Mass spectroscopy involves ionizing chemical compounds and analyzing the resulting ion fragments to determine a sample's molecular structure. There are several steps in the process:
1. Samples are introduced into an ion source where they are vaporized and ionized. This can be done via gas phase ionization for volatile compounds or desorption ionization for non-volatile samples.
2. The ions are then analyzed in a mass analyzer which separates the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
3. Detection and analysis of the resulting mass spectrum provides structural information about the molecular fragments in the sample. Different ionization methods like electrospray ionization are used depending on the sample type and desired structural information.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Introduction, Basic Principles, Terminology, Instrumentation, Ionization techniques (EI, CI, FAB, MALDI, and ESI), Mass Analyzer (Magnetic sector instruments, Quadrupole, TOF, and ICR ), and Applications of Mass Spectrometry.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Introduction, Basic Principles, Terminology, Instrumentation, Ionization techniques (EI, CI, FAB, MALDI, and ESI), Mass Analyzer (Magnetic sector instruments, Quadrupole, TOF, and ICR ), and Applications of Mass Spectrometry.
introduction and principle of Mass spectrometry with its components.
ionization , accelerators deflection and detection, types of MS, different types of ion sources , types of mass analyzers , advantages and disadvantages of different types of ion source and mass analyzers, different types of detectors for the ions dectections
Mass Analyzers for example Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer, Double Focusing Mass Analyzer, Quadroupole Mass Analyzer, Time of Flight Mass Analyzer and Applications of Mass Analyzer were explained
this ppt contain all basic information related to the mass spectrometry like introduction, principle of MS, type of ions, fragmentation processes eg. mcLafferty rearrangement, alpha clevage, sigma bond clevage, retro-diels-alder reaction
a substance can absorb any visible light or external radiation and then again emit it. this called fluorescence and the process of reduction in fluorescence intensity is called quenching. this presentation is all about quenching of fluorescence.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
spectrofluorometer is the instrument for recording fluorescence emission and absorption spectra When a beam of light is incident on certain substances they emit visible light or radiations. This is known as fluorescence. Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off. The substances showing this phenomenon are known as flourescent substances.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
introduction and principle of Mass spectrometry with its components.
ionization , accelerators deflection and detection, types of MS, different types of ion sources , types of mass analyzers , advantages and disadvantages of different types of ion source and mass analyzers, different types of detectors for the ions dectections
Mass Analyzers for example Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer, Double Focusing Mass Analyzer, Quadroupole Mass Analyzer, Time of Flight Mass Analyzer and Applications of Mass Analyzer were explained
this ppt contain all basic information related to the mass spectrometry like introduction, principle of MS, type of ions, fragmentation processes eg. mcLafferty rearrangement, alpha clevage, sigma bond clevage, retro-diels-alder reaction
a substance can absorb any visible light or external radiation and then again emit it. this called fluorescence and the process of reduction in fluorescence intensity is called quenching. this presentation is all about quenching of fluorescence.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
spectrofluorometer is the instrument for recording fluorescence emission and absorption spectra When a beam of light is incident on certain substances they emit visible light or radiations. This is known as fluorescence. Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off. The substances showing this phenomenon are known as flourescent substances.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
This presentation contains a simple discussion about the basic principles, Instrumentation, Various ionization techniques, mass analyzers, Mass detectors, Fragmentation, and various peak observed in Mass spectra(Molecular ion peak, Metastable peak, Base peak etc)
And application of Mass spectroscopy on various field.
Uploaded By: Mr. Shubham sutradhar (masters in
pharmaceutical Chemistry).
Mass spectroscopy & it's instrumentations, Ionization Techniques, Mass Spectroscopic Analyzers & it's applications. above topics are discussed in a brief format.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. ION SOURCE (IONIZATION CHAMBER)
The ions are produced in a box like enclosure called the ion source.
The starting point of mass spectroscopic analysis is the formation
of gaseous analyte ion.
The mass spectra obtained depending on the method used for
ionization.
• Gas phase source
• Desorption source
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 2
3. GAS PHASE SOURCE
Samples that are volatile or volatilizable outside in source are used.
The sample is first vapourised outside the ion source and then ionised.
It is limited to thermally stable compound having boiling point less than 500ºc
and compound with molecular weight less than 10ˆ3 Dalton.
DESORPTION PHASE
Solids and liquids are used.
Here the sample is vapourised and ionized inside ionization chamber.
Applicable to non volatile & unstable compounds and the molecule with a
molecular wt. large as 10ˆ5 D.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 3
4. Ion source can be also be classified in to two
1. HARD SOURCE
2. SOFT SOURCE
HARD SOURCE
Impact sufficient energy to the analyte molecule.
Mass spectrum with hard source gives information regarding functional
groups and thus structural about analyte.
SOFT SOURCE
Cause little fragmentation, the resulting mass spectrum often consist
of the molecular ion peak and only a few any other peak .
Soft source give information about the molecular wt. of the analyte
molecule.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 4
5. GAS PHASE
a) Electro impact ionization
b) Chemical ionization
c) Field ionization
DESORPTION PHASE
a) Field desorption
b) Electrospray ionization
c) MALDI
d) Plasma desorption
e) Fast atom bombardment
f) Thermal(surface)ionization
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 5
7. It is also know as Electro bombardment or Electro ionization.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
Electro impact ionization source consist of a ionizing chamber
which is maintained at a pressure of 0.005 tore and temperature
of 200 ± 0.25 degrees.
Electro gun is located perpendicular to chamber.
Electrons are emitted from a glowing filament (Tungsten or
rhenium) by thermionic emission and accelerated by a potential of
70v applied between the filament and anode.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 7
8. These electrons are drawn in the ionization chamber through
positively charged slits .
The number of electrons is controlled by filament temperature
and energy is controlled by filament potential.
The sample is brought to a temperature high enough to produce
molecular vapours.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 8
9. MECHANISM
The gaseous sample and the electron coiled at right angles in the chamber
and ion are formed by exchange of energy during these collision between
electron beam and sample molecule.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 9
10. ADVANTAGES
Gives molecular mass and also the fragmentation pattern of the sample.
Extensive fragmentation and consequent large number of peak give
structural information.
Give reproducible mass spectra.
DISADVANTAGES
Sample must be thermally stable & volatile.
A small amount of sample is ionized (1in 1000 mole)
Unstable molecular ion fragment are formed so readily are absent from
mass spectrum.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 10
11. CHEMICAL IONIZATION
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
Chemical ionization is carried out in an instrument similar to electron impact ion
source with some modification such as;
- Addition of a vacuum pump
- Narrowing of exist slit to mass analyser to maintain reagent gas pressure of
about 1 tore in the ionization chamber.
-Providing a gas inlet.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 11
12. It is a two part process
In the first step
* A reagent gas is ionized by electron impact ionization in the source.
* The primary ions of reagent gas react with additional gas to stabilized
reagent ion.
In the second step, the reagent ions interact with sample molecular ions
* In this technique the sample is diluted with large excess of reagent gas.
Gases commonly used as reagent with low molecular weight compound
such as methane, tertiary isobutene, ammonia, nitrous oxide, oxygen,
hydrogen.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 12
13. TYPES OF CHEMICAL IONISATION
Depending upon the ions formed CI is categorised as
(1)Positive chemical ionisation
(2) Negative chemical ionisation
POSITIVE CHEMICAL IONISATION
In this technique positive ions of samples are produced.
In positive chemical ionisation, gas such as methane, ammonia,isobutane are
used.
Eg: methane is used as a regent gas. Methane is ionized by electron impact:
CH4 +ē CH4+ + 2ē
Primary ions react with additional reagent gas molecules to produce stabilized
reagent ions:
CH4+ + CH4 CH5+ + CH3
CH3+ + CH4 C2H5+ + H2
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 13
14. NEGATIVE CHEMICAL IONISATION
In this technique negative ions of samples are formed.
Oxygen and Hydrogen are as reagent gases.
The negative ions are formed by following reactions
(a) Resonance electron capture
M + ē M+
(b) Dissociative electron capture
Rcl + ē R + cl-
H2O + ē H + OH-19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 14
The reagent ions then react with the sample molecules to ionize the sample
molecules:
CH5+ + MH CH4 + MH2+ (Proton transfer)
CH3+ + MH CH4 + M+ (Hybride abstraction)
CH4+ + MH CH4 + MH+ (Charge transfer)
15. ADVANTAGES
Used for high molecular weight compounds .
Used for sample which undergo rapid fragmentation in EI .
LIMITATION
Not suitable for thermally unstable and non volatile sample.
Relative less sensitive than EI ionisation.
Sample must be diluted with large excess of reagent gas to prevent primary
interaction between the electron and sample molecule.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 15
16. FIELD IONISATION
FI is used produce ions from volatile compounds that don't give molecular ion by EI.
It is produce molecular ions with little or no fragmentation.
Application of very strong electric field induce emission of electrons.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 16
17. CONSTRUCTION & WORKING
sample molecule in vapour phase is brought between two closely spaced electrode in the
presence of high electric field (10ˆ7-10ˆ8 v/cm).
If the metal surface (anode) has proper geometry (a sharp tip, cluster of tips or a thin
wire)and is under vacuum (10ˆ-6 torr) this force is sufficient to remove electrons from the
sample molecule without imparting much excess energy.
The electric field is produced by applying high voltage (20Kv) to these specially formed
emitter (Tungsten).
These cations are accelerated out of the source and their mass is analysed by analyser.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 17
18. ADVANTAGE
As fragmentation is less, abundance of molecular ions (M+) is
enhanced, hence this method is useful for relative molecular mass and
empirical formula determination.
DISADVANTAGES
Not suitable for thermally unstable and non volatile sample.
Sensitivity is less EI ion source.
No structural information is produced as very little fragmentation
occurs.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 18
19. ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION
Electrospray ionization is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions from
macromolecules such as proteins,polypeptiedes and oligonucleotide having molecular wt of
10,000 Da or more.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 19
20. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
The method generate ions from solution of a sample by creating fine spray of charged
droplets.
A solution of sample is pumped through a fine, charged stainless steel capillary needle at a
rate of few micro/min.
The liquid pushes itself out of capillary as a mist or aerosol of fine charged droplets.
In the set of aerosol droplets is produced by a process involving formation of taiylor cone
and a jet from the tip of the cone.
These charged droplets are then passed through desolving capillary where the solvent is
evaporated in high vacuum and attachment of charge to the analyte molecule take place.
Desolvating capillary uses warm N2 as nebulising gas.19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 20
21. As the droplets evapourate the analyte molecule comes from closer to together.
These molecule become unstable as the similarly charged molecule come closer
together and the droplets explode once again, This is called Coulombic fission.
These process repeate itself until the analyte is free from solvent and is lone ion.
The ion then moves to the mass analyser.
ADVANTAGES
Most important techniques for analysis of high molecular weight biomolecules
such as polypeptide,protein,oligonucleotides and synthetic polymers.
Can be used along with LC and capillary electrophoresis.
19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 21
22. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 22
FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT
In this technique in which the analyte and non-volatile liquid matrix mixture is bombarded
by a high energy beam of inert gas such as Argon or Xenon.
Commonly used matrix include: Glycerol,Monothioglycerol,Carbowax,2,4-diphenyl
phenol,3-nitrobenzyl alcohol
These solvent easily dissolve organic compound and don't evapourate in vacuum.
23. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 23
CONSTRUCTION &WORKING
The bombarding beam consist of xenon or argon atoms of high translational energy.
The beam is produced by first ionizing the xenon or Argon atom with electron to give
xenon radical cation.
Xe + ē Xe + 2ē
The radical cations are then accelerated to 6-10 Kev to give radical cations of high
translational energy (Xe)++,which are then passed through a chamber containing Xenon
atoms at a pressure of 10ˆ-5 tore.
During this passage high energy cation obtain electron from Xenon atom to become high
energy atom (Xe).
The lower energy ions are removed by electrostatic deflector.
(Xe)++ Xe+ +Xe
(Xe)+ + Xe (Xe) + Xe+
24. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 24
MATRIX PREPARATION
The analyte is dissolved in the liquid matrix such as glycerol and applied as a thin
layer on the sample probe shaft.
The mixture is bombarded with the high energy beam of Xenon atom.
Xenon ionize the glycerol molecule to give glycerol ions.
These ions react with the surrounding glycerol molecules to produce( G+H)+ as
recent ions.
The sample molecule then undergo proton transfer or hybride transfer or ion-pair
interaction with reactant ions so give quassimolecular or pseudo molecular ion
such as (M-H),H+,(M+).
These ions are then extracted from slit lens system designed to collect ions and
directed to mass analyser.
25. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 25
ADVANTAGES
Used for ionization of polar high molecular wt sample.
Provide rapid heating of sample and reduces sample fragmentation.
Rapid ionization.
DISADVANTAGES
Difficult to distinguish b/w low molecular wt compounds.
Compound must be soluble in liquid matrix.
Not good for multiply charged compounds.
26. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 26
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL IONIZATION
APCI produce ions using a reagent gas generated from solvent vapour.
CONSTRUCTION &WORKING
The solvent a mixture of methanol,acetonitrile,water at 0.5ml/min is supplied to the probe
by a pump.
Liquid spray is produced by passing co-axial nebuliser gas (N2).
The solvent spray is vapourised by a heating.
Once formed, the vapour is emanating from a corona pin held at 3 Kv.
27. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 27
Ion/molecule reaction then result in the formation of a reactive species.
The sample ions are then accelerated out of the atmospheric pressure source and in to the
mass analyser by application of small voltage (typically 20-70 V) to the skimmer cone.
The pressure differential between source and analyser region is maintained by the pressure
of an area of intermediate vacuum.
During the ionization process itself, little energy is transferred to the sample molecule, and
fragmentation is minimal.
APPLICATIONS
APCI is suitable for the analysis of organic compounds with medium- high polarity.
Since positive ionization is dependent on protonation, molecule containing basic functional
groups such as amino, amide ester, aldehyde/ketone and hydroxyl can be analysed.
28. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 28
MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPION (MALDI)
Is a technique in mass spectrometry for ionization of biomolecules (polymer such as
protein, polypeptide and sugar)and synthetic polymers that are more fragile and form
fragments when ionized, by convential methods.
(a)MATRIX
--Matrix is used in MALDI to
*Absorb the laser energy.
*Prevent analyte agglomeration.
*Protect analyte from being destroyed by direct laser beam.
--Matrix consist of a crystallised molecules of which the most commonly based are;
*3,5 dimethoxy-4-hydroxyl cinnamic acid
*α-cyano-4-cinnamic acid compound
*2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid
30. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 30
Preparation of matrix:
(a)Solution of the matrix is made is made in mixture of highly purified water and another
organic compound.
(b)Trifluroacetic acid is also added.
(c) Solution is the spotted in a air tight chamber on the tip of sample probe.
(d)When a vacuum pump the air is removed and vacuum is created which leads to evaporation
of the solvent leaving behind a layer of recrystallized matrix containing analyte molecules.
(b)LASER
The solid mixture is exposed to pulsed laser beam.
The matrix absorbs the laser energy and transfer some of this energy to the analyte
molecules which results in the sublimation of sample molecules as ions or the matrix after
absorbing the laser gets ionized and transfer part of this charge to the sample molecule
&ionize it.
31. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 31
Nitrogen or carbon lasers are most commonly used.
The ions produced in this process are quassimolecular ions that are ionized by addition of
proton (M+H)+ .
It generally produces singly charged ions in some cases doubly charged ions such as
(M+2H)2+ are also observed.
The chamber consist of two electrode and the ions are produced b/w the electrode.
When the polymers from cations the cathode is placed right behind the sample and anode in
front of the sample.
The cations get attached towards the negatively charged .
32. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 32
USES OF MALDI
Used to characterize and identify large molecules.
Used in pharmaceutical for QC,monitoring of enzyme
reactions.
Used in DNA sequencing for forensic.
Used to identify different strain of viruses to help develop
vaccines.
33. 19-11-2019 Mass Spectroscopy 33
1.Spectrometric identification of organic compounds – Silverstein and
Webster.
2.Organoc spectroscopy – William Kemp.
3.Organic Spectroscopy – B K Sharma.
4.Mass spectroscopy – Davis Martin and Frearon.
5.Internet sources
REFERENCES