materi P5 keberagaman dengan isu isu sosial terkait keberagaman.pptx

KEBERAGAMAN
DENGAN ISU-ISU
SOSIAL TERKAIT
KEBERAGAMAN
TEMA : BHINEKA TUNGGAL IKA
“MERAJUT KEBHINEKAAN, MENGHARGAI PERBEDAAAN”

Makna Bhineka Tunggal Ika
“Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” Lambang negara Indonesia berbentuk
burung Garuda yang kepalanya menoleh ke sebelah kanan (dari
sudut pandang Garuda), perisai berbentuk menyerupai jantung
yang digantung dengan rantai pada leher Garuda, dan semboyan
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika yang berarti “Berbeda-beda tetapi tetap satu”
ditulis di atas pita yang dicengkeram oleh Garuda.

Makna Bhineka Tunggal Ika
Kata Bhinneka Tunggal Ika dapat pula dimaknai bahwa meskipun bangsa dan
negara Indonesia terdiri atas beraneka ragam suku bangsa yang memiliki
kebudayaan dan adat-istiadat yang bermacam-macam serta beraneka ragam
kepulauan wilayah negara Indonesia namun keseluruhannya itu merupakan suatu
persatuan yaitu bangsa dan negara Indonesia. Keanekaragaman tersebut bukanlah
merupakan perbedaan yang bertentangan namun justru keanekaragaman itu bersatu
dalam satu komposisi yang pada gilirannya justru memperkaya sifat dan makna
persatuan bangsa dan negara Indonesia.

Keberagaman dalam Bingkai Bhinneka
Tunggal Ika
Kebhinnekaan Bangsa Indonesia
1. Kebhinnekaan Mata Pencaharian
Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan dan memiliki kondisi alam yang berbeda-beda, seperti
dataran tinggi/pegunungan maupun dataran rendah/pantai sehingga masyarakat yang tinggal
didaerah tersebut harus menyesuaikan cara hidupnya dengan alam disekitarnya. Kondisi alam juga
mengakibatkan perbedaan mata pencaharian ada yang sebagai petani, nelayan, pedagang pegawai,
peternak dan lain-lain sehingga kebhinnekaan mata pencaharian tersebut dapat menjalin persatuan
karena saling membutuhkan.

2. Kebhinnekaan ras
Letak Indonesia sangat strategis sehingga Indonesia menjadi tempat persilangan jalur perdagangan.
Banyaknya kaum pendatang ke Indonesia mengakibatkan terjadinya akulturasi baik pada ras, agama,
kesenian maupun budaya.
• Ras di Indonesia terdiri dari Papua Melanesoid yang berdiam di Pulau Papua, dengan ciri fisik
rambut keriting, bibir tebal dan kulit hitam.
• Ras weddoid dengan jumlah yang relatif sedikit, seperti orang Kubu, Sakai, Mentawai, Enggano
dan Tomuna dengan ciri-ciri fisik, perawakan kecil, kulit sawo matang dan rambut berombak.
• Selain itu ada Ras Malayan Mongoloid berdiam di sebagian besar kepulauan Indonesia,
khususnya di Kepulauan Sumatera dan Jawa dengan ciri-ciri rambut ikal atau lurus, muka agak
bulat, kulit putih sampai sawo matang.

3. Kebhinnekaan agama
Masuknya kaum pendatang baik yang berniat untuk berdagang maupun
menjajah membawa misi penyebaran agama yang mengakibatkan kebhinnekaan
agama di Indonesia. Ada agama Islam, Kristen Katolik, Protestan, Hindu, Budha
dan Konghucu serta aliran kepercayaan.
Kebhinnekaan agama sangat rentan akan konflik, tetapi dengan
semangat persatuan dan semboyan Bhinneka tunggal ika konflik tersebut dapat
dikurangi dengan cara saling toleransi antar umat beragama. Setiap agama tidak
mengajarkan untuk menganggap agamanya yang paling benar tetapi saling
menghormati dan menghargai perbedaan sehingga dapat hidup rukun saling
berdampingan dan tolong menolong di masyarakat.

4. Kebhinnekaan Budaya
Budaya adalah keseluruhan sistem gagasan tindakan dan hasil karya
manusia dalam rangka kehidupan masyarakat yang dijadikan milik diri manusia
dengan cara belajar. Budaya memiliki tujuan untuk mengubah sikap dan juga
perilaku SDM kearah yang lebih baik.
Masuknya kaum pendatang juga mengakibatkan kebhinnekaan budaya
di Indonesia sehingga budaya tradisional berubah menjadi budaya yang modern
tanpa menghilangkan budaya asli Indonesia sendiri seperti budaya sopan santun,
kekeluargaan dan gotong royong. Budaya tradisional dan modern hidup
berdampingan di masyarakat tanpa saling merendahkan satu sama lain

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika memiliki konsep landasan multikulturalisme.
Multikulturalisme secara sederhana dapat dikatakan pengakuan atas pluralisme
budaya. Pluralisme budaya bukanlah sesuatu yang given tetapi merupakan suatu
proses internalisasi nilai-nilai didalam suatu komunitas. (Tilaar, 2004).
Akar kata multikulturalisme adalah kebudayaan. Konsep kebudayaan sendiri
asalnya dari bahasa Sansekerta, kata buddhayah, adalah bentuk jamak dari
buddhi yang berarti “budi” atau “akal” (Soerjono Soekanto, 1990). Oleh karena itu,
kebudayaan dapat diartikan sebagai “hal-hal yang bersangkutan dengan budi dan
akal”.

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika berisi konsep multikulturalistik dalam kehidupan yang
terikat dalam suatu kesatuan. Prinsip multikulturalistik adalah asas yang
mengakui adanya kemajemukan bangsa dilihat dari segi agama, keyakinan, suku
bangsa, adat budaya, keadaan daerah, dan ras.
Kemajemukan/Keberagaman tersebut dihormati dan dihargai serta
didudukkan dalam suatu prinsip yang dapat mengikat keanekaragaman tersebut
dalam kesatuan yang kokoh. Keberagaman bukan dikembangkan dan didorong
menjadi faktor pemecah bangsa, tetapi merupakan kekuatan yang dimiliki oleh
masing-masing komponen bangsa, untuk selanjutnya diikat secara sinergik
menjadi kekuatan yang luar biasa untuk dimanfaatkan dalam menghadapi segala
tantangan dan persoalan bangsa.

ISU-ISU/ PERMASALAHAN SOSIAL TERKAIT
KEBERAGAMAN
Beberapa hal negatif yang memungkinkan muncul dalam keberagaman masyarakat di
Indonesia adalah:
1. Muncul konflik pada masyarakat.
2. Hadirnya sikap primordialisme, yakni pandangan untuk selelu berpegang pada hal-
hal yang dibawa semenjak kecil terkait tradisi, adat, kepercayaan, dan sebagainya.
3. Munculnya sikap etnosentris, yakni pandangan yang menganggap suku bangsa
sendiri lebih baik dari suku lain.
4. Terjadi fanatisme berlebihan yaitu menganggap keyakinan sendiri lebih benar
secara berlebihan dan menyalahkan keyakinan lain.

Sementara itu, jika dampak negatif keberagaman justru mendominasi dalam masyarakat, maka
bisa memicu berbagai jenis konflik sosial.
Beberapa jenis konflik sosial tersebut yaitu:
1. (Konflik Antar suku) Konflik ini melibatkan pertentangan suku satu dengan lainnya. Pemicu umumnya
adalah perbedaan adat, budaya, sistem kekerabaan, dan norma sosial masyarakat. Jika masyarakat tidak
bisa saling memahami perbedaan yang ada, maka dimungkinkan terjadi konflik di dalamnya.
2. (Konflik Antar agama) Dalam konflik ini terjadi pertentangan antara kelompok dengan keyakinan atau
agama berbeda. Konflik antaragama dapat muncul secara perorangan atau kelompok.
3. (Konflik Antar ras) Perbedaan ras juga bisa memicu konflik sosial. Konflik ini dipicu oleh sikap rasialis
yang memperlakukan orang dengan cara berbeda hanya karena berasal dari ras yang tidak sama.
4. (Konflik Antar golongan) Pada konflik ini kelompok atau golongan dalam masyarakat saling mengalami
pertentangan. Beberapa pemicunya terkait dengan pekerjaan, partai politik, asal daerah, dan
sebagainya.

Sementara itu, mengutip laman Direktorat SMP Kemdikbud, berbagai keberagaman
yang ada di Indonesia seharusnya bisa memperkaya kebudayaan.
“Perpecahan hanya akan membuat kerugian”. Hal yang perlu dilakukan adalah
mengembangkan sikap toleransi dan tenggang rasa terhadap perbedaan dan
kemajemukan masyarakat. Toleransi mesti diajarkan sejak dini agar pemahaman
mengenai perbedaan telah dimengerti jauh-jauh hari. Sikap dan perilaku toleransi
dapat membawa keberagaman yang ada di masyarakat mengerucut dalam semangat
persatuan dan kesatuan. Setiap orang saling memahami bahwa keberagaman itu
bukan aib untuk dipertentangkan. Akan tetapi, adanya perbedaan suku, agama, ras,
budaya, dan antargolongan dapat hidup secara berdamping dalam masyarakat
dengan nuansa kerukunan.

First home
He was born at 80 Antonio Piniés Street, better
known as San Juan Street because the was a convent
of that name. He was the third child of Vicente
Hernández and Concepción Gilabert. Seven children
were born in that house, although unfortunately
three sisters died very young. Those were hard times!
This template has been created by Slidesgo
Miguel Hernández Sánchez Concepción Gilabert Giner
Vicente Hernández Gilabert Elvira Hernández Gilabert Miguel Hernández Gilabert
Encarnación Hernández
Gilabert
Orihuela

Poem “En cuclillas, ordeño”
En cuclillas, ordeño
una cabrita y un sueño.
Glu, glu, glu
hace la leche al caer
en el cubo. En el tisú
celeste va a amanecer.
Glu, glu, glu.
Se infla la espuma,
que exhala
una finísima bruma.
(Me lame otra cabra, y bala).
En cuclillas, ordeño
una cabrita y un sueño.

The school of Santo Domingo
The house, in addition to the
aforementioned space, was located at
the back of the mountain range and next
to the school of Santo Domingo.
Hernández attended his classes free of
charge, since he was a very good student
and also helped his father in the
shepherding work and distributed milk
from the goats in the neighborhood. At
that time, children worked hard and few
of them went to school
Contar sus años no sabe,
y ya sabe que el sudor
es una corona grave
de sal para el labrador.
El niño yuntero. Cancionero y romancero de ausencias

Poem “El niño yuntero”. Musical
versions and creative expression
Look for this poem sung in different versions, there
are several of them!
Listen and express how you felt afterwards. You can
do it in several ways: written in prose, in verse or
graphically! Unleash your creativity

Child labor at the time of the
early 20th century
Miguel Hernández did not like children working.
He wanted children to study and learn in order to
progress in life. Writings like "El niño Flores" who,
exhausted by work, is overcome by sleep and falls
into the sènia -which is a water wheel moved by
animals-. The oxen, on hearing the noise of the
child falling, run scared, moving the blades of the
waterwheel faster, breaking his bones
Me duermo. Tengo sueño… Tengo sueño porque
hace mi padre que me levante muy temprano…
¡tan temprano! Para ayudarle en sus trabajos…
¿Por qué he de trabajar? Tengo siete años…
In the same vein " El hijo del pobre" begins thus:
Al hijo del rico se le deba a escoger títulos y
carreras; al hijo del pobre siempre se le ha
obligado a ser el mulo de carga de todos los
oficios.

Youth. The legend of the poet-
goatherd
Hernández excelled at school, getting very good
grades, but at the age of fifteen his father put him
to work as a shepherd. At that time Miguel carried
a notebook, pencil and books in his backpack,
always reading and writing about what he saw!
Lagarto, mosca, grillo, reptil, sapo, asquerosos
seres, para mi alma sois hermosos.
His father used to get angry with him because his
reading would throw him off track and the
animals would get lost in the mountains. He didn't
want him to read and even hit him!

Fenoll's tahona
At the other end of Arriba Street, specifically at
number 5, there was a bakery where Miguel found
friends to share his passion for reading and writing
They would meet there, with the smell of hot
bread, the Fenoll brothers -Carlos and Efrén-, Jesús
Poveda and José Marín -Ramón Sijé-, to whom he
dedicated a beautiful elegy
Yo quiero ser llorando el hortelano
de la tierra que ocupas y estercolas,
compañero del alma, tan temprano.
Elegía a Ramón Sijé. El rayo que no cesa

Madrid
Our poet outgrew Orihuela and decided to try his
luck in the capital of Spain. He had no luck on his
first trip and, after asking for money from friends
and even the town hall -which approved to give
him 50 pesetas (30 euro cents) but did not send it
to him-, he returned to Orihuela by train. The
anecdote of the return was that he took someone
else's ticket because he had no money and the
Guardia Civil arrested him, mistreated him and
accused him of impersonation. A disaster!
But it was not all sorrows. His first book "Perito en
lunas" was published in Murcia and he made new
friendships that had a profound influence on him:
Pablo Neruda and Vicente Aleixandre
Orihuela
Madrid

Civil War in Spain. From poet-
farmer to poet-soldier
In July 1936, the Spanish Civil War began between
the Republican and Nationalist sides, supported
by Nazi Germany and the dictator Mussolini's
Italy. It lasted three years, during which Miguel
Hernandez engaged in frenetic literary and
political activity. He traveled to Russia, married
Josefina Manresa, had two children (the first one
died when he was 10 months old), participated in
the Pedagogical Missions... At his wedding he
received a gift from his friend Vicente Aleixandre,
a gold watch that, later and to his misfortune,
would lead to him getting arrested

Books from the period of the
Civil War
He published two books during this stage: "Viento
del pueblo" (dedicated to Vicente Aleixandre) and
"El hombre acecha" (dedicated to Pablo Neruda).
The titles of both books are significant, the first
being optimistic and the second more negative.
He created many poems during this period, for
example "Vientos del pueblo me llevan", "El niño
yuntero", "Aceituneros", "Las manos", "El sudor",
"Canción del esposo soldado", "El tren de los
heridos", "Canción última"...

Leave no man to himself
In a letter, published on November 14, 1937, Miguel
Hernandez explains what happened to him in an
escape to Madrid, as bombs were besieging them:
...En medio del fragor de la huida… me hirió de
arriba abajo este grito: “¡Me dejáis solo,
compañeros!” Una bala rasgó por el hombro
izquierdo mi chaqueta de pana, que conservaré
mientras viva, y las explosiones de los morteros me
cegaban y me hacían escupir tierra. “¡Me dejáis
solo, compañeros!”... orienté mis pasos hacia el
grito, y encontré un herido que sangraba como si
su cuerpo fuera una fuente generosa. “¡Me dejáis
solo, compañeros!” Le ceñí mi pañuelo, mis vendas,
la mitad de mi ropa. Le abracé para que no se
sintiera más solo… Le eché sobre mis espaldas; el
calor de su sangre golpeó mi piel como un martillo
doloroso. “¡No hay nadie quien te deje solo!”, le
grité. Me arrastré con él hasta donde quisieron las
pocas fuerzas que me quedaban. Cuando ya no
pude más le recosté en la tierra, me arrodillé a su
lado y le repetí muchas veces: “¡No hay quien te
deje solo, compañero!”.

Prison
In October of '38 his first son died. He was
heartbroken. The war came to an end with the
victory of the national side in early 39. Staying in
Spain was not safe for Miguel Hernandez and his
family, so he decided to emigrate to Portugal.
Hunger pursued him and he sold the suit he was
wearing and the gold watch that Aleixandre had
given him for his wedding. The person who bought
the watch thought it was stolen and denounced
him. He began a pilgrimage from prison to prison

Cancionero y romancero de
ausencias
Miguel Hernández was sentenced to death, which was commuted
to life imprisonment in an "act of generosity". He was sentenced
to 30 years in prison for defending his ideas! He went through
many hardships. His wife wrote him a letter that motivated the
famous poem "Nanas de la cebolla" in which he mentioned that
he fed only on those onions. But not only did he write that poem,
he wrote a whole book in a notebook he carried (even on toilet
paper) that was published after his death: "Cancionero y
romancero de ausencias"
In it there are very sad poems like "Tristes guerras", "Ropas con su
olor", "Llegó con tres heridas", "Nanas de la cebolla"...

Death
After passing through several prisons, in June 1941,
he arrived at the Reformatory for Adults in Alicante,
Spain, where some friends tried to reduce his
sentence, but for that to happen, Miguel had to
disavow his political thoughts, which he refused to
do. He was faithful to his values
Our poet, sick and without medical treatment,
agreed to marry Josefina in church 24 days before
his death, since Franco's laws did not recognize civil
marriage and his son and his wife would have been
left destitute
On March 28, 1942, he died in the infirmary of
tuberculosis, pneumosis and typhus at the age of 31

Fragment from “Nanas de la
cebolla”
I hope we have awakened your desire to read a
poem by Miguel Hernández, and that you will be
able to understand him better knowing what his life
was like. We say goodbye with a verse from "Nanas
de la cebolla" that he dedicated to his son
No te derrumbes.
No sepas lo que pasa
ni lo que ocurre.

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