The Concept
A stable strategy arises out of a basic perception by the management that the firm should concentrate on using its present resources for developing its competitive strength in particular market areas.
In simple words, stability strategy refers to the company’s policy of continuing the same business and with the same objectives
A firm pursues stability strategy when
1. It continues to serve the public in the same product or service, market, and function sectors as defined in its business definition.
2. Its main strategic decisions focus on incremental improvement of functional performance.
2. Corporate Restructuring is the process of redesigning one or more aspects of a company.
3. The process of reorganizing a company may be implemented due to a number of different factors, such as positioning the company to be more competitive, surviving a currently adverse economic climate, or acting on the self confidence of the corporation to move in an entirely new direction.
Organisational Performance Measures. This is only for study purpose, The content is refereed from various available sources. Through this, the learner, decision makers are may got benefited.
The Concept
A stable strategy arises out of a basic perception by the management that the firm should concentrate on using its present resources for developing its competitive strength in particular market areas.
In simple words, stability strategy refers to the company’s policy of continuing the same business and with the same objectives
A firm pursues stability strategy when
1. It continues to serve the public in the same product or service, market, and function sectors as defined in its business definition.
2. Its main strategic decisions focus on incremental improvement of functional performance.
2. Corporate Restructuring is the process of redesigning one or more aspects of a company.
3. The process of reorganizing a company may be implemented due to a number of different factors, such as positioning the company to be more competitive, surviving a currently adverse economic climate, or acting on the self confidence of the corporation to move in an entirely new direction.
Organisational Performance Measures. This is only for study purpose, The content is refereed from various available sources. Through this, the learner, decision makers are may got benefited.
This presentation is an overview of Capital Structure Theories.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
This presentation is about corporate financial reporting and it covers the following topics under it :
- Meaning
- Objectives
- Purpose
- Advantages
- Meaning of Annual Report
- Content of Annual Report
This presentation is an overview of Capital Structure Theories.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
This presentation is about corporate financial reporting and it covers the following topics under it :
- Meaning
- Objectives
- Purpose
- Advantages
- Meaning of Annual Report
- Content of Annual Report
Accounting for Managers Assignment1The purpose of th.docxdaniahendric
Accounting for Managers Assignment
1
The purpose of the financial statements is to provide information about a company.
There are four main financial statements; namely income statement, statement of cash
flow, statement of financial performance and statement of changes in equity which
provides assistant to external users in making informed decisions about the company
such as resource allocation like investment and financing. (IAS 1)
Question a
The income statement also known as the statement of profit or loss depicts the
performance of the company by showing the revenue generated, less the expenses
incurred to obtain the profits or losses during an accounting period which would should
the performance of the company. If the revenue of a company over a period of time is
higher than the expenses, there will be a profit. Similarly, if the revenue of a company
over a period of time is lower than the expenses, the company will incur a loss. The
income statement may be disclosed by monthly, quarterly, or yearly which helps external
users to predict the company’s future performance.
Few examples of external users who use the income statement are shareholders,
investors, and creditors or lenders. Investors use the income statement to determine if
the company provides a good return on their investment and thus, make decisions such
as whether to sell or keep the shares they own in the company. Good performance can
generate high revenue leading to high profits, which in turn results in higher dividend for
the investors. Alternatively, low performance leading to lower dividends might not attract
investors’ attention and may sequentially result in investors selling their shares.
Creditors or lenders will evaluate base on the income statement whether the company
has a good financial standing as they have to take into account the company’s ability to
pay back the loan and interest. Lenders are more liable to loan the company if the
company’s primary activities involves equity financing, as they have a higher assurance
that the loan can be repaid. Equity financing refers to raising capital from selling shares
of the company to the investors. Alternatively, if the company’s primary activities involves
debt financing whereby the company takes on more debt in order to finance its
operations, the lenders might not be keen to finance the company as there is no
assurance of the company’s ability to pay off all its loans and interests.
The statement of comprehensive income highlights the change in equity of the company
derived from the operating and financial events are transacted during the period. It
https://www.coursehero.com/file/55819661/Bridging-Accounting-for-Managerspdf/
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/55819661/Bridging-Accounting-for-Managerspdf/
Accounting for Managers Assignment
2
begins with the profit or loss derived from the income ...
Accounting for Managers Assignment1The purpose of th.docxkatherncarlyle
Accounting for Managers Assignment
1
The purpose of the financial statements is to provide information about a company.
There are four main financial statements; namely income statement, statement of cash
flow, statement of financial performance and statement of changes in equity which
provides assistant to external users in making informed decisions about the company
such as resource allocation like investment and financing. (IAS 1)
Question a
The income statement also known as the statement of profit or loss depicts the
performance of the company by showing the revenue generated, less the expenses
incurred to obtain the profits or losses during an accounting period which would should
the performance of the company. If the revenue of a company over a period of time is
higher than the expenses, there will be a profit. Similarly, if the revenue of a company
over a period of time is lower than the expenses, the company will incur a loss. The
income statement may be disclosed by monthly, quarterly, or yearly which helps external
users to predict the company’s future performance.
Few examples of external users who use the income statement are shareholders,
investors, and creditors or lenders. Investors use the income statement to determine if
the company provides a good return on their investment and thus, make decisions such
as whether to sell or keep the shares they own in the company. Good performance can
generate high revenue leading to high profits, which in turn results in higher dividend for
the investors. Alternatively, low performance leading to lower dividends might not attract
investors’ attention and may sequentially result in investors selling their shares.
Creditors or lenders will evaluate base on the income statement whether the company
has a good financial standing as they have to take into account the company’s ability to
pay back the loan and interest. Lenders are more liable to loan the company if the
company’s primary activities involves equity financing, as they have a higher assurance
that the loan can be repaid. Equity financing refers to raising capital from selling shares
of the company to the investors. Alternatively, if the company’s primary activities involves
debt financing whereby the company takes on more debt in order to finance its
operations, the lenders might not be keen to finance the company as there is no
assurance of the company’s ability to pay off all its loans and interests.
The statement of comprehensive income highlights the change in equity of the company
derived from the operating and financial events are transacted during the period. It
https://www.coursehero.com/file/55819661/Bridging-Accounting-for-Managerspdf/
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/55819661/Bridging-Accounting-for-Managerspdf/
Accounting for Managers Assignment
2
begins with the profit or loss derived from the income.
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their accounting NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
The article focuses on the Return on Equity (ROE)as the benchmark .docxmattinsonjanel
The article focuses on the Return on Equity (ROE)as the benchmark for assessing a business’s financial health.
Do you agree with this approach? (Support your response with 2 - 4 examples of financially healthy companies.).
Additionally, this article presents a spreadsheet analysis for commission-based businesses. What approach would you implement for a manufacturer?
How would it differ for a service organization, such as a CPA firm, staffing firm, or consulting firm?
ommission-based organizations’
values are affected by factors that
are not typical of manufacturing or
other retail business entities. One such
example is an insurance agency, which
exemplifies three factors germane to a
commission-based business. First, an
agency acts as an intermediary by pro-
viding the service of arranging insur-
ance coverage between an insurer and
an insured party. Thus, one of the
agency’s most valuable assets is its
client list. Second, the agency has the
fiduciary responsibility of either collect-
ing or arranging for the payment of pre-
miums by the insured to the insurer.
Third, an agency business typically is
not capital intensive, and owners gener-
ally take most of the profits of the
agency as bonuses or salary.
Our purpose in this article is to show
how a simple spreadsheet model can be
used to demonstrate the impact of dif-
ferent operating and capital manage-
ment strategies on the financial perfor-
mance of a commission-based business
such as an insurance agency. The model
is easy to develop and understand and is
flexible enough to allow for numerous
strategies. Instructors can use the model
to isolate the impact of a single strategy
or measure the impact of a combination
of strategies on performance.
The objective of the manager of a fee-
based business is to coordinate the
resources available in such a way as to
maximize financial performance. Man-
agement must determine growth, operat-
ing expenses, investment opportunities,
cash management opportunities, and the
level of profit retention. All of these fac-
tors affect financial performance and will
be considered in the model.
A typical business has various mea-
sures of financial performance that are
used in evaluating its health. Although
various measures have been developed
for evaluation of the productivity and
profitability of a commission-based
business, in this article we focus on the
rate of return on equity (ROE). Owners
and managers affect the numerator of
ROE by controlling growth, operating
expenses, investment opportunities, and
cash management opportunities. Own-
ers and managers affect the denomina-
tor of ROE by determining the profit
retention rate and, thus, the equity posi-
tion of the business. Successful business
owners should strive to maximize ROE,
which serves as a proxy for maximizing
the value of a business.
The Model
The model is a spreadsheet model that
can be used for any commission-based
business, such as an insurance agency,
travel agency, fo ...
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"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
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➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
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➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
2. Introduction
▻In some business units, the focus is on profit (difference between
revenues and expenses).
▻In other business units, profit is compared with the assets employed in
earning it. They are known as Investment Centres.
2
4. Purposes of measuring assets
employed are:
To provide
information that is
useful in making
sound decisions
about assets
employed and
To motivate
managers to make
these sound
decisions that are
in the best
interests of the
company.
To measure
the
performance
of the business
unit as an
economic
entity
4
5. First, they should generate
adequate profits from
the resources at their
disposal.
Business unit managers have two performance
objectives:
Second, they should invest in
additional resources only
when the investment will
produce an adequate
return.
5
7. ROI & EVA:
Economic value added (EVA) is a dollar amount,
rather than a ratio.
It is found by subtracting a capital charge
from the net operating profit/income.
Capital Charge = amount of assets * rate.
7
Return on investment (ROI) is a ratio.
The numerator is income.
The denominator is assets employed (here
corporation’s equity).
Assets Employed = total assets less current
liabilities.
Assets Employed = noncurrent assets plus
working capital.
8. Measuring Assets Employed
Investment base: sum of assets which are employed.
In deciding what investment base to use to evaluate investment centre managers, headquarters asks
two questions:
First, what practices will induce business unit managers to use their assets most efficiently and to
acquire the proper amount and kind of new assets?
Second, what practices best measure the performance of the unit as an economic entity?
8
10. Cash
▰Most companies control cash centrally because central control permits use of a smaller cash balance than
would be the case if each business unit held the cash balances it needed to weather the unevenness of its
cash inflows and outflows.
▰The actual cash balances at the business unit level tend to be much smaller than would be required if the
business unit were an independent company.
▰Many companies therefore use a formula to calculate the cash to be included in the investment base.
For example, General Motors was reported to use 4.5 percent of annual sales;
Du Pont was reported to use two months’ costs of sales minus depreciation.
10
11. Receivables
Business unit managers can influence the level of receivables
▰indirectly, by their ability to generate sales, and
▰directly, by establishing credit terms and approving individual credit accounts and credit
limits
In the interest of simplicity, receivables often are included at the
actual end-of-period balances,
although the average of intra period balances is conceptually a better measure of the amount that should be
related to profits.
11
12. Inventories
Treated in a manner similar as receivables.
Three methods: LIFO, FIFO and Average Cost Method.
• If work-in-process inventory is financed by advance payments or by progress payments from the customer
(case of goods that require a long manufacturing period), payments either are subtracted from the gross
inventory amounts or reported as liabilities.
• Some companies subtract accounts payable from inventory
• The corporate capital required for inventories is only the difference between the gross inventory amount
and accounts payable.
12
13. WorkingCapitalinGeneral
▰At one extreme, companies include all current assets in the investment base without taking into account
current liabilities.
This method is used when business units cannot influence accounts payable or other current liabilities.
▰At the other extreme, all current liabilities may be deducted from current assets.
This method provides a good measure of the capital provided by the corporation, on which it expects the
business unit to earn a return.
Here, Business unit managers are responsible for certain current liabilities over which they have no control.
13
14. Property,Plant,andEquipment
▰In financial accounting, fixed assets are initially recorded at their
acquisition cost, and
▰This cost is written off over the asset’s useful life through
depreciation.
▰Most companies use a similar approach in measuring profitability of the business unit’s asset base.
14
15. AcquisitionofNewEquipment
▰Suppose a business unit could buy a new
machine for $100,000, machine is estimated to
produce cash savings of $27,000 a year for five
years, required return is 10 percent, net
present value of $2,400 and machine should
be acquired.
▰If the machine is purchased and the business
unit measures its asset base, the unit’s
reported economic value added will decrease,
rather than increase, in the first year.
15
16. AcquisitionofNewEquipment
▰From the present value calculation that the
true return is about 11 percent.
▰If profitability is measured by ROI,
inconsistency exists, the average of the five
annual percentages is 16 percent, which far
exceeds what we know to be the true annual
return. Hence business unit profitability is
misstated.
▰The amount of EVA (economic value
added) will increase as the book value of the
machine declines, going from -$3,000 in
year 1 to +$5,000 in year 5. It does not
represent real economic change.
Although there appears to be constantly
improving profitability, in fact there is no
real change in profitability after the year the
machine was acquired.
16
17. GrossBookValue
▰Using gross book value instead of net book value: Some companies do this.
▰If this were done in this case, the investment each year would be $100,000 (original cost), and
the additional income would be $7,000
$27,000 cash inflow - $20,000 depreciation
The economic value added, however, would decrease by $3,000
($7,000 — $10,000 interest), and
▰return on investment would be 7 percent ($7,000/$100,000).
▰Both of these numbers indicate that the business unit’s profitability has decreased, which, in fact, is not true.
Conclusion: Return on investment calculated on gross book value always understates the true return.
17
18. LeasedAssets
Suppose the business unit sold its fixed assets for their book value of $300,000, returned the proceeds of the sale to
corporate headquarters, and then leased back the assets at a rental rate of $60,000 per year.
18
19. LeasedAssets
As Exhibit 7.8 shows, the business unit’s income before taxes would decrease because the new rental expense would be
higher than the depreciation charge that was eliminated
Nevertheless, economic valued added would increase because the higher cost would be more than offset by the decrease
in the capital charge.
Because of this, business unit managers are induced to lease, rather than own, assets whenever the interest charge that
is built into the rental cost is less than the capital charge that is applied to the business unit’s investment base.
This generalization oversimplifies
because, in the real world, the impact of income taxes must also be taken into account
19
20. IdleAssets
If a business unit has idle assets that can be used by other units, it may be permitted to exclude them from
the investment base if it classifies them as available.
The purpose of this permission is to encourage business unit managers to release underutilized assets
to units that may have better use for them.
However, if the fixed assets cannot be used by other units, permitting the business unit manager to remove
them from the investment base could result in dysfunctional actions
20
21. IntangibleAssets
Some companies tend to be R&D intensive e.g., pharmaceutical firms such as Novartis spend huge amounts on developing
new products others tend to be marketing intensive e.g., consumer products firms such as Unilever spend huge
amounts on advertising
There are advantages to capitalizing intangible assets such as R&D and marketing and then amortizing them over a selected
life.
This method should change how the business unit manager views these expenditures.
By accounting for these assets as long-term investments, the business unit manager will gain less short-term benefit from
reducing outlays on such items.
21
22. NoncurrentLiabilities
Ordinarily, a business unit receives its permanent capital from the corporate pool of funds (debt providers, equity
investors, and retained earnings), the total amount of these funds is relevant but not the sources from which they are
obtained.
Business units that builds or operates residential housing or office buildings uses a much larger proportion of debt capital
than would a typical manufacturing or marketing unit.
Since this capital is obtained through loans on the business unit’s assets, it may be appropriate to account for the
borrowed funds separately and to compute an economic value added based on the assets obtained from general
corporate sources rather than on total assets.
22
23. TheCapitalCharge
▰Corporate headquarters sets the rate used to calculate the capital charge.
▰Should be higher than the corporation’s rate for debt financing
(because the funds involved are a mixture of debt and higher-cost equity).
▰The rate is set somewhat below the company’s estimated cost of capital so that the econoamic value added of
an average business unit will be above zero.
▰Some companies use a lower rate for working capital than for fixed assets.
This may represent a judgment that working capital is less risky than fixed assets because the funds are committed for a
shorter time period.
23
25. The following actions can increase EVA As
shown in the equation:
(i) increase in ROI
through business
process
reengineering and
productivity gains,
without increasing
the asset base;
(ii) divestment of
assets, products,
and/or businesses
whose ROI is less
than the cost of
capital;
(iii) aggressive new
investments in
assets, products,
and/or businesses
whose ROI exceeds
the cost of capital
25
28. 28
Assume that the company’s required rate of return for investing in fixed assets is 10 percent after taxes, and
that the companywide cost of money tied up in inventories and receivables is 4 percent after taxes.
The top section of Exhibit 7.12 shows the ROI calculation.
Columns (1) through (5) show the amount of investment in assets that each business unit budgeted for the coming year.
Column (6) is the amount of budgeted profit.
Column (7) is the budgeted profit divided by the budgeted investment; therefore, this column, shows the ROI
objectives for the coming year for each of the business units.
Only in Business Unit C is the ROI objective consistent with the companywide cutoff rate.
29. 29
• EVA corrects these inconsistencies.
• The investments,
multiplied by the appropriate rates (representing the companywide rates), are subtracted from the budgeted profit.
The resulting amount is the budgeted EVA.
If Business Unit A earned $28,000 and employed average current assets of $65,000 and average fixed assets of $65,000,
its actual EVA would be calculated as follows:
EVA = 28,000 - 0.04 *(65,000) - 0.10 * (65,000)
= 28,000 - 2,600 - 6,500 = 18,900
This is $3,300 ($18,900 - $15,600) better than its objective.
Hence, EVA gives more reliable results.