This experiment aims to clean a core sample using the Soxhlet extraction method to remove any oil or water and preserve the original properties of the reservoir rock. The core sample is placed in a thimble and submerged in toluene solvent inside a Soxhlet apparatus. Toluene is slowly boiled and condenses, flowing over the core sample and removing any contaminants through multiple cycles. After drying, the core sample weight is measured before and after to calculate fluid saturations and determine if the cleaning was successful in purifying the core.
The objective of this test is to determine the bulk volume,
grain volume, pore volume and effective porosity of
interconnected pores of a core sample with the use of liquid
saturation method.
The objective of this test is to determine the bulk volume,
grain volume, pore volume and effective porosity of
interconnected pores of a core sample with the use of liquid
saturation method.
1-To calculate plastic viscosity of the mud .
2-To calculate yield point.
Viscometer or rheometer is a device used to measure the viscosity and yield point of mud, A sample of mud is placed in a slurry cup and rotation of a sleeve in the mud.
Gel Strength Exp. Drilling Engineering, Mud Lab, Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Gel Strength by jarjis
Experiment Number 6: Gel Strength.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Gel Strength. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This a report about Marsh Funnel. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This experiment will explain a procedure to get drilling mud with a range of density that requires for maintaining the borehole pressure as drilling goes dipper, the objective is generating a drilling mud; then it requires to rise the density by 0.1ppg and getting a drilling mud that is more dens.
In this test we will try to prepare core plugs of Different core size can be obtain during the drilling operation process(or can be prepared in the lab from surface rock or ungeometric shape), the main object behind this is to get more information about some targets in which we may get or find porosity permeability ,fluid saturation , hydrocarbon composition.
1-To calculate plastic viscosity of the mud .
2-To calculate yield point.
Viscometer or rheometer is a device used to measure the viscosity and yield point of mud, A sample of mud is placed in a slurry cup and rotation of a sleeve in the mud.
Gel Strength Exp. Drilling Engineering, Mud Lab, Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Gel Strength by jarjis
Experiment Number 6: Gel Strength.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Gel Strength. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This a report about Marsh Funnel. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This experiment will explain a procedure to get drilling mud with a range of density that requires for maintaining the borehole pressure as drilling goes dipper, the objective is generating a drilling mud; then it requires to rise the density by 0.1ppg and getting a drilling mud that is more dens.
In this test we will try to prepare core plugs of Different core size can be obtain during the drilling operation process(or can be prepared in the lab from surface rock or ungeometric shape), the main object behind this is to get more information about some targets in which we may get or find porosity permeability ,fluid saturation , hydrocarbon composition.
CHEM 1411 Alternate Separation of a Mixture LabObjectives1. To unJinElias52
CHEM 1411 Alternate Separation of a Mixture LabObjectives:
1. To understand different physical separation techniques
2. To separate the components of a mixture of sand (SiO2), table salt (NaCl) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), using various separation techniques
3. To determine the percent composition of each component
4. To determine the percent recovery of the total mixtureMaterials:
· 2 g unknown sample
· Small evaporating dish
· Large evaporating dish
· Watch glass
· Bunsen burner
· Balance
· Clay triangle
· Clay square
· Glass stirring rod
· Evaporating dish tongsIntroduction:
Matter can be generally classified either by state (liquid, gas, or solid) or by composition. In terms of composition, there are two types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. A
pure substance is matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties. Elements or compounds are pure substances (e.g. water, helium.) On the other hand, a
mixture is matter that consists of two or more pure substances physically combined in varying amounts (e.g. salt water). There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Whereas a
homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout, the components of a
heterogeneous mixture vary throughout and can be distinguished. For instance, granite (a type of rock) is a heterogeneous mixture.
Regardless of the type of mixture, the components of a mixture can always be separated by physical means. Some examples of physical methods of separation are defined below.
Decantation is the rough separation of a liquid from a solid. It consists of pouring the liquid out and leaving the solid in the container.
No filter paper is needed in this process.
As an example,
sand and water can be separated by decantation.
Filtration is the fine separation of a solid material from a liquid with the help of filter paper and a funnel or other porous membrane. In this process, the solid or residue is collected on a filter paper. The liquid that passes through the filter paper is called the filtrate.
Extraction involves using a solvent to dissolve only one component of a mixture so that it can be removed from the other component(s). For example, if only one solid is soluble in water, extraction could be used to dissolve that component and then the aqueous solution can be removed from the mixture by decantation or filtration.
Distillation is a separation technique that uses the different boiling points of liquids. It consists of vaporizing a liquid substance out of a mixture of two or more liquids and condensing it into a separate container using a condenser. For example, alcohol can be separated from water in an aqueous solution by distillation because the alcohol has a lower boiling point than water.
Sublimation is the direct phase change from solid to gas. Ammonium chloride sublimates when heated. Thi ...
This presentation gives us idea about Gravimetric Analysis which is widely used in chemistry. Hope This Helps !
For More Information - 19103083@student.hindustanuniv.ac.in
Estimating the Amount of Moisture Content in Crude Oil SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Determination of the amount of water in crude oil and petroleum products has always been important. Rather than paying crude oil prices for water, contracts have been based on "net dry oil". This is calculated by reducing the total gross standard volume (GSV) by the amount of water and sediment present as determined by analysing a sample of the oil. Accurate analysis for the water content is usually more difficult than the determination of gross volume, temperature, and gravity of the oil.
Nowadays Air pollution is a major problem. Diesel engines are playing a vital role in Road and sea transport, Agriculture, mining and many other industries. Considering the available fuel resources and the present technological development, Diesel fuel is evidently indispensable. In general, the consumption of fuel is an index for finding out the economic strength of any country. In spite, we cannot ignore the harmful effects of the large mass of the burnt gases, which erodes the purity of our environment every day. The main pollutants contribute by automobiles are (CO), UBHC, (Nox) and Lead etc., Other sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning , industrial processing. So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation. An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. An aqua silence is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine.
The aqua silencer system is design for replace commonly used single unit silencers in engine with it’s slender structure and less weight. It plays an important role in control the noise and emission of gases from engines. Air pollution causes dangerous physical effect on the human body, animal and environment. The main reason to use aqua silencer is because nowadays air pollution is increasing rapidly. This system reduces the dangerous exhaust gases from the auto.
These emissions are controlled by the activated charcoal layer around perforated tube and lime water. The charcoal layer having high capacity to absorb emission gases from engine. This type charcoal layer with lime water reacts chemically with emission gases and change the chemical structure of emission gases. The smoke or emission gases and noise level in aqua silencer is very less than the commonly used silencers.
UNIT-II: A CONDUCT OF RESEARCH WORK
Physical properties useful in analysis and methods of separation prior to analysis - Isolation techniques - extraction - Soxhlet extraction, crystallization, sublimation - methods for vacuum sublimation and distillation under reduced pressure.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. KOYA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM AND
CHEMICAL
FLUID MECHANIC LAB
NAME OF EXPEREMENT:
Core Cleaning
NAME OF STUDENT:
Kamal Abdurahman
Group: B
SUPERVISED BY: Mr.Ali Kamal
2. Aim of Experiment:
This test is dedicated to review basic concept core cleaning and to
give basic definitions commonly used in core analysis.
3. Introduction
Rock samples are recovered from the bottom-hole of wells that are
being drilled, taken to surface and transported many miles away to
a core laboratory. These processes must be performed following
strict rules of proper core cleaning to preserve the original
properties of the reservoir rock. Ideally, the rock sample recovered
from the well will represent the reservoir rock.
However, once the rock is being drilled, exposed to drilling fluids,
and taken out of the hole, the original conditions at which the rock
is found in the reservoir will change. This is a drawback that must
be accepted because coring is the only method available to
physically perform analysis on a reservoir rock.
4. Theory
The most widely methods used are :
1- Distillation-Extraction (Dean-Stark and Soxhlet): This is the most
commonly used cleaning method. The sample is placed in a
soxhlet or Dean-Stark apparatus. Solvents are evaporated and
flowed through the core removing the fluids in place. Then they
condensate and evaporated again in a continuous closed process.
The main drawback of this method is that the solvent may not
contact all of the core especially smaller pores. This is the method
that will be illustrated in this laboratory and the procedure will be
explained in more detailed later in this chapter.
2- Flow-Through: The core is placed in a core holder and solvents
are continuously injected under pressure into the core. The
injection may be continuous or halted periodically allowing time for
the core to soak in the solvent. Cuiec (Cuiec-1975) stated that this
method is better that the extraction method in the sense that
5. solvents injected under pressure may contact even the smaller
pores of the rock; Gant and Anderson supported this statement
(Gant and Anderson-1986).
3- Centrifuge Flushing: A centrifuge is used to spray warm clean
solvent against the core. The centrifugal force causes the solvent
to flow through the sample.
The main advantage is that it is a fast method and can be used in
tight samples, which are not effectively cleaned by the extraction
method.
4- Gas-Driven Solvent Extraction: Used for whole cores where fluid
saturation are not needed. The core is cleaned by repeated cycles
of internal dissolved-gas drive. Toluene saturated with carbon
dioxide is injected under pressure into the rock and pressure is
rapidly released to expand the carbon dioxide and flush the solvent
through the pore space removing the oil and water.
5- Other methods
6. Solvents Used for Cleaning
The core cleaning process is said to be successful when all the
contaminants are removed from the surface of the rock leaving it
strongly water-wet (Gant and Anderson-1986). Core cleaning is
mostly a trial-and error process where the selection of the best
solvents to be used greatly depends on the experience with
particular rocks. It has been shown that mixtures of solvents work
better than single solvents (Gant and Anderson-1986, Cuiec).
Common solvent mixtures are chloroform/methanol,
toluene/methanol, toluene/ethanol, benzene, and carbon
disulphide among others. Some mixtures work better for different
types of rocks and fluids. Sandstones are known to have a surface
of acid type while limestones have a surface of basic type. Because
of the surface types of this rock surfaces, acidic solvents tend to
clean better the sandstones while basic solvents tend to clean
better the limestones (Cuiec-1975).
7. Distillation-Extraction (Dean-Stark and Soxhlet) Procedure:
Figure 2-1 shows a sketch of the distillation-extraction device. The
main components are a volumetric flask containing the solvents, a
heating mantle to heat the solvents in the volumetric flask, a reflux
core chamber where the core is exposed to the boiled solvent, and
a condenser to condense the solvent
8. Apparatus of experiment
1- Soxhlet extraction tube.
2- Liebig condenser.
3- Water trap.
4- 500 ml boiling flask.
5- Whitman thimble.
6- Electrical heater.
7- Fume (extracting) chamber.
8- Tongs.
9- Commercial grade toluene.
10- Cold water supply.
10. Principle of Soxlhlet Method
A soxhlet extraction apparatus is the most common method for
cleaning core samples and it is routinely used by most laboratories.
Toluene is brought to a slow boil in a Pyrex flask, it is vapors move
upward and the core becomes engulfed in the toluene vapors at
approximately 12 degree centigrade eventual water within the core
sample in the thimble will be vaporized.
The toluene and water vapors enter the inner chamber of the
condenser, the cold water circulating about the inner
chamber…condenses both vapors to immiscible liquids.
Re-condensed toluene together with liquid water falls from the base
of the condenser on the core sample in the thimble, the toluene
soaks the core sample and dissolves any oil with which it comes
into the contact. When the liquid level within the soxhlet tube
reaches the top of the siphon tube arrangement, the lquied within
11. the soxhlet tube are automatically emptied by a siphon effect and
flow in to the boiling flask.
The toluene is then ready to start another cycle. A complete
extraction may take several days or several weeks in the case of
low API gravity crude or presence of heavy residual hydrocarbon
within the core.
12. Procedure
1- Remove the sample from the oil and carefully blot dry an excess
oil.
2- Place the sample inside the Wathman thimble and quickly weight
the sample and sample using the analytical balance.
3- Leave the sample in the thimble.
4- Re- assembles the apparatus as shown in the figure 1, tighten
the ground joint fitting but don’t apply sealing or lubricant.
5- Turn on the water supply to begin circulation in the condenser.
6- Turn on the heater and adjust the rate of the boiling so that the
reflex from the condenser is a few drops of solvents (toluene) per
second.
7- Allow the extraction to continue for several hours with a minimum
of 7 cycles or until the thimble content dissolved oil stain and is
close to original color.
13. 8- Monitor the toluene level during the extraction to ensure that the
sample remains completely submerged in addition.
9- When the extraction is complete the solvent will be clean or
water white depending on the color of oil removed.
10- Read the volume of the water collected in the water trap, if any.
Note
In many cases the sample have been prepared using oil only to
saturate the core sample, therefore the absence of water does not
mean an invalid test.
11- Return the thimble containing the sample to the instructor, who
will place them in the drying oven at (105 - 120) degree centigrade.
12- The instructor will advise when to return to collect the dried
sample (sometimes will be the next day).
13- Place the dried sample in desiccators for a few hours prior to
weighting to ensure that they are completely dried.
14. 14- Place the thimble containing the sample in the analytical
balance, measure the weight of the thimble and dried core sample
and record the result.
15- Remove the sample and then weight the empty thimble, record
the results or note if there are any grains of the sample remaining
in the thimble in the space provide.
15. Calculation Plan
1- The volume of the water caught in the trap is the direct measure
of the volume of the water in the sample.
2- From the above step and with the use of equation no.1 we can
obtain water saturation Sw.
3- If the volume of water in the trap is zero, then Vw = Sw = 0.
4- The weight of the core sample before and after extraction can
be calculated by weight difference method.
5- The total of the fluid (water, oil and gas) extracted from the core
sample is the difference between the saturation weight and the dry
weight.
6- The weight of gas in the sample is usually neglected as it will be
insignificant compared with the weight of liquids.
16.
17. Result of Experiment
The results from core cleaning is to purify the core from any
impurities that deposit in the core, this operation give the core show
a real properties without minimum error.
18. Reference
1. Park, A., 1985, Coring, Part 2—core barrel types and uses:
World Oil, v. 200, p. 83–90.
2. Bradburn, F. R., Cheatham, C. A., 1988, Improved core
recovery in laminated sand shale sequences: Journal of
Petroleum Technology, v. 40, p. 1544–1546., 10.,
2118/18570-PA
3.Toney, J. B., Speiglets, S. L., 1985, Coring, Part 6—sidewall
operations: World Oil, v. 201, p. 29–36.
4.American Petroleum Institute, 1960, RP-40 recommended
practices for core analysis procedures: Dallas, API, 55 p.