.
Ribosomes are organelles found in all cells that serve as the site of protein synthesis. They are composed of two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins. In prokaryotes, the 70S ribosome contains a 50S and 30S subunit. Protein synthesis occurs through the three steps of initiation, elongation, and termination on the ribosomal subunits using messenger RNA as a template and transfer RNA to deliver amino acids. Antibiotics can inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomal subunits.
The document provides a brief history of smallpox and the development of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner used cowpox pus to inoculate and prevent smallpox in the 18th century. It then summarizes the World Health Organization's smallpox eradication program from 1967 to 1979 and contemporary concerns about smallpox being used for bioterrorism.
This document summarizes the structure and morphology of bacterial cells. It discusses that bacteria are unicellular and microscopic, between 0.4-1.5 micrometers in size. Bacteria have characteristic shapes including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirals. They contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and in some cases plasmids and mesosomes. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella or pili for motility, and may contain a capsule or endospores. The cell wall structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
This document summarizes the ultrastructure of bacterial cells. It describes that bacteria are unicellular and microscopic. They have characteristic shapes including cocci, bacilli, vibrio and spirals. Their structures include a cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella for motility, pili for adhesion, capsules for protection, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and some can form endospores. The cell wall structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes and DNA but not membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and organelles. They display a diversity of shapes and sizes, and structures like flagella and pili enable motility and genetic exchange. The bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity and protection, and differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in its chemical composition and layers. Flagella are helical filaments that rotate to propel bacteria and allow for swimming movement in different directions.
The document discusses the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes and other cellular components in prokaryotic cells.
The document discusses the cell theory, which proposes that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes, cell walls, inclusion bodies, and appendages in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document describes and compares the key characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It outlines the main differences in their cellular structures. Prokaryotes like bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles and usually have a singular circular chromosome not associated with histones. They divide via binary fission. Eukaryotes have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus and associated with histones. They possess membrane-bound organelles and divide via mitosis, distributing identical chromosome sets. The document then details the structures and components of prokaryotic cells, focusing on their cell walls, which differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Cellular biology is the study of cells, the basic units of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler and lack organelles. Eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are more complex and contain organelles. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts may have originally been independent prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in a process called endosymbiosis.
This document provides an overview of the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses that while both cell types are chemically similar, prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles and have DNA that is not enclosed in a nucleus. The document then presents a table comparing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells such as DNA organization, cell wall composition, and cell division mechanisms. Following this, the document describes various shapes, arrangements and external structures of prokaryotic cells, including flagella, fimbriae, pili and glycocalyx cell coatings.
1. The first person to observe living microorganisms using a microscope he invented was Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, when he saw bacteria in dental plaque.
2. Bacteria are the most common and diverse type of prokaryotes, ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm and having a variety of shapes.
3. Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, while archaea cell walls contain other components like glycoproteins or polysaccharides.
Bacterial cytology flagella, fimbriae and pilliVishrut Ghare
Bacteria use various appendages for motility and attachment. Flagella allow for swimming motility and come in various arrangements on bacteria. They are long and helical and rotate to propel bacteria. Fimbriae and pili are thinner than flagella and aid in surface attachment, biofilm formation, and DNA transfer between bacteria via conjugation. Certain pathogens use fimbriae to attach to host cells and cause disease.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within living organisms. It emerged in the early 20th century through the combination of chemistry, physiology, and biology. The study of biochemistry involves enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and their interactions within cells and tissues. Biochemistry is highly significant for nursing as it provides understanding of how the human body functions normally and in disease states. Nurses apply biochemistry knowledge to interventions and understanding how medications work at the cellular level. A solid grasp of biochemistry fundamentals is crucial for nurses to comprehend common medical conditions and preserve patient health.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that are studied in medical microbiology. They have distinct cell structures including a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleic material. Bacteria can be visualized under light, phase contrast, or electron microscopes and stained using simple, differential, or acid-fast staining techniques. Gram staining divides bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative categories based on cell wall structure. Bacteria exhibit a variety of external structures such as flagella, pili, capsules, and endospores, and follow a defined growth curve with lag, log, stationary, and death phases.
The document provides information about the morphology and classification of bacteria. It discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have these structures. It also describes the shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells, and the various microscopy techniques used to study bacterial morphology, including sample preparation methods like fixation and staining. Common staining techniques like Gram staining and acid-fast staining are also outlined.
This document provides information about the structure of prokaryotic cells. It discusses that prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have 70S ribosomes. The key intracellular structures include the cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid region containing circular chromosome and plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies like gas vesicles or storage granules. Extracellular structures comprise the cell wall, glycocalyx, flagella, pili, and capsule. Bacterial cells vary in shape, ranging from cocci to bacilli to spirilla.
The document discusses the classification and characteristics of bacteria. It notes that bacteria are prokaryotic cells that lack organelles like the nucleus and Golgi apparatus. Bacteria come in various shapes (cocci, bacilli, spiral) and arrangements (chains, clusters). They have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan and may possess flagella, fimbriae or pili. Bacteria divide via binary fission and some can form spores. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in cell wall structure, with Gram-negatives also having an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.
Cell structure I 2011 [Compatibility Mode].pdfPaulTinarwo1
The document provides information on prokaryotic cell structure. It discusses that prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus, instead containing a nucleoid region where DNA is located. It describes the key components of prokaryotic cells including the cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, flagella, and how genetic information is stored. Examples are given of Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, and how its toxin stimulates intestinal fluid secretion leading to dehydration.
The term "biochemistry" originated from combining the words "bios," meaning life, and "chemistry."
Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism.
The word "biochemistry" was first introduced by a German chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903.
2. General characteristics of microbes (Microbiology)Jay Khaniya
This document defines and describes various types of microorganisms. It discusses that microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and protozoa. Bacteria can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic, and are classified based on shape, staining, metabolism and other characteristics. Viruses are intracellular parasites that infect host cells to replicate. Fungi reproduce asexually through spores or hyphae and can cause infections. Parasites like protozoa and helminths live in or on a host and are pathogenic.
The Cell........................................................................mariafermani1
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It begins by outlining cell theory and distinguishing between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It then describes several organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses tissue formation, classification of prokaryotic cells, and the structure and function of bacterial and viral cells.
The document discusses cells as the fundamental unit of life. It covers that cells are made up of molecules of life including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and DNA/RNA. Cells have a cell membrane that separates the interior from the outside environment and regulates what passes through. Within eukaryotic cells are membrane-bound organelles that perform functions like mitochondria producing energy and chloroplasts performing photosynthesis. The document also discusses protein synthesis within cells.
2. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic
and Eukaryotic Cells
3. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
All living cells are classified into Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells, based on their structural and
functional characteristics.
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for pre-
nucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true
nucleus.
4. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Archaea
• Bacteria
PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Fungi
• protozoa,
• algae,
• plants
• animals
EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
5. Important
• Viruses -Non-cellular elements that do not fit
into any organizational scheme of living cells.
(will be discussed later)
Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
9. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Bacteria are unicellular.
Most bacteria are 0.2µmin diameter and 2-8µm in
length.
Most bacteria are monomorphic – maintain a single
shape.
and few are pleomorphic – they can have many
shapes. Ex – Rhizobium and Corynebacterium.
10. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Basic shapes of bacteria
COCCI
• Cocci may be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side.
• Cocci may remain attached after cell division. These group
characteristics are often used to help identify certain cocci.
Cocky that remain in pairs after
dividing are called diplococci.
Cocci that remain in chains
after dividing are called
streptococci.
11. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Cocci that divide in two planes
and remain in groups of four are
called tetrads.
Cocci that divide in three planes and
remain in groups or cube like groups
of eight are called sarcinae.
Cocci that divide in multiple planes
and form grape like clusters or
sheets are called staphylococci.
12. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Bacillus means rod shaped.
Bacilli only divide across their short axis, so there are fewer
groups.
•
Most bacilli appear as single rods. Diplobacilli appear in pairs after division.
13. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Spiral bacteria have one or more twists.
Vibrios look like curved rods
Spirilla have a helical shape and
fairly rigid bodies.
14. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
•Spirochetes have a helical shape and flexible
bodies.
• Spirochetes move by means of axial filaments,
which look like flagella contained beneath a flexible
external sheath.
15. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Stella are star-shaped.
Haloarcula, a genus of halophilic archaea, are
rectangular.
16. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Streptobacilli appear in chains
after division.
Some bacilli are so short and
fat that they look like cocci and
are referred to as Coccobacilli.
17. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
movement
attachment
virulent factor
STRUCTURE OF A PROKARYOTIC CELL
18. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
The structure is described according to the
following organization
Structures, external to cell wall
Structure of cell wall
Structures, internal to cell wall
20. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial filaments
Fimbriae
Pili
21. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
The glycocalyx (capsule, slime layer, or extra cellular
polysaccharide) is a gelatinous polymer.
A capsule is neatly organized
A slime layer is unorganized & loose
External to cell wall, composed of polysaccharide,
polypeptide covering or both.
The presence of a capsule can be determined by negative
staining.
22. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Capsules are important in contributing to the virulence
of the bacteria.
• Protect bacteria by preventing phagocytosis.
• Allows the bacteria to adhere and colonize.
• Important components of biofilm –
protects cell
Facilitates communication among them
Enable to survive by attaching to various surfaces
• Protects cell against dehydration
• Inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell.
23. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Capsulated bacteria –
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Bacillus anthracis
• Streptococcus mutans
• Yersinia pestis
24. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Streptococcus pneumoniae (in vivo)
25. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
K. pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae
26. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Long filamentous appendages consisting of a
filament, hook, and basal body
• Made of chains of protein (flagellin)
• Attached to a protein hook
• Anchored to the wall and membrane by the
basal body
• Semi rigid, helical structure that moves the
cell by rotating from the basal body.
FLAGELLA
27. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Flagella are anchored by pairs of rings associated with the plasma membrane and cell
wall. Gram positive bacteria have only the inner pair of rings
28. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Flagella Arrangement
Peritrichous – distributed over
the entire cell
Monotrichous – single flagellum at
one pole
29. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Lophotrichous – a tuft of flagella
coming from one pole
Amphitrichous – flagella at both
poles of cells
30. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Rotate flagella to run or tumble
• Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
• The stimuli include chemicals like oxygen, ribose, galactose –
Chemotaxis.
• Stimuli can be light – Phototaxis.
31. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Flagellar (H) protein functions as an antigen.
• Flagella proteins are H - antigens - useful in
distinguishing the variants within the species of gram-
negative bacteria.
• Example – 50 different H antigen for E. coli are
identified.
• E. coli O157:H7 – associated with food borne
epidemics.
32. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
•Also known as Endoflagella – are bundles of fibrils that arise at
the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the
cell.
33. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Spiral cells that move by means of an axial
filament are called spirochetes.
• Axial filaments are similar to flagella, except
that they wrap around the cell.
• Anchored at one end of a cell
• Rotation causes cell the movement of the
outer sheath that propels the spirochetes in a
spiral motion.
34. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
•Fimbriae and pili are short, straight, thin, hair like
appendages.Made up of protein
called Pilin.
Arranged helically
around a central core.
35. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Fimbriae –
– Occur at poles or evenly distributed.
– Number can vary from few to several hundreds
– Allow attachment to surfaces and adhere to each other
• Pili –
– Longer than Fimbriae
– Only one or two per cell
– are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another by
Conjugation – (sex Pili).
– Involved in motility called twitching motility – short jerky
intermittent movements, seen in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
– Other type of motility is gliding motility – smooth gliding
movement of mycobacterium.
36. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Is a complex, semi rigid structure responsible for the shape of the
cell.
Surrounds the underlying, fragile plasma membrane.
37. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Functions:
• Prevents osmotic lysis
• Keep or protect the cell shape
• Point of anchorage for flagella
• In some species it has the ability to cause disease
and is the site of action for some antibiotics.
38. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Composition and Characteristics
• PEPTIDOGLYCAN - Main component of bacterial cell wall (also
known as murein) - a polymer consisting of disaccharide
N-acetyl glucoseamine (NAG) & N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)
linked by polypeptides chains.
N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl
muramic acid (NAM) joined as in
peptidoglycan
39. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Alternating NAM and NAG molecules form a carbohydrate backbone (the glycan
portion).
• Rows of NAG and NAM are linked by polypeptides (the peptido - portion).
•The structure of the polypeptide cross-bridges may vary but they always have a
tetra peptide side chain, which consists of 4 amino acids attached to NAMs. The
amino acids occur in alternating D and L forms.
40. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
consist of many layers of peptidoglycan and also contain teichoic acids.
Teichoic acids may:
• bind and regulate movement of cations into and out of the cell
• prevent extensive wall breakdown and possible cell lysis during cell growth
• provide much of the cell wall's antigenicity
41. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Have a lipopolysaccharide-lipoprotein-phospholipid outer
membrane surrounding a thin (sometimes a single) peptidoglycan
layer.
• Gram-negative cell walls have no teichoic acids.
42. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the
plasma membrane.
• Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics like
penicillin, lysozyme, and other chemicals. .
• O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7.
• Lipid A is an endotoxin – causes fever and shock
• Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
45. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
• Like Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Mycobacterium leprae
• Contains Mycolic acid layer (waxy layer)
instead of Peptidoglycan layer
46. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
•Mycoplasmas
–Smallest known bacteria
–Lack cell walls
–Sterols in plasma membrane protect them from lysis.
•Archaea
–Wall-less, or
–Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids)
47. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Inclusions
48. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Cytoplasm is the aqueous solution or substances inside the plasma membrane
Consists of 80% water and primary proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids,
many low molecular weight compounds
Inorganic ions are present in higher concentration
It is thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic containing DNA, ribosomes and
inclusions.
49. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Bacteria contains negative supercoiled single covalently closed circular
chromosome (cccc) – single , long, continuous, and frequently
circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA called Bacterial
Chromosome
Nuclear area (nucleoid), there is no nucleus
Bacteria can also contain plasmids, which are circular, extra-chromosomal
DNA molecules.
50. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
The cytoplasm of a prokaryote contains numerous 70s ribosomes; ribosomes consist of
rRNA and protein.
Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes; it can be inhibited by certain antibiotics.
The difference between prokaryotic (70s) and eukaryotic (80s) ribosomes allows
antibiotics to selectively target the prokaryotic ribosomes while sparing eukaryotic
ribosomes.
51. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
•The process of endospore formation is called sporulation; the return of an
endospore to its vegetative state is called germination..
Endospores are resting
structures formed by
some bacteria for
survival during adverse
environmental
conditions.
52. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Eukaryotic organisms include algae, protozoa,
fungi, plants and animals.
53. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology Figure 4.23a, b
Flagella are few and long in relation to cell size; cilia are numerous
and short.
Flagella and cilia are used for motility, and cilia also move
substances along the surface of the cells.
54. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Both flagella and cilia are anchored to plasma
membrane by a basal body and consists of
nine pairs arranged in a ring, and two other
single microtubules in the center of the ring
called a 9 plus 2 array.
55. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
The cell wall of many Algae and some Fungi contain
cellulose.
The main material of Fungal cell walls is chitin (a polymer
of NAG units.
Yeast cell wall consist of glucan and mannan
(polysaccharide).
Animal cells are surrounded by a glycocalyx, which
strengthen’s the cell and provides a means of
attachment to other cells.
56. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Sterols
Glycocalyx carbohydrates
PLASMA MEMBRANE
57. Dr. Dalia Mohsen Associate prof. of
microbiology
Cytoplasm – encompasses substance inside the plasma
membrane and outside the cell
Cytosol - Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton – provides support and shape and assists in
transporting substances through the cell
Cytoplasmic streaming - Movement of cytoplasm
throughout cells helps distribute nutrients and move
the cell over the surface