MBBS PHYSIOLOGY QUESTION PAPER
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This document contains a physiology question paper with multiple questions testing knowledge of various physiology topics. Question 1 has two parts asking about (a) cardiac tissues, impulse generation and transmission, and differences in action potentials between cardiac and skeletal muscles, and idioventricular rhythm and (b) basal ganglia nuclei, connections, functions, features of Parkinsonism, and how Parkinsonism can be reduced. Question 2 asks to trace the visual pathway with diagram and effects of lesions, and discuss gastric mucosal barrier and peptides ulcers treatment. Question 3 and 4 contain short answer questions testing knowledge on various physiology topics like ventilation/perfusion ratio, enterohepatic circulation, and more.
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yuyu
The prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said "Whoever cheats us is not one of us."
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SHOCK
1. Shock is defined as a state of poor tissue perfusion and cellular metabolism due to circulatory failure and hypoxia.
2. The main causes of shock include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, and respiratory shock.
3. Septic shock occurs due to bacterial toxins and involves an initial hyperdynamic stage with fever and tachycardia followed by a hypodynamic stage with hypotension, organ dysfunction, and poor tissue perfusion.
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
This document discusses acute inflammation and its mechanisms. It begins by defining inflammation and acute inflammation. It then describes the cardinal signs of inflammation - redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It discusses the vascular events in acute inflammation including vasodilation, increased permeability, and exudation. It also covers the cellular events of acute inflammation including leukocyte margination, adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Finally, it discusses the various chemical mediators involved in acute inflammation.
EXAMINATION OF SWELLING
The document provides guidance on examining a swelling through taking a thorough patient history and conducting a physical examination. The history should explore the duration, mode of onset, associated symptoms, pain characteristics, progression, location, fever, other lumps, secondary changes, function impairment, recurrence, weight loss, and medical history. The physical exam includes a general survey and local examination of the swelling's situation, color, shape, size, surface, edge, number, pulsation, movement, skin, and pressure effects. Taking a detailed history and examination can provide clues to the swelling's cause and diagnosis.
PAIN : HISTORY TAKING
The document discusses the definition and types of pain. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage. It describes four main types of pain: superficial, segmental, deep, and psychogenic. The document emphasizes the importance of a thorough pain history in order to make an accurate diagnosis. It provides a list of key factors to assess in a pain history, including location, onset, severity, nature, progression, duration, aggravating/relieving factors, and any associated symptoms. Assessing these factors can provide clues to determine the underlying cause of a patient's pain.
MANAGEMENT OF BREAST CARCINOMA
1) The document discusses the management of breast cancer including surgical approaches such as mastectomy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
2) Surgical approaches range from conservative surgeries to radical mastectomies and include procedures such as lumpectomy, quadrantectomy, and total mastectomy.
3) Management depends on the stage of breast cancer and may involve a multi-pronged approach using combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Single modalities are generally not effective.
DISEASE AND DENGUE
This presentation was made for class 11 & 12 students & was explained in detail during the seminar (SCIEN-CON’ 19).
This approach was taken by the medical students of MIDNAPORE MEDICAL COLLEGE, WEST BENGAL, INDIA for creating awareness about the health & hygiene and self assessment, knowledge & basic management of the most prevalent disease “Dengue”.
This was guided by the our beloved principal sir Dr. Panchanan Kundu & professors of other depts.
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THE VESTIGIALS
This document discusses a presentation made by a medical student to high school students about vestigial organs in the human body. It defines vestigial organs as those that have reduced in size and lost ancestral functions over human evolution. Examples discussed include the third eyelid, tailbone, wisdom teeth, and appendix. For each organ, the presentation provides the organ's ancestral function and how it has become vestigial as human diets and lifestyles have changed. The goal is to motivate students interested in the medical field by sharing this knowledge of how the human body has evolved.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Staphylococcus are spherical bacteria that grow in grape-like clusters. S. aureus is an important human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of illnesses from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome. It produces many virulence factors like toxins and enzymes. Common infections include impetigo, boils, cellulitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. Diagnosis involves culture and tests for coagulase and antibiotic resistance. Treatment requires drainage of infections and antibiotic therapy. Prevention focuses on hygiene, safe food handling, and complete treatment of infections.
PNEUMOCOCCUS
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first isolated in 1881 by George Sternberg and Louis Pasteur. There are over 90 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae. It is a facultative anaerobe that is normally found in the upper respiratory tract of humans. Virulence factors include an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule and pneumolysin toxin. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the bacterium from clinical specimens. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin, with vaccines available to help prevent pneumococcal disease.
SALMONELLA
Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that can cause infections in humans and other animals. There are over 2000 serotypes of Salmonella, with some causing typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever through consumption of contaminated food or water. S. Typhi specifically causes typhoid fever, a systemic illness involving the gastrointestinal tract and bloodstream. The disease progresses as the bacteria penetrate the intestines, spread to internal organs, and multiply before reentering the bloodstream and causing symptoms like sustained fever and abdominal pain. Carriers of S. Typhi pose a public health risk by potentially spreading the infection through food preparation.
PAIN : PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
This document summarizes the pathophysiology of pain. It describes how pain is detected by nociceptors in the periphery and transmitted through the spinal cord and brain. Pain serves an important protective function but can also become chronic through peripheral and central sensitization. Psychological factors and brain circuits can also modulate pain perception. Damage to the peripheral or central nervous system can cause neuropathic pain, which is often severe and resistant to treatment.
EPISTAXIS
This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including its causes, sites of bleeding, classification, and management approaches. The main points covered are:
- Epistaxis is caused by bleeding from inside the nose, with common causes being local trauma, infections, or general medical conditions like hypertension.
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- Epistaxis can be anterior (from the nasal cavity) or posterior (from the nasopharynx). Anterior bleeding is more common and usually mild.
- First approaches to manage epistaxis include applying pressure, cauterization of bleeding vessels, or anterior nasal packing
NASAL POLYP
Nasal polyps are soft, non-cancerous growths that develop in the nasal cavity or sinuses. This document discusses the history, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of nasal polyps. It describes how nasal polyps were first documented over 4000 years ago in ancient Egypt and Greece. The causes of nasal polyps include allergies, cystic fibrosis and inflammation. Patients present with nasal obstruction, congestion, loss of smell and drainage. Diagnosis involves nasal examination with rhinoscopy sometimes requiring CT scans. Treatment involves use of steroids, antihistamines, decongestants and surgery to remove the polyps.
FORENSIC MEDICINE MCQS
This document contains multiple choice questions related to forensic medicine and the legal system in India. It covers topics like the definitions of forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence, toxicology and other terms. It also discusses the Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, different types of courts and legal procedures in India like inquests, trials and sentencing. Key facts included are that the Indian Penal Code was enacted in 1860, magistrate inquests are required for certain cases of unnatural death, and the maximum punishment that can be awarded by different levels of courts.
AMYLOIDOSIS
This document provides an overview of amyloidosis, including:
- Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins that form insoluble fibrils, damaging tissues.
- There are different types classified by the misfolded protein involved, including AL, AA, and rare forms.
- Organs commonly affected include the kidney, heart, GI tract, and nerves.
- Diagnosis involves biopsy of affected tissues and staining with Congo red to identify amyloid deposits.
- Prognosis depends on type and organ involvement, with generalized amyloidosis having a poor prognosis of around 2 years.
RABIES (RHABDOVIRUS)
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread to humans through infected animal bites. It is endemic in India and most human deaths occur in Asia and Africa, with over 55,000 deaths annually. Rabies virus infects the central nervous system and causes acute encephalitis. Early symptoms are non-specific but as the virus spreads to the brain, symptoms become severe and include hyperactivity, hallucinations, fear of water, and paralysis. There is no cure once symptoms appear, almost always resulting in death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and confirmed via laboratory tests on brain tissue detecting the virus or Negri bodies. Prevention focuses on post-exposure vaccination and avoiding contact with wild animals.
ANATOMY OF EXTERNAL EAR
The external ear consists of the pinna and external auditory canal. The pinna has prominent features like the helix, antihelix and lobule. The external auditory canal is cartilaginous in the outer one-third and bony in the inner two-thirds. The tympanic membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear. It has three layers and is angled obliquely in the canal. Nerves that supply the external ear and tympanic membrane include the auriculotemporal, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
ANATOMY OF LARYNX
The document provides details on the anatomy and development of the larynx. It discusses the key cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and epiglottic cartilages. It also describes the role of the hyoid bone in suspending the larynx and providing attachment points for muscles. The larynx forms from swellings in the branchial arches during early gestation and continues developing through differentiation of cartilage and tissues.
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
The document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It begins by outlining changing concepts of health from a biomedical to holistic perspective. It then defines health from several sources including the WHO definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The document also discusses operational definitions of health and outlines determinants of health including biological, lifestyle, socioeconomic and environmental factors. It summarizes indicators of health including mortality, morbidity and quality of life indicators.
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