This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
This presentation was given as part of a workshop organised by the Takshashila Institution for educational purposes only. The analysis done does include certain assumptions that might've not been mentioned in the presentation.
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers in Horro an...Premier Publishers
Credit repayment is one of the dominant importance for viable financial institutions. This study was aimed to identify determinants of loan repayment capacity of smallholder farmers in Horro and Abay-Chomen Woredas. The study used primary data from a sample of formal credit borrower farmers in the two woredas through structured questionnaire. A total of 120 farm households were interviewed during data collection and secondary data were collected from different organizations. The logit model results indicated that a total of fourteen explanatory variables were included in the model of which six variables were found to be significant.; among these variables, family size and expenditure in social ceremonies negatively while, credit experience, livestock, extension contact and income from off-farm activities positively influenced the loan repayment performance of smallholder farmers in the study areas. Based on the result, the study recommended that the lending institution should give attention on loan supervision and management while the borrowers should give attention on generating alternative source of income to pay the loans which is vital as it provides information that would enable to undertake effective measures with the aim of improving loan repayment in the study area.
IAS Exam 2016 Notes- UPSC Exam 2016 Preparation Study Material at Best Prices - India's Best IAS Test Series, Notes and Courses for all IAS Optionals.we are offering all type of study material fore Civil Service Exam in India. For more please visit http://flavido.com/
This presentation was given as part of a workshop organised by the Takshashila Institution for educational purposes only. The analysis done does include certain assumptions that might've not been mentioned in the presentation.
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers in Horro an...Premier Publishers
Credit repayment is one of the dominant importance for viable financial institutions. This study was aimed to identify determinants of loan repayment capacity of smallholder farmers in Horro and Abay-Chomen Woredas. The study used primary data from a sample of formal credit borrower farmers in the two woredas through structured questionnaire. A total of 120 farm households were interviewed during data collection and secondary data were collected from different organizations. The logit model results indicated that a total of fourteen explanatory variables were included in the model of which six variables were found to be significant.; among these variables, family size and expenditure in social ceremonies negatively while, credit experience, livestock, extension contact and income from off-farm activities positively influenced the loan repayment performance of smallholder farmers in the study areas. Based on the result, the study recommended that the lending institution should give attention on loan supervision and management while the borrowers should give attention on generating alternative source of income to pay the loans which is vital as it provides information that would enable to undertake effective measures with the aim of improving loan repayment in the study area.
IAS Exam 2016 Notes- UPSC Exam 2016 Preparation Study Material at Best Prices - India's Best IAS Test Series, Notes and Courses for all IAS Optionals.we are offering all type of study material fore Civil Service Exam in India. For more please visit http://flavido.com/
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Public finance can have a critical role in mobilizing more and better private investment in a sector that will be critical for the success of the new sustainable development agenda.
What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricult...ijtsrd
Smallholder farmers contribute more to food security and poverty reduction in Rwanda. However, lack of agricultural finance is one of numerous challenges they face for improving productivity and increasing income along the value chain. The objectives of this paper were to determine the factors influencing the farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda and to analyse the constraints hindering smallholder farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda. Cross sectional data were collected from a random sample of 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts. Results of probit model revealed that sex, age, marital status, education, farming experience, membership to farming associations, household income and distance to market significantly influence the farmers’ decision to participate and use of agricultural value chain financing. The study also found that financing agricultural activities remain a key challenge for smallholder potato farmers. Fear of borrowing, lack of financial literacy, lack of skills in budgeting and unexpected production, interest rate and others loans charges, lack of collaterals, short repayment period and lack of financial literacy have been found to be the main factors constraining potato farmers’ participation and use of agricultural value chain financing. Nevertheless, potato productivity will always result from the interaction between all potato value chain actors. The study recommended the government and value chain stakeholders to formulate integrated policies that facilitate smallholder farmers to access to convenient financing products in order to improve productivity and to meet the customer demands. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricultural Value Chain Financing in Rwanda? The Case of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38001.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38001/what-constrains-smallholder-farmers-decisions-to-participate-and-use-agricultural-value-chain-financing-in-rwanda-the-case-of-smallholder-potato-farmers-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts/patrice-mugenzi
It is observed from the analysis that at national level as well as zone level, there is unequal distribution of total subsidies . The increasing rate of total subsidies (fertilizers, electricity and irrigation) is higher than gross cropped area (GCA) during pre, first as well as second phase of liberalization periods. In total subsidies during pre-liberalisation period, the percentage share of fertilizers subsidies is maximum (38.41 in 1980-81 and 37.63 in 1985-86), whereas during 1990-91 to 2000-01, the percentage share of electricity subsidies is maximum and again in 2008-09 fertilizers subsidies has got major percentage share 87.26 per cent in total subsidies. There is a lot of variation to find out the relationship between gross cropped area (GCA) and in total subsidies in zones throughout the study period. As zone level, it is observed that there is a negative relationship between GCA and total subsidies, in west zone and in north zone (in 2006-07) and in east zone (1996-97 and in 2006-07). It is seen that there is a direct relationship in GCA and total subsidies i.e. GCA as well as total subsidies have increased at zone level in west and in north (during 1980-81 to 2000-01), in
south zone (during 1980-81 to 1996-07) and in north-east zone (during 1980-81 to 2006-07). From the above discussion, it is concluded that in India, the total subsidies of fertilizers, electricity and of irrigation have increased in terms of per hectare during pre, first as well as second liberalisation periods, whereas the increasing rate is higher in 1985-86 among all the other years and lowest rate in 2000-01. Productivity has declined in the year 1996-97 at country as well as zone level.
Fadama Crop Farming Enterprise and Poverty Alleviation in Kogi State, NigeriaAI Publications
Poverty is an affront to the existence of mankind, which must be fought from all angles. This study examines the impact of Fadama crop farming enterprise on poverty alleviation in Kogi State. Questionnaires were administered to 180 households, 90 each to Fadama crop farming and Non-Fadama farming households in the area. Data was analyzed using the relative poverty index and the logit regression model. The relative poverty index using the so-called P.alpha shows that the non-Fadama farming households had higher values of the various dimensions of the incidence of poverty, P0, P1, and P2, than the Fadama crop farming households while the logit regression analysis with the aid of the SPSS packages revealed that five of the nine variables, namely; farm size, household size, annual income, total expenditure and age of the household heads, were statistically significant at 5% level. The study has identified Fadama crop farming enterprise as a means of economic development and poverty alleviation and therefore recommends the development and proper management of the vast Fadama resources and potential in Kogi State and Nigeria at large, the enhancement of the income base of the Fadama crop farmers through governments’ deliberate policies/programmes, the provision/subsidization of Fadama farming inputs as well as education/public enlightenment of the Fadama crop farmers. Finally, suggestions for further studies on the impact of Fadama farming generally on poverty alleviation and the role of other enterprises such as the small scale industries/businesses on poverty alleviation in the study area were proffered.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Determinants of Small-Scale Irrigation Use: The Case of Jeldu District, West ...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted in Jeldu district on two peasant associations namely Metekoma and Laku. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of Small-scale irrigation use. A total of 118 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed by using semi structured questionnaire. A three-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 118 rural farm households. Cross sectional data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informants and observation. Household caloric acquisition was employed to measure household food security in the study area. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Binary logistic regression model reveals that, out of eleven explanatory variables, age of household, educational level of household, Adult equivalent, cultivated land size, Oxen ownership of household, livestock ownership in TLU, and total farm income were found to be significant. Governmental and non-governmental should give attention on intensifying agricultural production in order to encourage the productivity of limited land. The study concluded that small scale irrigation is one of the viable solutions to secure household food needs in the study area. The study also suggested the proper management system of the irrigation schemes in order to sustainably use them.
Prof. V. Okoruwa's presentation given the the Africa Agriculture Week.
The role of agriculture in an economy is a major factor in determining the economy‟s state of development (Hazell and Diano, 2005). Most African countries are mainly agrarian since agriculture contributes immensely to their economies. Agriculture‟s contribution to GDP in the Africa is between 30% and 40% on the average. The sector accounts for almost 60% of total export earnings in the continent, provides the dominant occupation for about 65% of Africa‟s population and has been growing on the average at about 3.3% each year since 2000 (IFPRI, 2009). Despite this impressive contribution of agriculture to Africa‟s economy, the sector remains largely under-developed. Most farmers are still at the subsistence level and small scale, having less than 2ha of land. The level of technology is also low, production remains weather-dependent and consequently, farmers‟ incomes are low. Poor market access, weak infrastructure and limited ability to influence government policy also characterize the sector (Quartey et al, 2012). Majority of Africa's agricultural population live in rural areas and the rural population comprises over 60% of the entire population. Further, over 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are youths under the age of 30 years and about 65% of this number, work in subsistence agriculture. Rural agricultural workers are among the poorest in Africa with poverty rate averaged at about 50% (UN/ECA, 2010).
Agriculture has the potential to serve as a strong
Mainstreaming sustainability in the Nigerian agricultural transformation agendaPremier Publishers
The Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) Programme is assessed to examine its ability to deliver the required socio-economic impact to resource-poor rural farmers that would not put in jeopardy the welfare of future generations. The programme’s approach to fertilizers and other inputs is examined in the light of more sensible alternatives. The heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers and other inputs without mitigating propositions is a major flaw of the ATA. Its ambiguity on genetically modified organism may result in the penetration of harmful varieties into the country. It is observed that the haste to achieve spectacular targets may have made it trade sustainability for performance. The paper also observes that the ATA continues with the extractive orientation where the rural farmer acts as a natural resource to be exploited to serve the purposes of the elite, as evidenced by the dominance of foreign actors in major contracts of the ministry. The paper concludes that though the ATA makes pronouncements on the issue of sustainability and the targeting of resource-poor farmers, its body language seems to disagree. It is suggested that a rigorous drive to incorporate organic fertilizers be embarked upon as part of the fertilizer policy, and more effective needs assessment be carried out to determine the needs of the poor farmer. It is further suggested that the government should establish a more robust partnership with universities of agriculture and faculties of agriculture in Nigerian universities in the design and implementation of the ATA.
Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
The study analyzed the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents in the study area and structured questionnaire was administered for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regressions using exponential form was used to quantitatively determine the influence of credit obtained and utilized on cassava output. It showed that 36.7 of the respondents were above 60 years of age which can be grouped as aged this revealed that majority of the farmers there are within their prime age and can utilize credit obtained effectively and efficiently. 76.7 of these farmers were males while the remaining 23.3 were females, majority of the respondents were married and 84.2 of them had formal education. Average amount requested by the farmers was N212, 600,000 but N185, 725,000 was approved this shows that the farmers in that location are small scale farmers which they need to upgrade to large scale in order to produce in large quantity and have durable profit. Influence of credit on cassava output showed that 89.7 of the regression was explained by the regessors. The result revealed that the farming experience with credit use, interest rate charged, total expenditure on production, and loan repayment period were the major significant that influence cassava output. Also, the hypothesis results revealed that credit obtained and utilized had significance influence on cassava output. And concluded that cassava production in the study area is worthwhile embarking on and that credit enhances the farmer’s production, which was reflected in their cassava output. Therefore recommended that credit institutions or lending agencies should lend money to the small scale farmers to improve their productivity, financial institutions in the country should see to the smooth spending of the credit received to avoid diversion of credit. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43931/influence-of-cooperative-credit-on-cassava-production-in-anambra-state-nigeria/nwafor-grace-obiageli
This is an analysis of the impact of credits from formal financial institutions on the
welfare of farmers in Plateau state Nigeria. The study used survey research design and
the instrument of questionnaire to capture input variables, output data and welfare data.
Data was partly fitted into the Cobb-Douglas production function for analysis to
ascertain the impact of credit on productivity, and welfare data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. It was found that credit available to farmers in Plateau state is
inadequate to significantly raise farm productivity and hence the welfare conditions of
farmers. It was further found that profitability, Net farm Income and welfare status of
borrowers were slightly higher than that of non-borrowers. The study therefore
recommends a renewed commitment of both government and formal financial
institutions towards improved quality and quantity of credit to farmers so as to boost
output and welfare conditions of the farmers in the state
Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Produ...ijtsrd
This study assessed ways of enhancing cooperative thrift and loan scheme for increased agricultural production in Udi local government area of Enugu state. To achieve this, the study ascertained the effect of cooperative credit on member’s agricultural production, determined the effect of cooperative savings on member’s agricultural input, and examined the extent to which access to loan to cooperative members increase their standard of living. Data were obtained from Eight functional and active cooperative in the area. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design and made use of survey to make generalization based on findings of the study and also adopted a judgmental sampling technique, Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the same size of 120, The data obtained were analysed using simple percentage frequency distribution tables and likert scale. The stated hypothesis was tested using Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis. Evidence from the study revealed that cooperative thrift and loan scheme plays a significant role on the agricultural production of members. Therefore, the researcher recommended that cooperative should provide more credit and thrifting services to members. Cooperative savings has a positive effect on Agricultural inputs therefore the cooperative should encourage their members to save and invest in viable agricultural businesses, such as poultry, piggery, fishery etc Government should also create an enabling environments for these cooperatives to thrive and Government should assist members with agricultural inputs, credit and supplies through their cooperatives. Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther | Michael Maureen Chinenye | Dr. Okafo Okoreaffia | Nwafor Obiageli Grace "Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Production in UDI Local Government Enugu State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/other/57563/enhancing-cooperative-thrift-and-loan-scheme-for-increased-agricultural-production-in-udi-local-government-enugu-state-nigeria/okafor-ogochukwu-esther
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Public finance can have a critical role in mobilizing more and better private investment in a sector that will be critical for the success of the new sustainable development agenda.
What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricult...ijtsrd
Smallholder farmers contribute more to food security and poverty reduction in Rwanda. However, lack of agricultural finance is one of numerous challenges they face for improving productivity and increasing income along the value chain. The objectives of this paper were to determine the factors influencing the farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda and to analyse the constraints hindering smallholder farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda. Cross sectional data were collected from a random sample of 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts. Results of probit model revealed that sex, age, marital status, education, farming experience, membership to farming associations, household income and distance to market significantly influence the farmers’ decision to participate and use of agricultural value chain financing. The study also found that financing agricultural activities remain a key challenge for smallholder potato farmers. Fear of borrowing, lack of financial literacy, lack of skills in budgeting and unexpected production, interest rate and others loans charges, lack of collaterals, short repayment period and lack of financial literacy have been found to be the main factors constraining potato farmers’ participation and use of agricultural value chain financing. Nevertheless, potato productivity will always result from the interaction between all potato value chain actors. The study recommended the government and value chain stakeholders to formulate integrated policies that facilitate smallholder farmers to access to convenient financing products in order to improve productivity and to meet the customer demands. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricultural Value Chain Financing in Rwanda? The Case of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38001.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38001/what-constrains-smallholder-farmers-decisions-to-participate-and-use-agricultural-value-chain-financing-in-rwanda-the-case-of-smallholder-potato-farmers-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts/patrice-mugenzi
It is observed from the analysis that at national level as well as zone level, there is unequal distribution of total subsidies . The increasing rate of total subsidies (fertilizers, electricity and irrigation) is higher than gross cropped area (GCA) during pre, first as well as second phase of liberalization periods. In total subsidies during pre-liberalisation period, the percentage share of fertilizers subsidies is maximum (38.41 in 1980-81 and 37.63 in 1985-86), whereas during 1990-91 to 2000-01, the percentage share of electricity subsidies is maximum and again in 2008-09 fertilizers subsidies has got major percentage share 87.26 per cent in total subsidies. There is a lot of variation to find out the relationship between gross cropped area (GCA) and in total subsidies in zones throughout the study period. As zone level, it is observed that there is a negative relationship between GCA and total subsidies, in west zone and in north zone (in 2006-07) and in east zone (1996-97 and in 2006-07). It is seen that there is a direct relationship in GCA and total subsidies i.e. GCA as well as total subsidies have increased at zone level in west and in north (during 1980-81 to 2000-01), in
south zone (during 1980-81 to 1996-07) and in north-east zone (during 1980-81 to 2006-07). From the above discussion, it is concluded that in India, the total subsidies of fertilizers, electricity and of irrigation have increased in terms of per hectare during pre, first as well as second liberalisation periods, whereas the increasing rate is higher in 1985-86 among all the other years and lowest rate in 2000-01. Productivity has declined in the year 1996-97 at country as well as zone level.
Fadama Crop Farming Enterprise and Poverty Alleviation in Kogi State, NigeriaAI Publications
Poverty is an affront to the existence of mankind, which must be fought from all angles. This study examines the impact of Fadama crop farming enterprise on poverty alleviation in Kogi State. Questionnaires were administered to 180 households, 90 each to Fadama crop farming and Non-Fadama farming households in the area. Data was analyzed using the relative poverty index and the logit regression model. The relative poverty index using the so-called P.alpha shows that the non-Fadama farming households had higher values of the various dimensions of the incidence of poverty, P0, P1, and P2, than the Fadama crop farming households while the logit regression analysis with the aid of the SPSS packages revealed that five of the nine variables, namely; farm size, household size, annual income, total expenditure and age of the household heads, were statistically significant at 5% level. The study has identified Fadama crop farming enterprise as a means of economic development and poverty alleviation and therefore recommends the development and proper management of the vast Fadama resources and potential in Kogi State and Nigeria at large, the enhancement of the income base of the Fadama crop farmers through governments’ deliberate policies/programmes, the provision/subsidization of Fadama farming inputs as well as education/public enlightenment of the Fadama crop farmers. Finally, suggestions for further studies on the impact of Fadama farming generally on poverty alleviation and the role of other enterprises such as the small scale industries/businesses on poverty alleviation in the study area were proffered.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Determinants of Small-Scale Irrigation Use: The Case of Jeldu District, West ...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted in Jeldu district on two peasant associations namely Metekoma and Laku. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of Small-scale irrigation use. A total of 118 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed by using semi structured questionnaire. A three-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 118 rural farm households. Cross sectional data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informants and observation. Household caloric acquisition was employed to measure household food security in the study area. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Binary logistic regression model reveals that, out of eleven explanatory variables, age of household, educational level of household, Adult equivalent, cultivated land size, Oxen ownership of household, livestock ownership in TLU, and total farm income were found to be significant. Governmental and non-governmental should give attention on intensifying agricultural production in order to encourage the productivity of limited land. The study concluded that small scale irrigation is one of the viable solutions to secure household food needs in the study area. The study also suggested the proper management system of the irrigation schemes in order to sustainably use them.
Prof. V. Okoruwa's presentation given the the Africa Agriculture Week.
The role of agriculture in an economy is a major factor in determining the economy‟s state of development (Hazell and Diano, 2005). Most African countries are mainly agrarian since agriculture contributes immensely to their economies. Agriculture‟s contribution to GDP in the Africa is between 30% and 40% on the average. The sector accounts for almost 60% of total export earnings in the continent, provides the dominant occupation for about 65% of Africa‟s population and has been growing on the average at about 3.3% each year since 2000 (IFPRI, 2009). Despite this impressive contribution of agriculture to Africa‟s economy, the sector remains largely under-developed. Most farmers are still at the subsistence level and small scale, having less than 2ha of land. The level of technology is also low, production remains weather-dependent and consequently, farmers‟ incomes are low. Poor market access, weak infrastructure and limited ability to influence government policy also characterize the sector (Quartey et al, 2012). Majority of Africa's agricultural population live in rural areas and the rural population comprises over 60% of the entire population. Further, over 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are youths under the age of 30 years and about 65% of this number, work in subsistence agriculture. Rural agricultural workers are among the poorest in Africa with poverty rate averaged at about 50% (UN/ECA, 2010).
Agriculture has the potential to serve as a strong
Mainstreaming sustainability in the Nigerian agricultural transformation agendaPremier Publishers
The Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) Programme is assessed to examine its ability to deliver the required socio-economic impact to resource-poor rural farmers that would not put in jeopardy the welfare of future generations. The programme’s approach to fertilizers and other inputs is examined in the light of more sensible alternatives. The heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers and other inputs without mitigating propositions is a major flaw of the ATA. Its ambiguity on genetically modified organism may result in the penetration of harmful varieties into the country. It is observed that the haste to achieve spectacular targets may have made it trade sustainability for performance. The paper also observes that the ATA continues with the extractive orientation where the rural farmer acts as a natural resource to be exploited to serve the purposes of the elite, as evidenced by the dominance of foreign actors in major contracts of the ministry. The paper concludes that though the ATA makes pronouncements on the issue of sustainability and the targeting of resource-poor farmers, its body language seems to disagree. It is suggested that a rigorous drive to incorporate organic fertilizers be embarked upon as part of the fertilizer policy, and more effective needs assessment be carried out to determine the needs of the poor farmer. It is further suggested that the government should establish a more robust partnership with universities of agriculture and faculties of agriculture in Nigerian universities in the design and implementation of the ATA.
Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
The study analyzed the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents in the study area and structured questionnaire was administered for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regressions using exponential form was used to quantitatively determine the influence of credit obtained and utilized on cassava output. It showed that 36.7 of the respondents were above 60 years of age which can be grouped as aged this revealed that majority of the farmers there are within their prime age and can utilize credit obtained effectively and efficiently. 76.7 of these farmers were males while the remaining 23.3 were females, majority of the respondents were married and 84.2 of them had formal education. Average amount requested by the farmers was N212, 600,000 but N185, 725,000 was approved this shows that the farmers in that location are small scale farmers which they need to upgrade to large scale in order to produce in large quantity and have durable profit. Influence of credit on cassava output showed that 89.7 of the regression was explained by the regessors. The result revealed that the farming experience with credit use, interest rate charged, total expenditure on production, and loan repayment period were the major significant that influence cassava output. Also, the hypothesis results revealed that credit obtained and utilized had significance influence on cassava output. And concluded that cassava production in the study area is worthwhile embarking on and that credit enhances the farmer’s production, which was reflected in their cassava output. Therefore recommended that credit institutions or lending agencies should lend money to the small scale farmers to improve their productivity, financial institutions in the country should see to the smooth spending of the credit received to avoid diversion of credit. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43931/influence-of-cooperative-credit-on-cassava-production-in-anambra-state-nigeria/nwafor-grace-obiageli
This is an analysis of the impact of credits from formal financial institutions on the
welfare of farmers in Plateau state Nigeria. The study used survey research design and
the instrument of questionnaire to capture input variables, output data and welfare data.
Data was partly fitted into the Cobb-Douglas production function for analysis to
ascertain the impact of credit on productivity, and welfare data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. It was found that credit available to farmers in Plateau state is
inadequate to significantly raise farm productivity and hence the welfare conditions of
farmers. It was further found that profitability, Net farm Income and welfare status of
borrowers were slightly higher than that of non-borrowers. The study therefore
recommends a renewed commitment of both government and formal financial
institutions towards improved quality and quantity of credit to farmers so as to boost
output and welfare conditions of the farmers in the state
Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Produ...ijtsrd
This study assessed ways of enhancing cooperative thrift and loan scheme for increased agricultural production in Udi local government area of Enugu state. To achieve this, the study ascertained the effect of cooperative credit on member’s agricultural production, determined the effect of cooperative savings on member’s agricultural input, and examined the extent to which access to loan to cooperative members increase their standard of living. Data were obtained from Eight functional and active cooperative in the area. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design and made use of survey to make generalization based on findings of the study and also adopted a judgmental sampling technique, Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the same size of 120, The data obtained were analysed using simple percentage frequency distribution tables and likert scale. The stated hypothesis was tested using Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis. Evidence from the study revealed that cooperative thrift and loan scheme plays a significant role on the agricultural production of members. Therefore, the researcher recommended that cooperative should provide more credit and thrifting services to members. Cooperative savings has a positive effect on Agricultural inputs therefore the cooperative should encourage their members to save and invest in viable agricultural businesses, such as poultry, piggery, fishery etc Government should also create an enabling environments for these cooperatives to thrive and Government should assist members with agricultural inputs, credit and supplies through their cooperatives. Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther | Michael Maureen Chinenye | Dr. Okafo Okoreaffia | Nwafor Obiageli Grace "Enhancing Cooperative Thrift and Loan Scheme for Increased Agricultural Production in UDI Local Government Enugu State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/other/57563/enhancing-cooperative-thrift-and-loan-scheme-for-increased-agricultural-production-in-udi-local-government-enugu-state-nigeria/okafor-ogochukwu-esther
Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production A Study of Selected Coop...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined access to agricultural credit and cassava production A study of selected cooperative farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design that aimed to determine the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable in a population. The population of this study was made up of 2978 members of selected thirty six cooperative societies in Anambra State. A sample of 353 was determined for the study using Taro Yamani formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 353 respondents only 348 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency, mean and standard deviation and also inferential statistics such as regression analysis and t test statistics. All analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23. Findings show that all the five coefficients cost of cooperative credit, amount of credit borrowed, loan repayment period, interest paid and loan repayment performance significantly influence cassava production in Anambra State. In general, the joint effect of the explanatory variables independent variables in the model account for 0.883 or 88.3 of the variations in the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production in Anambra State, Nigeria. This implies that 88.3 of the variations in the cassava production are being accounted for or explained by the variations in the explanatory variables. While other independent variables not captured in the model explain just 11.7 of the variations in cassava production. The study therefore recommends that credit institutions should supervise and spread the repayment period for credit obtained in such a way that the cost will not be heavy. Adequate credit facilities should be provided for farmers to enable them increase their production capacity. The loan repayment period for the farmers should be well spread to enhance their productivity among others. Low interest rate should be charged farmer to enable them reduce their rate of defaulting repayment. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production: A Study of Selected Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45009.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/45009/access-to-agricultural-credit-and-cassava-production-a-study-of-selected-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/nwafor-grace-obiageli
The Viability of Agricultural Value Chain Financing in the Province of Nueva ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Agriculture is one of the main industries in the Philippines, and Nueva Ecija is known as the country's "Rice Granary." However, many farmers in the province face financial constraints that limit their ability to invest in their farms and improve their yields. This descriptive study aimed to explore the viability of agricultural value chain financing in Nueva Ecija. The researchers used convenience sampling and a survey questionnaire with a consent form to collect data from farmers, traders, and other actors in the agricultural value chain. The researchers analyzed the data using frequency count, percentages, and weighted mean. The study found that agricultural value chain financing is viable in Nueva Ecija, but only if there is an entity that can act as a link between the different actors in the chain. This could be a government agency, a non-governmental organization, or a private sector company. The link entity would need to provide financial and other support services to farmers, such as training and technical assistance, as well as facilitate connections between farmers and other actors in the value chain, such as traders and processors. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of agricultural value chain financing in Nueva Ecija. By highlighting the importance of link entities, the findings can inform the development of policies and programs that support agricultural development and poverty reduction in the province and beyond.
— The study evaluates the efficiency of cooperative societies in credit delivery to agricultural enterprises in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The specific objectives were to; describe the socioeconomic profile of cooperatives societies, identify the sources of finance that are available and utilize for credit by cooperative societies, analyze the efficiency of cooperatives using the arrival rate of loan request and the service rate and identify the challenges militating against cooperatives as a means of providing credit facilities to farmers in the study area. random sampling method was used to select 30 Cooperative Societies in the Local Government Area. Data were obtained using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and queue theory. Results from the study showed that most of the cooperatives were formed in 2011 with 16-20 members at inception, which stood currently at 21-40 members. The benefits derived from the society ranges from, provision of input for production, accessibility of loan and marketing of products. The large proportion of the amount disbursed to member's ranges from 11000-31000naira. The result revealed that the sources of finance available to members was mainly from members contributions .The result further showed that cooperatives were not effective and efficient in queue management because the average idle time (-0.26) and the average traffic intensity was more than one (1.26). Also, findings showed that insufficient funds for disbursement(3.33), lack of qualified personnel (3.23), insincerity of members in credit management (3.16) and changes in government credit policies (3.16) were serious challenges that affected efficient delivery of credit by cooperative societies to agricultural enterprises in the study area, The study therefore recommended capacity building for cooperative members to enable them adequately source for funds and efficiently manage loan disbursement and repayment by members. Also, relevant government and nongovernmental financial institutions should be encouraged to channel credit facilities through cooperatives in other to build their financial base and make credit more accessible to agricultural enterprises.
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Loan Repayment among the Agric. Loan Schemebene...iosrjce
The study examined the socioeconomic factors influencing loan repayment among the
beneficiariesagricultural loan scheme in the Unity bank of Nigeria PLc in kaduna metropolis. Multi stage
sampling technique was used in the study in which seven branches of the unity bank of Nigeria plc were
purposively selected and in each branch 10 beneficiaries who collected agric loan in2007/2008 cropping season
were selected using simple random sampling technique making a total sample size of seventy respondents. The
data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and multiple
regression analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that,majority (75.72%) of the loan beneficiaries were
males and those with age range of 21-40 constituted75.72% with amean age of 38.6. Majority (51.42%) of the
respondents collected above N200,000 as a loan. Beneficiaries who repaid N1, 000-N20, 000and more than
N100, 000 out of the total amount collected constituted 24.29% and 27.14% respectively.The result of the z-test
revealed a significant difference between the amount applied by the farmers and the amount disbursed by the
Unity bank plc. The result of the Double log multiple regression analysis revealed that age of respondent
(p<0.001)><0.01) significantly influence loan repayment by the respondents.
The major problems encountered by the respondents include, high bureaucratic procedures, high rate of interest
and amount given was short of amount applied for. The bank should increase the share of agriculture in the
loanable funds available to it and relaxed the bureaucratic procedures involved before accessing the loan.
Government need to come up with a policy of lowering the interest rate on loans to agricultural sector and
provide efficient extension services to farmers so as to improve the yield obtainable from their farming
enterprise and hence their income
We examined the effect of bank credit on agricultural productivity in Nigeria so as
to ascertain the existence of causal relationship between the dual. To achieve this
objective, the time frame secondary data used in the study includes: written materials
such as books and journals and also the use of time series data such as Agricultural
Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), commercial bank credit to agricultural sectors
(CBCA), Interest rate charges (INT), Government spending on agriculture (GSA), and
Agricultural Credit Guarantee scheme (ACGSF).THE DATA collected were all
sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The statistical
tool of analysis is the Toda and Yamamoto granger non causality techniques.
Conversely the variables were exposed to the Unit Root Test to ensure stationarity
both with and without structural break, the Johansen Co-Integration Test which
showed that a long term relationship does not exist among variables and also the
Vector Autoregression Estimates Decompositions Test was also computed to shows
the contribution of each endogenous variable to the forecast of other variables before
the application of the Toda and Yamamoto non granger causality test to determine if
a causal relationship exist among variable of which the result attained was that there
is a unidirectional causality running from ACGSF to AGDP thereby buttressing the
estimate of the VAR model with respect to the role of ACGSF in explaining changes
MODELLING THE PREDICTION OF FARMERS' LOAN REPAYMENT IN PRIMARY AGRICUTURAL CO...IAEME Publication
Money, the vital element of economy, is indispensable to Agriculturists too. In India the farming community is subject to various vagaries to continue to be farmers and boost GDP of our Nation. In this Co-operative banks also play an important role despite the low percentage of repayment by farmers promptly coupled with high level of pressure for farmers for loan for continuing agricultural activities while the resource is requiring its cost to make it readily available at the time of all farming activities. There are many socio psychological factors. Affecting recovery of lending institutions resulting in a hard situation for credit societies and banks to continue lending. Here the study is on factors that could predict ways and means of recovery from farmers.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
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@Pi_vendor_247
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US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
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how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Local Government area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria
1. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-2, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.2.3.4 ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com/ijhaf Page | 46
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility
among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Local
Government area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Onuk, E.G.1
; Girei, A.A.1
; Amfani-Joe, C.E.2
1
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia
Campus, Nigeria.
2
Department of Home Science and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia
Campus, Nigeria.
Corresponding Authour: galadima1954@gmail.com
Abstract— This study was carried out to access the
Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato
farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa
State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers
from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area
using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency
distribution, range and regression analysis. The results
indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-
bodied who could be productive for agricultural production
in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the
respondents were married and had 30 years and above
farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that
majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had
no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority
(80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0%
were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger
proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income
between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had
annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and
N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all
of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in
tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results
also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had
farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the
multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the
multiple regressions co-efficient (R2
) was found to be 0.896,
implying that the regression model accounted for about 89%
of none zero variations in the study.The research work
concluded by advocating the establishment of financial
institutions in each local government headquarters of
Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Keywords— Tomato Farmers, Micro Finance, Kokona.
I. INTRODUCTION
Tomato (Lycopersiconesculenta) is an important vegetable
crop grown in many parts of the world, contributing
significantly to income security and the nutritive diets of
many households. According to Mofekeet al. (2013)
vegetable crops constitute 30 to 50% of iron and vitamin A in
resource poor diet. Vegetable crops including tomatoes are
widely cultivated in most parts of Sub Sahara Africa,
particularly by small scale farmers in most states of Nigeria
(Girohet al., 2010). Global production of fruits and
vegetables tripled from 396 million MT in 1961 to 1.34
billion MT in 2003 and Nigeria ranked 16th
on the global
tomato production scale, accounting for 10.79% of Africa’s
and 1.2% of total world production of tomatoes (Weinberger
and Lumpkin, 2012).
Denton and Swarup (2010), observed that tomato production
in the Northern States as in other parts of the country is done
during the dry season, while its production is scarce during
the rainy season because of high disease incidence associated
with growing tomatoes and preference of tomato producers
for grain food crops during rainy season. Nigeria is unable to
meet its growing domestic requirements for vegetables,
fruits, floriculture, herbs and spices, dried nuts and pulses.
Between 2009 and 2010, Nigeria imported a total of 105,000
metric tons of tomato paste valued at over 16 billion Nairain
order to bridge the deficit gap between supply and demand in
the country (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006).
Kalu (2013), attributed this situation to poor finance from
financial institutions, socio-economic constraints surrounding
the key actors in the tomato value chain, institutional
weaknesses and declining agricultural research. According to
Kalu (2013), Microfinance is the provision of a broad range
of financial services such as deposits, loans, payment
2. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-2, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.2.3.4 ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com/ijhaf Page | 47
services, money transfers, and insurance to poor and low-
income households and, their micro-enterprises.
Microfinance services are provided by three types of sources;
formal institutions, such as rural banks and cooperatives;
semiformal institutions, such as non-governmental
organizations; andInformal sources such as money lenders
and shopkeepers.
Mike(2002), observed that institutional micro finance include
micro finance services provided by both formal and
semiformal institutions. Microfinance institutions are defined
as institutions whose major business is the provision of
microfinance services. Ojo (2009) emphasized that the goal
of Micro Finance Institutions as development organization is
to provide service, the financial needs and underserved
market as a means of meeting development objectives.
The rural farmers’ savings ability is very low and they are
unable to purchase new technology because of insufficient
credit (Ogungbile and Olukosi, 2011). This situation in the
rural area implies that farmers require assistance in form of
credit in order to adopt new technologies to improve their
farm productivity and income.
Agricultural credit therefore, means access to capital for the
purpose of farming which payment will be made at later date
(Alamu and Yakubu, 2009). While agricultural financing,
according to Otuet al. (2014), can be classified as formal or
informal. Formal financial institutions are subject to banking
laws and other specific regulations governing their
establishment. The informal financial institutions operate
outside legal frameworks and are governed by social control
mechanisms and norms. This sector is made up of money–
lenders, friends, relatives, asusu or adashegroups, produce
buyers, traders, merchants and local co-operatives.
In an attempt to solve farmers’ agricultural production
financing problems, the federal government has come in, in
different ways to assist rural farmers. In 1973 the Nigerian
Agricultural Credit Bank (NACB) was established to lend to
state credit institutions at 5-6% interest rate and the states in
turn were to lend to farmers at slightly higher rate of interest.
The name was later changed to Nigerian Agricultural and
Co-operative Bank (NACB) in 1978 to embrace co-operative
activities and emphasize the importance of credit in
agricultural production. However, the NACB has undergone
some changes in name and functions, its name was change to
Nigerian Agricultural, Co-operative and Rural Development
Bank (NACRDB) limited and of recent it was renamed Bank
of Agriculture (BOA) (Olukosi, 2007).
Central Bank of Nigeria in 1972 prescribed the size of credit
allocation by banks to designated sectors. According to
Balogun (2006), between 1969 and 1982, the commercial
banks were obliged to grant a minimum of eight percent
(8%) of their total credit to agriculture at six percent (6%)
interest and between 1971 and 1977, agricultural loans by
commercial banks was at an average of three percent (3%) to
the total commercial banks lending to economy which then
grew to approximately to seven percent (7%) between 1978
and 1984. He further stated that, the mandatory sectoral
allocation of loans and advances to agriculture was reviewed
upward to twelve percent (12%) in 1985, fifteen percent
(15%) in 1990 and eighteen percent (8%) in 1991. However
penalty was attached in the form of amount in default being
given interest free to the NACB by any bank who fails to
comply with the guidelines.
Before the deregulation of interest rate in July 1987, lending
to agriculture by financial institutions was completely
through NACB and Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme
Fund (ACGSF) at concessional rate of interest. Other efforts
which were made by the FGN to induce a positive
participation of banks in developing the rural financial
markets were the two initiatives of rural banking scheme and
agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund established in
1977/1978. The ACGSF guarantee 75% of the loan granted
to farmers by commercial banks. The rural banking was
equally initiated to remedy the anomaly of the skewed
distribution of commercial banks between urban and rural
areas. The CBN constrained commercial banks to establish a
specified number of branches in the rural areas (Olukosi,
2007).
The informal source of credit constitute fund from relatives,
friends, traders, merchant, money lenders, saving groups
(adashe or asusu), and these are institutions which meet short
term production or consumption needs. Miller (2007) stated
that the informal source is the most extensive supplier of
credit in Nigeria, yet the source has not supplied the amount
of credit required nor has it provided credit on the terms
required by farmers to modernize their farming method on a
short term basis and the interest charge are sometimes greater
than 100% annually. This shows that the informal sources are
very easy means but very expensive source of credit to rural
sector.
II. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Over the years, lack of access to finance has been identified
as one of the major constraints to small business growth
(Owualah, 2011; Lawson, 2011). The reason is that provision
of financial services is an important means for mobilizing
resources for more productive use.
Tomato production is done by small scale farmers in Nigeria
and small and medium enterprises are believed to be the
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engine room for the development of any economy, because
they form the bulk of business activities in a growing
economy like that of Nigeria. This is manifested in the
following ways, Employment generation, rural development,
Economic growth and Industrialization and Better Utilization
of Indigenous Resources.
A whooping sum of N11.7 billion is spent annually to import
processed tomato paste into the country. The productivity
and economic value of this vegetable crop in Nigeria is
hindered by an array of factors that make its cultivation
difficult and cumbersome. Inadequate finance, Pests and
diseases are major factors in the low tomato production.
Storage technologies for the fruit need to be modernized to
avoid post-harvest losses. Farmers usually practice rain fed
agriculture and at the peak of the season there is a glut that
results in very high losses.
Nigeria tomato production is increasing over the decades but
her production output has not been able to meet up the ever
growing population. This may be attributed to the fact that
majority of the Nigerian agricultural production is done by
the small scale farmers. This has mitigated their production
output and also, their inability to access loan from financial
institutions.
For Nigeria to be able to expand her production, adequate
policies that can guarantee better production technologies,
adequate finance, and expansion of production inputs must
be put in place. Over the years, farmers have not been
capacitated to acquire loan and this has crippled production
expansion. It becomes crucial to assess farmers’ access to
finance and the effects of farmers’ inability to access this
finance in Kokona Local Government Area of Nasarawa
State.
The findings of this study will also serveas information
source and knowledge for individuals especially students
wishing to go in for further research on the effect of micro-
finance on tomato production.It will also create room for
financial institution to understand the loopholes crippling
small scale farmers in Nigeria at large and Kokona Local
Government in particular.
Objectives of the Study are to:
i. describe the socio-economic characteristics of
tomato farmers in the study area;
ii. analyze the effect of farmers demographic variables
on the ease of acquiring loan in the study area;
iii. identify the main sources of finance used by
respondents in the study area; and
iv. identify the constraints militating against farmers
accessing credit for tomato production in the study
area.
III. METHODOLOGY
The research was carried out in Kokona Local Government
Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Kokona is a Local
Government Area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria and its
headquarters is located in Garaku. It has an area of 1,844 km²
and a population of 109,749 inhabitants (NPC, 2006 ). It is
located between latitude 8o
511
N and longitude 5o
051
E. The
mean annualrainfallrange from; 14.2mm to 229.4mm with
the highest in August and lowest in April, The mean annual
temperature of the area inayear rangefrom19.30
C to 23.80
C.
The annual mean humidity varies from 32% to 86 %.
(NMA,Lafia, 2013).The major tribes in the area include;
Gwandara, Mada,Afo, Hausa, Fulani, and Eggon.The
economic activity inthe area is largely agrarian where
majority of the peoplelive as subsistence farmers who
cultivate crops such asyam, sesame, rice, cassava, sorghum,
millet, cowpea, groundnut and other crops.
Population and sample selection
The population of the study area comprises of tomato
farmers. A simple random sampling procedure was employed
for selection of respondents for the study. Kokona Local
Government Area has about 200 communities from which
six communities namely; AngwaDoka, Kokona, Bukoko,
Sabo Ruwa,Garaku and Amba was randomly selected. Next
involves the random selection of ten (10) tomato farmers
from each of the six (6) communities giving a sample size of
sixty (60) respondents for the study.The data for this study
was obtained from primary sources through a structured
questionnaire. The data also cover relevant information on
the objectives of the study.
Analytical Techniques
Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency
distribution and range were used to achieve objectives i, iii
and iv, while objective ii was satisfied using regression
analysis. The linear form of the model is stated explicitly as
follows:
Multiple regression analysis was used to satisfy objectiveiv.
The model is expressed as follows:
Y = a + b1x1 + b2x 2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 +b6x6 + b7x7 + µ.
Where;
Y = Annual income of respondents in naira
X1 = Age of farmers (years)
X2 = Years of experience of farmers in tomato farming
(years)
X3 = Farm size (hectare)
X4 = Educational level (No of years spent in
school)
X5 = Household size
X6 = Annual income (N)
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X7 = Extension Contact (yes =1 No=2)
b1 – b7 = Regression coefficients
a = Constant term
µ = Error term
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents
The results from Table 1 show that majority (51.7 %) of the
tomato farmers were within the age bracket of 41-50, 23.3%
were within the age bracket of 31-40 years, while 6.7% were
within the age bracket of 20-30 years. The mean age was
45.5 years, meaning they were in their active age. This
supports the findings of Bawaet al. (2010) who reported that
crop farmers in Borno State, North-East Nigeria, were at
their economically active age and were able to access loan
from financial institution due to their receptive ability to take
risk in crop production activities and this were youths within
the economically productive age range of 18-40 years.
Ogunbameru (2001) also asserted that young and middle
aged people are the most active in agricultural production
activities for increased productivity.
Table 1 also revealed that larger proportion (33.3%) of the
farmers engaged in tomato farming had primary education,
31.7 % had secondary education, 26.7% had no formal
education and only 8.3 % had tertiary education. It can be
deduced from the finding that 73.3% of the tomato farmers
were literate. This will increase their ability to access loan
from bank as educated individuals understands the processes
involved in accessing loan from financial institutions.
Education has been discovered to be highly related to
effectiveness of work and economic function (Meskel,
2010).This findings share a common view with Abdullahi
and Abdullahi(2011) work who reported that western
education facilitates farmers’ ease of accessing agricultural
credit for efficient productivity.
The results from table revealed that majority (71.7 %) of the
tomato farmers had household size within the ranges of 5-10
persons, 16.7 had household size within the ranges of 11-15
and only 11.7% had household size less than 5 persons. The
mean household size was 7.5 persons. Large household size
could provide educated individuals who could understand the
processes of accessing loan from financial institution.
Table 1 indicated that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the
farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to
extension contact. This is an indication of poor extension
service delivery. This may be due to the poor funding in the
Nigerian extension system and the poor attitude of extension
agents towards their job.
Results from table 1 revealed that majority (70.0%) of the
respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares, while
only 30.0% of the less than 1 hectare of farm size to cultivate
their tomato. The mean farm size was 1.2. This is an
indication that most of the tomato producers were small
holders and this can hinder large scale production of tomato
and could also discourage them from applying for loan from
financial institutions. This is a typical characteristics of
Nigerian farmers. Most Nigerian farmers are small scale farm
holders and this has been the bane of agricultural
development in developing countries.
The result also indicates that majority (80.0%) of the
respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. This
suggests that most of the farm work were undertaken by men
in the study area. This agrees with the claims of Ojo and
Jibowo (2008) who in their study revealed that leadership
roles visa- vise decision making are dominated by the men
folk and women are not always given access to productive
resources which can serve as a collateral to accessing loan
from financial institutions especially in northern Nigeria.
Table 1 indicated that majority (90.0 %) of the tomato
farmers were married. This could also mean more educated
individuals and increase ease of loan access. Ojo and Jibowo
(2008) in his study of farmers’ adoption to agricultural
innovation observed that household with large number of
individuals have more educated individuals.
Table 1 shows that larger proportion (41.7 %) of the
respondents had farming experience above 30 years, 31.7%
had farming experience between 21-30 years and only 26.7%
had farming experience of between 10 and 20 years. The
mean farming experience was 26 years. Abdullahi and
Abdullahi (2011) observed that tomato farmers in the study
area were experienced and high farming experience could
increase farmers ability of taking farm production risk which
could encourage them to apply for loan.
Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had
access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit.
This implies that tomato producers in the study area had the
ability to access loan from one source or the other. Access to
loan can increase input purchase and in turn increase farm
productivity.
Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion
(26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the
range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual
income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,001-
N100,000 respectively. The mean annual income was
N146,883. Kuponiyi, (2000) in his study observed that
income provides capital that improves crop production and
farmers’ ability to expand their production capacity.
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Table.1: Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents
Characteristics Frequency Percentage Mean value
Gender
male 48 80.0
female 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
Age
20-30 1 1.7
31-40 14 23.3
41-50 31 51.7 45.5
51-60 10 16.7
above 60 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Marital Status
married 54 90.0
divorced 1 1.7
widowed 5 8.3
Total 60 100.0
Household Size
less than 5 7 11.7
5-10 43 71.7 7.5
11-15 10 16.7
Total 60 100.0
Educational Status
primary education 20 33.3
secondary education 19 31.7
tertiary 5 8.3
non formal 16 26.7
Total 60 100.0
Farming Experience
10-20 16 26.7
21-30 19 31.7 25.6
greater than 30 25 41.7
Total 60 100.0
Extension Visit
No 60 100.0
Total 60 100.0
Occupation
full time farming 39 65.0
part time farming 21 35.0
Total 60 100.0
Farm Size
less than 1 18 30.0
1-2 42 70.0 1.2
Total 60 100.0
Access to credit
yes 44 73.3
no 16 26.7
Total 60 100.0
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Annual Income
1-50,000 6 10.0
50,001-100,000 13 21.7
100,001-150,000 16 26.7
150,001-200,000 13 21.7 146,883.3
200,001-250,000 6 10.0
250,001-300,000 2 3.3
above 300,000 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2017
Farmers’ Demographic Variables and their ease of
Acquiring Loan
The results of the multiple regression analysis as presented in
Table 2 revealed that the value of the multiple regressions
co-efficient (R2
) was found to be 0.896. This implies that the
regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero
variations in the study model. This shows that independent
variables determine about 89% of variations in the farmers’
access to loan. Thus, the regression has a good fit to explain
the relationship offarmers’ loan access and socio-economic
factors that determine farmers’ ability to access loan from
financial institutions. The result from Table 2 showed that,
farm size and educational status of the tomato farmers were
significant at one percent and ten percent respectively.
However,the age and farming experience,their family size of
tomato farmers in the study area were was not significant.
The regression analysis also showed that Farm size and
educational status of tomato farmers were positively
correlated with their ability to access loan. This means that
an increase in any of these variables will lead to an increase
in their ability to access loan. However, the age, farming
experience, the family size of the respondents was negatively
correlated with their ability to access loan. Implying that
increasing this variable will reduce the tomato farmers’
ability to access loan from financial institution due to so
much family responsibility which could divert money meant
for tomato production to family responsibilities.
Table.2: Farmers’ Demographic Variables and their ease of Acquiring Loan
Variables Coefficients Standard Error t-value
(Constant) 4.542 0.052 87.617***
Age 0.019 0.020 0.974 NS
farming experience 0.008 0.024 0.331 NS
farm size 0.377 0.024 15.480***
Education status 0.022 0.011 1.936*
Family size -0.002 0.031 -.073NS
Source: Field survey, 2017NS= Not significant***significance at 1% level of probability. .*significance at 10%level of
probability
R2
= 0.896 ; F. Value = 93.36
Results from Table 3 revealed that larger proportion (48.3%)
of the respondents had no access to credit institutions, 26.7%
accessed loan from local lenders, while only 25.0% of the
accessed loan from friends and relatives. This implies that
local farmers do not have access to loan in the study area.
Credit availability is essential to improved inputs purchase
and farm productivity. This supports the findings of
Adelaniet al.(2007), who on their analysis of constraints that
affect smallholder farmers in the production of tomatoes in
Ga-Mphahlele, LepelleNkumbi Municipality, Limpopo
Province, South Africa, that farmers in rural areas do not
access loan from financial institution due to their inability to
provide collateral security.
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Table.3: Source of Credit to Tomato Farmers
Source Frequency Percentage
No source 29 48.3
Local lenders 16 26.7
friends and relatives 15 25.0
Total 60 100
Source: Field survey, 2017
Constraints Militating Framers from Accessing Loan
Results from Table 4 showed that larger proportion (53.3%)
had inadequate extension services and high interest rate as
their major constraints, 43.3% had inadequate information on
how to access loan as their constraints, 36.6% had
insufficient credit source as their constraints, while 28.3% of
the respondents considered illiteracy as a factors militating
them from accessing loan from financial institutions. This
implies that tomato farmers in the study area had numerous
factors preventing them from accessing loan from financial
institutions. This is in line with Bediakoet al. (2007) who
observed that high interest rate, lack of collateral security,
illiteracy, and poor extension education as factors that
militate farmers ability to access loan from credit institutions.
Table.4: Constraints Militating Farmers from Accessing Loan (n=60)
Constraints Frequency Percentage
Lack of collateral security 20 33.3
Inadequate land 11 18.3
High rate of illiteracy 17 28.3
Inadequate information on how to
access loan
26 43.3
Inadequate extension support 32 53.3
High interest rate 32 53.3
Insufficient credit source 22 36.6
size of loan or credit requested 6 10
loan repayment ability 9 15
Total 175*
Source: Field survey, 2017*Multiple response allowed.
V. CONCLUSION
The findings of the study revealed that tomato farmers in the
study area had numerous problems that affect their ability to
obtain loan from financial institutions. These are high interest
rate, poor extension services, lack of collateral security, and
illiteracy. These factors tend to reduce their production
efficiency and productivity. Based on the findings in the
study area, the following suggestions are recommended: -
The high interest rate attached to loan should be removed to
encourage farmers to easily apply for loan.Government and
non-governmental organization should establish sufficient
financial institutions in Kokona Local Government that can
make loan available to farmers at none single digit
interest.Extension agents should educate farmers on how to
access loan from financial institutions
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