How is a chorioallantoic placenta different from a choriovitelline.pdf
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How is a chorioallantoic placenta different from a choriovitelline placenta? Give an example of an animal or group of animals that depend on each. How is a chorioallantoic placenta different from a choriovitelline placenta? Give an example of an animal or group of animals that depend on each. Solution 1) The family Peramelidae/bandicoots has a chorioallantoic placenta. The rest of the marsupials have a choriovitelline placenta. 2) The choriovitelline placenta is less vascularized than the chorioallanoic placenta. The portion in contact with the uterine lining is convoluted to increase the surface area in contact with the uterus but it is not deeply imbedded in the uterine lining. A small amount of uterine milk diffuses from the uterine tissue to the fetus, but most of the nourishment for the fetus comes from the yolk sac. 3) The chorioallantoic placenta is more highly vascularized. The fetal and maternal tissues are more highly interconnected due to the many finger-like projections known as villi that grow into the uterine lining. Gases and nutrients diffuse from the maternal capillary beds, across the placental membranes and into the fetal capillaries, and vice versa..
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placentation in animals ppt_014943.pptx
The document discusses different types of placentation in animals. It begins by describing the basic functions of the placenta in connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall and facilitating nutrient/gas exchange. There are three main types discussed: 1) choriovitelline placenta, which is a temporary early structure in most mammals formed from yolk sac tissues; 2) chorioallantoic placenta, the definitive placenta of higher mammals formed by attachment of the allantois to the chorion; 3) placentas are further classified as deciduous, non-deciduous, or contra-deciduous based on whether maternal tissues are shed or not during birth. Specific animal examples are
Placenta
The document summarizes the structure and physiology of the mammalian placenta. It discusses that in viviparous animals, the embryo develops inside the mother's uterus due to insufficient yolk. The embryo attaches to the uterine wall via the placenta to obtain nutrients from the mother's circulation. The placenta allows the exchange of food, oxygen, and waste between the fetus and mother. It then describes different placental structures and classifications in mammals.
Placentation in mammals
This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Placenta structure and Classification
1. The document discusses the structure and classification of placentas. It describes the different types of placentas found across mammals based on their gross shape, layers between maternal and fetal blood, and histological structure.
2. The major placenta types discussed are epithelio-chorial (found in marsupials and some ungulates), syndesmo-chorial (ruminant ungulates), endothelio-chorial (carnivores), haemochorial (primates and bats), and haemo-endothelial (rodents). Each type involves a different number of layers separating maternal and fetal blood and tissues.
3. Placentas are also classified
Embryology 1, first week of dev.
After fertilization, gestation period begins
According to development gestation period divided in to,
i. germinal period ii. embryonic period iii. fetal period
Here the first week of the germinal period is discussed
Zygote undergoes cleavage
The process of each step of cleavage is explained and shown
diagrammatically
The significance of cleavage given.
Formation of morula after the compactum of blastocytes
Pushing of embryoblast towards the animal pole and blastocoel
the formation has taken place.
Formation of blastocyst completed.
A blastocyst is ready for implantation after loosing Zonapellucida.
Implantation begins in the first week of development
Placentation in Mammals
In all viviparous animals, embryonic development takes place inside the uterus of the mother, because the eggs are microlecithal and the amount of stored yolk is not sufficient for the developing embryo. Such embryos get attached to the uterine wall to draw essential substances from the maternal circulation through the placenta.
The Puerperium & Lactation Early Embryogenesis & Materna.docx
The Puerperium & Lactation
Early Embryogenesis &
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
Ovulation & Fertilization
Cyclicity
Regulation of
Reproduction
Tract Function
Puberty
Prenatal
Development
Spermatogenesis
Regulat ion of
Reproduction
Tract Function
Puberty
Prenatal
Development
Take Home Message
Gestation is the period of time that a female is pregnant. During gestation, the
placenta forms a major organ of pregnancy that provides an inteJface for metabolic
exchange between the dam and the f etus. Placentas are described mmplwlogically
according to the distribution of villi on the chorionic smface ami the degree of separa..:.
tion between matemal and fetal blood. The placenta is also an endocrine organ that
secretes hormones responsible for: 1) maintenance of pregnancy; 2) stimulation of the
matemal mammmy gland and 3) ensures fetal growth. Parturition is brought about
by secretion of fetal corticoitls and requires removal of the progesterone block. Par-
turition consists of three stages. They are: 1) initiation of myometrial contractions;
2) expulsion ofthe f etus and 3) e.:\:pulsion oftlzefetalmembranes.
The word gestation literally means "the act
of carry ing or being carried". Thus, gestation means
the action or process of carrying or being carried' in
the uterus between conception and birth . · Gest ation
and pregnancy are synonymous and thus, gestation
length means the length of pregnancy. Attachment
of the conceph1s to form an intimate, but temporary,
relationship with the uterus is an evolutionary step that
provides significant advantage to the conceph1s . The
phenomenon of intrauterine development ensures that
the developing conceptus will receive adequate nutri-
tion and protection during its development. In contrast,
lower fon11S of animals lay eggs (oviparous). The
survival of potential offspring of oviparous animals
is jeopardized because the female cannot completely
protect the eggs from environmental and predatmy dan-
ger. Thus, from an evolutionary perspective, eutherian
mammals (mammals with a placenta), are "equipped"
with an in-utero protection mechanism that is highly
successful after the placenta is formed.
The final prepartum steps of
reproduction are:
• formation of a placenta
• acquisition of endocrine function of
the placenta
• initiation of parturition
The term implantation is often used to mean
attachment of the placental membranes to the endo-
metrium in most animals. Achmlly, true implantation
is a phenomenon in humans in which the conceptus
"buries" itself into the uterine endometrium. The con-
ceptus temporarily disappears beneath the surface. In
most other species, the conceph1s does not truly implant,
but rather attaches to the endometrial surface and never
disappears from the luminal compartment.
The placenta is an organ of metabolic inter-
change between the conceph1s and the dam. It is also
an endocrine organ. The placenta is co.
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placentation in animals ppt_014943.pptx
The document discusses different types of placentation in animals. It begins by describing the basic functions of the placenta in connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall and facilitating nutrient/gas exchange. There are three main types discussed: 1) choriovitelline placenta, which is a temporary early structure in most mammals formed from yolk sac tissues; 2) chorioallantoic placenta, the definitive placenta of higher mammals formed by attachment of the allantois to the chorion; 3) placentas are further classified as deciduous, non-deciduous, or contra-deciduous based on whether maternal tissues are shed or not during birth. Specific animal examples are
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The document summarizes the structure and physiology of the mammalian placenta. It discusses that in viviparous animals, the embryo develops inside the mother's uterus due to insufficient yolk. The embryo attaches to the uterine wall via the placenta to obtain nutrients from the mother's circulation. The placenta allows the exchange of food, oxygen, and waste between the fetus and mother. It then describes different placental structures and classifications in mammals.
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This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Placenta structure and Classification
1. The document discusses the structure and classification of placentas. It describes the different types of placentas found across mammals based on their gross shape, layers between maternal and fetal blood, and histological structure.
2. The major placenta types discussed are epithelio-chorial (found in marsupials and some ungulates), syndesmo-chorial (ruminant ungulates), endothelio-chorial (carnivores), haemochorial (primates and bats), and haemo-endothelial (rodents). Each type involves a different number of layers separating maternal and fetal blood and tissues.
3. Placentas are also classified
Embryology 1, first week of dev.
After fertilization, gestation period begins
According to development gestation period divided in to,
i. germinal period ii. embryonic period iii. fetal period
Here the first week of the germinal period is discussed
Zygote undergoes cleavage
The process of each step of cleavage is explained and shown
diagrammatically
The significance of cleavage given.
Formation of morula after the compactum of blastocytes
Pushing of embryoblast towards the animal pole and blastocoel
the formation has taken place.
Formation of blastocyst completed.
A blastocyst is ready for implantation after loosing Zonapellucida.
Implantation begins in the first week of development
Placentation in Mammals
In all viviparous animals, embryonic development takes place inside the uterus of the mother, because the eggs are microlecithal and the amount of stored yolk is not sufficient for the developing embryo. Such embryos get attached to the uterine wall to draw essential substances from the maternal circulation through the placenta.
The Puerperium & Lactation Early Embryogenesis & Materna.docx
The Puerperium & Lactation
Early Embryogenesis &
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
Ovulation & Fertilization
Cyclicity
Regulation of
Reproduction
Tract Function
Puberty
Prenatal
Development
Spermatogenesis
Regulat ion of
Reproduction
Tract Function
Puberty
Prenatal
Development
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Gestation is the period of time that a female is pregnant. During gestation, the
placenta forms a major organ of pregnancy that provides an inteJface for metabolic
exchange between the dam and the f etus. Placentas are described mmplwlogically
according to the distribution of villi on the chorionic smface ami the degree of separa..:.
tion between matemal and fetal blood. The placenta is also an endocrine organ that
secretes hormones responsible for: 1) maintenance of pregnancy; 2) stimulation of the
matemal mammmy gland and 3) ensures fetal growth. Parturition is brought about
by secretion of fetal corticoitls and requires removal of the progesterone block. Par-
turition consists of three stages. They are: 1) initiation of myometrial contractions;
2) expulsion ofthe f etus and 3) e.:\:pulsion oftlzefetalmembranes.
The word gestation literally means "the act
of carry ing or being carried". Thus, gestation means
the action or process of carrying or being carried' in
the uterus between conception and birth . · Gest ation
and pregnancy are synonymous and thus, gestation
length means the length of pregnancy. Attachment
of the conceph1s to form an intimate, but temporary,
relationship with the uterus is an evolutionary step that
provides significant advantage to the conceph1s . The
phenomenon of intrauterine development ensures that
the developing conceptus will receive adequate nutri-
tion and protection during its development. In contrast,
lower fon11S of animals lay eggs (oviparous). The
survival of potential offspring of oviparous animals
is jeopardized because the female cannot completely
protect the eggs from environmental and predatmy dan-
ger. Thus, from an evolutionary perspective, eutherian
mammals (mammals with a placenta), are "equipped"
with an in-utero protection mechanism that is highly
successful after the placenta is formed.
The final prepartum steps of
reproduction are:
• formation of a placenta
• acquisition of endocrine function of
the placenta
• initiation of parturition
The term implantation is often used to mean
attachment of the placental membranes to the endo-
metrium in most animals. Achmlly, true implantation
is a phenomenon in humans in which the conceptus
"buries" itself into the uterine endometrium. The con-
ceptus temporarily disappears beneath the surface. In
most other species, the conceph1s does not truly implant,
but rather attaches to the endometrial surface and never
disappears from the luminal compartment.
The placenta is an organ of metabolic inter-
change between the conceph1s and the dam. It is also
an endocrine organ. The placenta is co.
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3) What is the significance of the different length:volume ratios of the digestive organs in a male
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Ans:
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genotypic traits.
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Solution
1. Pox virus, herpes group of virus , adenovirus, papova virus have double stranded DNA
2. Infection caused bacteriophages example is corynebacterium diphtheria, bordrtella pertussis,
campylobacter jejuni
4 . Viruses which use DNA are pox, herpes, papova virus, adenovirus virus..
Viruses which use RNA are hiv , rhabdovirus, influenza, respiratory syncitial virus
9.viruses having ss DNA genome are -parvo virus
13.cytokines are chemical mediators which play a role in immunity and inflammation... Eg..
TNF-alpha, TGF- Beta, gamma interferon..,interleukins..And all which play important role in
inflammation and immunity...For cells recruitment, activation, reland action
17.dendritic cells are the primary antigen presenting cells which act non specificaly on any
antigen .Help in mounting an immune response.
18.lysozyme is inflammatory mediator present in granules in the macrophages ...These are
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19..Skin, mucus lining of respiratory tract, cervical mucus plugs, vaginal acidic pH, lymph nodes.
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The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy in mammals to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. It is a discoid, circular organ around 15-20 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm thick that weighs approximately 500g at term. The placenta has both fetal and maternal surfaces, with the fetal surface covered by the amnion and bearing the umbilical cord, and the maternal surface being rough and spongy where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta serves critical functions like nutrient, gas and waste exchange between mother and fetus, acting as an endocrine organ and barrier between
Implantation, Embryonic membrane and Twinning
The document summarizes embryonic membrane development in birds, reptiles, and mammals. It discusses the formation and functions of the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois membranes. It also describes how mammals are divided based on their embryonic development methods into prototheria, metatheria, and eutheria. The types of placentas and twins are summarized, including dizygotic, monozygotic, conjoined, and parasitic twins.
Flea lecture
Fleas are laterally compressed insects with powerful hind legs adapted for jumping. Males have longer antennae than females, which they use to grasp females during mating. Fleas have a hardened exoskeleton and spined combs on their legs and bodies. Their life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae feed on organic debris while adults are parasitic, feeding on host blood. Fleas can transmit diseases like plague, murine typhus, tularemia, and tapeworms between hosts.
Chorionic villi copy
The placenta arises from trophoblast tissue and serves as the fetal lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract throughout pregnancy. It grows equally with the fetus. At term, the placenta is 15-20cm in diameter, 2-3cm thick, and covers half the internal uterus. The placenta establishes circulation between mother and fetus by the 12th day of pregnancy through chorionic villi, allowing nutrients to pass selectively between the maternal and fetal blood while preventing direct exchange. It produces hormones and facilitates gas and nutrient exchange until birth.
1)Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine2) Are there.pdf
1)Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine?
2) Are there any differences between the thyroid gland, thymus gland, and spleen in a male and
female pig? Briefly explain.
3) What is the significance of the different length:volume ratios of the digestive organs in a male
and female pig? Explain you answer.
4) Is there a reason why a fetal pig\'s intestinal contents are a certain color?
Please help ):
Solution
Ans:
1) Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine?
The fetal pig\'s digestive organs are well developed before birth, although it does not ingest food.
These organs include the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Mesenteries serve to
connect the organs of the fetal pig together. In order for digestion to occur, the fetal pig would
have to ingest food. Instead, it gains much needed nutrition from the mother pig via the umbilical
cord. In the adult pig, food will follow the general flow through the esophagus, which can be
located behind the tracheae. From the oral cavity, the esophagus leads to the stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine. Other organs developing during fetal pig development such as the
gallbladder, pancreas and spleen are all critical in contributing to the overall flow of the digestive
system because they contain digestive enzymes that will perform chemical digestion of food.
After food is digested and nutrients are absorbed, the food follows through the large intestine and
solid wastes are excreted through the anus. In the fetal pig however, the metabolic wastes are
sent back to the mother through the umbilical cord where the mother excretes the wastes. Other
remaining wastes remain in the fetal pig until birth.
2) Are there any differences between the thyroid gland, thymus gland, and spleen in a male and
female pig? Briefly explain.
Thyroid gland: Lying atop the trachea, locate the pinkish-brown, V shaped structure called the
thyroid gland. This gland secretes hormones that control growth and metabolism. Difference
between male and femalepigs was detected in the follicular hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the
thyroid gland
Thymus gland: Thymus was a large bilobed structure situated in the superior mediastinum. The
difference between the histological appearance of male and female is in the female the lobules
are highly vascular and Hassall’s corpuscles are either absent or only one is present. In the male
2-3 Hassall’s corpuscles are seen in the lobules. There by showing some sex difference.
Spleen: a flattened organ that lies across the stomach and toward the extreme left side of the pig.
The spleen stores blood and is not part of the digestive system. On the underside of the spleen,
locate the splenic artery. There is no difference in spleen between males and females, but the
stomach and small intestine were heavier in females than in males.
3) What is the significance of the different length:volume ratios of the digestive organs in a male
and female pig? Explain you answer.
A range of .
Development of placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in mammals during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange from the mother's blood supply to nourish the fetus. The placenta has both a fetal component from the chorionic sac and a maternal component from the endometrium. It begins developing upon implantation and grows throughout pregnancy, reaching full development by the end of the first trimester. The placenta plays a vital role in sustaining the fetus during intrauterine development.
ANIMALS-REP-PPT.pptx Animal Reproduction
1. The document discusses different types of reproduction in animals including sexual and asexual reproduction.
2. It notes that reproduction provides genetic variation which increases chances of survival for offspring and populations. However, sexual reproduction requires two parents and more time compared to asexual reproduction.
3. The different types of asexual reproduction discussed are binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and various sexual reproduction mechanisms like internal/external fertilization and viviparity are covered.
Comparative pro,mete,& eutheria, features of prototheria to eutheria,& af...
Comparative pro,mete,& eutheria, features of prototheria to eutheria,& affinity to pro,meta &eutheria
Umblical cord presentation
The document discusses the anatomy and abnormalities of the umbilical cord that can be identified on prenatal ultrasound. It provides details on the normal structure of the cord including the umbilical vessels and Wharton's jelly. Common abnormalities discussed include short or long cord length, umbilical cord cysts, single umbilical artery, velamentous or furcate cord insertion, and umbilical cord coiling abnormalities. Associations of various cord abnormalities with adverse pregnancy outcomes are also summarized.
Placenta
The placenta forms from the fusion of fetal and maternal tissues to nourish the developing embryo. It is composed of the chorion, which contains villi from the fetus, and the decidua, which are tissues from the maternal uterus. The placenta allows nutrients, waste, and gases to pass between mother and fetus. It is found in nearly all mammals and some other viviparous species, and plays a vital role in sustaining pregnancy.
General Biology Lesson 9 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_R...
General Biology Lesson 9: Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals: Reproduction and Development
Zebra Fish- Genome, Morphology,Embryonic Development, A model organism
The zebrafish is a popular model organism used in scientific research due to its many advantages. It has a fully sequenced genome that is similar to humans and contains around 22,000 genes. The zebrafish develops rapidly, with major organ systems evident within days of fertilization. This, along with external fertilization and transparent embryos, makes early development easy to observe. The zebrafish genome also contains regions that are syntenic with human chromosomes, making it useful for studying human health and disease.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 015 Fetal Membranes-B Fetal Membranes.pdf
The fetal membranes, also known as the embryonic or fetal membranes, play a crucial role in the development and protection of the embryo/fetus during pregnancy.
Understanding the structure and functions of the fetal membranes is essential for healthcare providers to monitor the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy.
Issues related to the fetal membranes, such as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), require careful management to
Phylum nematoda
The document discusses roundworms (nematodes) that are parasitic. It describes 11 known species that fall into two main clades - encapsulated and non-encapsulated. The encapsulated clade parasitizes only mammals, while some non-encapsulated species infect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Two species, T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis, are unique in being able to complete their lifecycle in both warm- and cold-blooded hosts.
Placenta and Parturition 2022.pptx
The placenta is a temporary organ that facilitates nutrient and waste exchange between the fetus and mother. It is composed of fetal and maternal tissues. Parturition begins with the fetus triggering hormonal changes that relax the cervix and stimulate contractions. It occurs in three stages: 1) initiation of contractions through decreasing progesterone and increasing prostaglandins and estrogen, 2) expulsion of the fetus aided by hormones like cortisol and relaxin, 3) expulsion of fetal membranes due to villus detachment from maternal tissues. Placentas are classified by villus distribution and layers separating fetal and maternal blood.
Phylum Gastrotricha
Phylum Gastrotricha
Nervous system
Digestive system
Parthenogenesis
Presentation
Best of Luck
Mode Of Food & Feeding In Porifera.ppt
Sponges feed by filtering water through their bodies using a system of pores, canals and collar cells called choanocytes. Choanocytes have flagella that draw water through the collar, trapping food particles which are then phagocytized. Sponges can filter enormous volumes of water, consuming mostly bacteria. Some sponges also host symbiotic algae or bacteria that provide additional nutrients.
Similar to How is a chorioallantoic placenta different from a choriovitelline.pdf (20)
9. origins of multicellularity & phylum porifera part I in clear explanation
9. origins of multicellularity & phylum porifera part I in clear explanation
Placentation in mammal,classification of placenta and function
Placentation in mammal,classification of placenta and function
1)Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine2) Are there.pdf
1)Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine2) Are there.pdf
Comparative pro,mete,& eutheria, features of prototheria to eutheria,& af...
Comparative pro,mete,& eutheria, features of prototheria to eutheria,& af...
General Biology Lesson 9 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_R...
General Biology Lesson 9 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_R...
Zebra Fish- Genome, Morphology,Embryonic Development, A model organism
Zebra Fish- Genome, Morphology,Embryonic Development, A model organism
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 015 Fetal Membranes-B Fetal Membranes.pdf
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 015 Fetal Membranes-B Fetal Membranes.pdf
More from formicreation
Many people believe that, because the emergence of life was very impr.pdf
Many people believe that, because the emergence of life was very improbable, it was not due to
chance. Why does White think that this is a mistake? And what, then, is his basis for thinking
that the emergence of life was not due to chance?
Solution
The evolution of diffrent species is not by chance and it is a mistake to think that the new
generation of life gets created by reproduction between various species by chance. There are
various theories through which evolution takes place for example----1)natural selection-- the
male and female of a particular species of animals, birds, insects recognise each other and
reproduce with each other only within their own species which live with each other thus the
theory of natural selection becomes effective. There is communication, understanding between
same species and further generation is created acordingly. The same genes are transferred to the
generation leding to the exixtence of same genotypic and phenotypic traits.
2) random selection--it takes place by chance between various species due to mutations in the
genome leading to the creation of new recombinations of genes with new phenotypic and
genotypic traits.
3)artificial selection- it is the reproduction between similar but different species in a particular
enviornment together with particular conditions leading to the development of new generation of
species.
4)genetic drift/gene flow/migration--this happens when various similar looking species migrate
to small islands and reproduce with similar looking but not same species leading to generation of
new species example darwin finches in galapagos islands.
5) inbreeding depression--this is due to the development of new species between same
generations leading to the expression of recessive genes and less expressive genes.
6)hybrid vigour or heterosis--this leads to the development of new species with recombination of
traits and expressive of dominant and more expressive genes according to the environment.
7)The level of heterozygosity ,hardy-weinberg equilibrium is calculated and probabilities of
generation of new species is calculated in different generations according to the cross of the new
species.
The judaism and christianity religion also develops various theories of evolution based on the
dominant, recessive and intermediate genes formed after cross and breeding between two similar
looking but different species. Thus evolution does not occur by chance.
In plants also various genes are expressed after recombination leading to the expression of
dominant,recessive and mixed characters with superior traits, mixed traits and inferior traits
based on the genetic background of the species and environmental factors like water-stress,
hormonal-stress, salt stress, signaling stress leading to cross and fertilization betweem anther and
ovary and thus the develpment of new intermediate species..
Know the different types of viruses which have a dsRNA genome A type .pdf
Know the different types of viruses which have a dsRNA genome A type of infection caused by
bacteriophages which involves a transition from a lytic to a lysogenic stage. What is the defense
mechanism employed by the T4 phage to prevent excision of its DNA by restriction enzymes?
Know the viruses that use RNA/DNA genomes. Describe in general terms how bacteriophage
lambda regulates the switch between the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Proteins involved? What
factors may influence the transition from a lytic to lysogenic state in lambda phage? Describe in
general terms how bacteriophage lambda regulates the switch between the lytic and lysogenic
cycles. Other Proteins involved? Describe in general terms the strategy used by the ssDNA virus
phi X 174 to synthesize its nucleic acids and proteins. Function of the replicative form? Know
the different viruses which have a ssDNA genome Outline the major events involved in plus-
strand RNA viruses and the specific mechanisms used to accomplish each step. Type of template
used? Describe in general terms the strategy used by minus and plus strand RNA viruses to
synthesize their nucleic acids and proteins. Propose how a retrovirus with a single RNA
molecule as its genome might generate multiple proteins from that molecule. Intermediate
molecule? What are cytokines? Roles in immunity? What is the alternate complement pathway?
Roles? What are the functions and locations (blood, tissue etc.) of the different immune cells?
Mechanisms employed by the lungs to help protect it from infection What are dendritic cells?
Roles they play in the immune response? Specific vs non-specific Function of lysozyme? Know
the different body areas which act as physical barriers to infection. Know the different physical
and biological defense mechanisms? Examples?
Solution
1. Pox virus, herpes group of virus , adenovirus, papova virus have double stranded DNA
2. Infection caused bacteriophages example is corynebacterium diphtheria, bordrtella pertussis,
campylobacter jejuni
4 . Viruses which use DNA are pox, herpes, papova virus, adenovirus virus..
Viruses which use RNA are hiv , rhabdovirus, influenza, respiratory syncitial virus
9.viruses having ss DNA genome are -parvo virus
13.cytokines are chemical mediators which play a role in immunity and inflammation... Eg..
TNF-alpha, TGF- Beta, gamma interferon..,interleukins..And all which play important role in
inflammation and immunity...For cells recruitment, activation, reland action
17.dendritic cells are the primary antigen presenting cells which act non specificaly on any
antigen .Help in mounting an immune response.
18.lysozyme is inflammatory mediator present in granules in the macrophages ...These are
microbicidal in action.which kills the consumed microbe
19..Skin, mucus lining of respiratory tract, cervical mucus plugs, vaginal acidic pH, lymph nodes.
Issued a $4000 Note Receivable for 3 months 10 interest. Calculate .pdf
Issued a $4000 Note Receivable for 3 months 10% interest. Calculate monthly interest.
Solution
Monthly interest is the interest earned on the note receivable as per the agreed conditions. The
formula of monthly interest is,
principal amount * interest rate *( given months÷12)
=$4000 × (10/100) × (3/12)
=$100
Therefore, the monthly interest = $100.
IPv4 provided the primary addressing scheme in TCPIP. However after.pdf
IPv4 provided the primary addressing scheme in TCP/IP. However after many years its
limitations begin to catch up with networking implementations. What are the main limitations
that you are familiar with from reading the suggested chapters?
Solution
Internet protocol version4 also called as an IPV4 defined by Internet Engineering Task
Force(IETF) in the year 1981.IPV4 uses a 32 bit address space. Initial design of IPv4 did not
predict the growth of internet and this created many issues, which proved IPv4 need to be
changed. The main limitations of IPv4 are as follows.
1.Address configuration related issues:In these days Networks and also internet is expanding and
many new computers and devices are using IP. The configuration of IP addresses (Either static or
dynamic) should be made simple.
2.Scarcity of IPv4 Addresses:As we know that IPV4 uses a 32 bit address space and furthur these
are again classfied as five classes which are CLASS-A,CLASS-B,CLASS-C,CLASS-D,CLASS-
E.where the classes D and E are used for research and development and reserved for future
use.The 32-bit address space allows for 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses.But the previous and
current IPv4 address allocation practices limit the number of available public IPv4 addresses.
Many addresses which are allocated to many companies were not used and this created scarcity
of IPv4 addresses.
For this scarcity Reason many Many organistion uses the Network Address Translation(NAT) to
map multiple private IPv4 addresses to a single public IPv4 address. But the NAT has many
limitations they are as follows.
NAT (Network Address Translation) do not support network layer security standards and it do
not support the mapping of all upper layer protocols. NAT can also create network problems
when two organizations which use same private IPv4 address ranges communicate. More
servers, workstations and devices which are connected to the internet demand the need for more
addresses and the current statistics prove that public IPv4 address space will be depleted soon.
The scarcity of IPv4 address is a major limitation of IPv4 addressing system.
3.Security Related Issues: Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a protocol suit that enables
network security by protecting the data being sent from being viewed or modified. IPSec
provides security for IPv4 packets, but Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is not built-in and
optional. Many IPSecimplementations are having their own rules.
4. Quality of service (QoS): The QOS relies in on 8 bits of the Type Of Service(TOS) and
PayLoad in IPV4.but the IPV4 TOS has limited functionality and payload identification is not
possible when an data gram packet is encrypted.
Inorder to overcome these Limitations ipv6 came into Figure..
Implement the member function void insertAfterHead(int d) of the Lin.pdf
Implement the member function void insertAfterHead(int d) of the LinkedList class . The job of
the function is to insert a new node with data d right after the head node. Your header will be
void LinkedList::insertAfterHead(int d)
The function does nothing if called on an empty list.
My incorrect code. I am having trouble with this last line.
void LinkedList::insertAfterHead(int d)
{
if(headPtr!= null)
{
head_>next = new Node
new Node->next =headPtr->next
}
Node * temp = headPtr;
Node * nodeToInsert = new Node() ;
nodeToInsert->data=d ;
nodeToInsert->next=temp ;
headPtr=nodeToInsert;
}
}
Solution
Hi Friend please find my implementation
Please let me know in case of any issue.
void LinkedList::insertAfterHead(int d)
{
// Case 1: Header Node is null then add at front
if(headPtr == null)
{
headPtr = new Node(d);
}else{
Node *newNode = new Node(d); //creating new node
newNode->setNext(headPtr->getNext()); // pointing newNode\'s next to head\'s next
headPtr.setNext(newNode); // pointing head\'s next to newNode
}
}
}.
I am trying to create a program that will create Objects of differen.pdf
I am trying to create a program that will create Objects of different array sizes.
The main program inputs a charactor and two coordinates. It then attempts to identify what sort
of object it needs to return. If it is an O, it will create an array of size one with the number 1 in it.
I Cannot change main in any way. I don\'t know how to create an array and return it as t1. can
someome help me?
Thanks
int main(){
Shape *t1, *t2;
cin>>ch >>x >>y;
t1 = Shape :: makeshape(ch, x, y);
}
//I am working on defination of makeshape
Shape *makeShape( char ch, int posx, int posy)}{
if(char==\'O\'){
O array = new O[1];
return O;
} //or do I need a pointer here?
}
Solution
Yup you can return an array . But , you have to do some modification. In the function
makeShape , you have specified Shape class object to be the return type. But, you are sending
array so you need to change the return type. And, it would effiecient if you send a pointer.
Then,one can get dynamic memory . But, answer for your question is yes ; you just need to
change the return type of the function..
How does Ansoffs matrix impact organizations missionsSoluti.pdf
How does Ansoff\'s matrix impact organizations\' missions?
Solution
The Ansoff`s matrix impacts the mission of an organization by providing frame work to senior
management of different strategies on how to make the company grow in the future, it links the
marketing strategy with the general direction of the organization and provides option on the path
the company should take, and these path are reflected on the mission statement because the
mission statement describes what the organization wants to achieve..
How can I tell when it is going to be a Archimedean Spiral. What is .pdf
How can I tell when it is going to be a Archimedean Spiral. What is a general formula? Only one
I know is r=theta. What else would I look for?
Solution
The Archimedean spiral has the property that any ray from the origin intersects
successive turnings of the spiral in points with a constant separation distance (equal to 2?b if ? is
measured in radians), hence the name \"arithmetic spiral\". In contrast to this, in a logarithmic
spiral these distances, as well as the distances of the intersection points measured from the
origin, form a geometric progression. The Archimedean spiral has two arms, one for ? > 0 and
one for ? < 0. The two arms are smoothly connected at the origin. Only one arm is shown on the
accompanying graph. Taking the mirror image of this arm across the y-axis will yield the other
arm. the term Archimedean spiral is used for the more general group of spirals r= a+
b(theta)^1/x where a,b are real numbers The normal Archimedean spiral occurs when x = 1.
Other spirals falling into this group include the hyperbolic spiral, Fermat\'s spiral, and the lituus.
Virtually all static spirals appearing in nature are logarithmic spirals, not Archimedean ones.
Many dynamic spirals (such as the Parker spiral of the solar wind, or the pattern made by a
Catherine\'s wheel) are Archimedean..
flow chart or step by step process of the key steps in forming a uni.pdf
flow chart or step by step process of the key steps in forming a union
Solution
1. Form an organizing committee. This committee people are the 1st most step to start a union.
Based on union committe should be formed. For ex: Department / Gender/ Ethnic background
2.Collect signatures from committee
3.Gathering information or issues of particular union
4. Formulate the issues collected. This is very crucial part of formulation of union
5. Prepare anti-union tactics done from oppositions
6. Co-ordinate
These are the steps involved in forming union.
5..
Description For this part of the assignment, you will create a Grid .pdf
Description For this part of the assignment, you will create a Grid representing the pacman’s
game grid by using a 2D array of Strings as shown in Section 1. Also, you will design the
functionality of the pacman as described in Section 2 and represent it in the grid. 1 The Grid The
dimensions of the grid is 15 x 15 and the gird is composed of 4 boundaries: north, south, east,
and west boundaries as shown in the Figure. The grid has the following characteristics: 1. The
boundaries are represented with “X”, and this will block the pacman. 2. There may be obstacles
that obstruct the pacman’s movement. 3. There are 4 gates represented with “ ”, and these gates
communicates with the opposite gate. E.g., the north gate communicates with the south gate, and
the east gate communicates with the west. This means that if the pacman is located in the north
gate, next time it moves up will appear in the south gate, similar with the east and west gate. 4.
The grid contains cookies represented with “.”. The idea is to collect all the cookies from the grid
in order to win the game. Every time the the pacman eats a cookie, the cookie disappears. The
Grid has the following fields • grid: is a 2D array of Strings • x-pos: the x-coordinate where the
pacman is located • y-pos: the y-coordinate where the pacman is located • counter: a counter that
represents the total number of cookies consumed by the pacman In addition, the Grid has the
following methods: • initializeGrid(): This method will print a “fresh” new grid with the pacman
located in the middle of the grid and the rest of the grid will contain cookies “.”. Except the
boundaries of the grid. Your maze shall have four boundaries i.e., north, south, east, and west.
The boundaries are represented with an “X”. Each boundary has a gate in the middle that allows
the pacman to communicate to the opposite gate. • updateGrid(): will happen after the selection
of moving “a”,“s”,“d” or “w” is done. Since these four options will move to west, south, east, or
north, then you need to “update” the grid. The way to do this is by passing the x-coordinate and
the y-coordinate as arguments to this method. The method then, will update the new position of
the pacman (that is, the x and y coordinate from the arguments). Here is where the previous x
and y position of the pacman will “disappear” (which is now a blank space “ ”). This method will
reflect the new position of the pacman in the grid in case it moved. This method will also reflect
the number of cookies consumed. • checkBoundaries(): Before moving the pacman to the new
position, this method will check if is possible according the current coordinates. In case is a valid
movement, the method will return true. In case the movement is invalid, due to a boundary or
through something else, then your method will return false. The Pacman The pacman has the
following characteristics: • The pacman has the ability to move through the gates (i.e., north to
south, east to west). •.
Discuss one (1) traditional and two (2) new strategies that special i.pdf
Discuss one (1) traditional and two (2) new strategies that special interest groups use to
influence policy/legislation. Which one (1) do you think is the most effective and why?
Solution
Interest groups seek after an extensive variety of arrangement objectives. In their endeavors to
understand these objectives, gatherings may campaign civil servants and government officials,
approach the media and take part in challenge exercises. Gatherings are politically dynamic since
they need to see their objectives satisfied. What\'s more, groups are pivotal for political science
on account of their prosperity with – here and there – accomplishing their objectives. This
essential perception focuses to the significance of catching what it is groups need in legislative
issues and how the idea of approach objectives influences their arrangement pertinent exercises.
At the point when are lawmakers the ideal objective of gathering exercises, when do groups
approach administrators and which objectives lead gatherings to take part in media-coordinated
exercises?
There are two conventional ways to deal with exploring bunch exercises: overviews mapping
bunch techniques and representing methodical variety. Sorted out gatherings are more viable
than sloppy ones. An efficient gathering can wage an organized crusade that fuses a wide range
of strategies. Association can likewise compensate for measure: An efficient little gathering
frequently has a greater effect than an extensive ineffectively sorted out one. Lobbyists utilize
various strategies and offer officials various advantages to accomplish their objectives, including
influence, data, and material motivating forces, financial use, disturbance, and suit.
Access
The way to lobbying is access: To impact an official, one must have the capacity to address that
official. Given how bustling individuals from Congress and other government authorities
regularly are, getting access represents a noteworthy test. Some of the time a lobbyist can just get
a few minutes of the official\'s opportunity, so the lobbyist must be set up to make the pitch
rapidly.
A few kinds of individuals have a less demanding time getting access than others. Some
lobbying associations utilize these sorts of individuals to enable pick up to get to. On-screen
character Michael J. Fox, for instance, has campaigned for expanded financing for Parkinson\'s
malady inquires about. Both Angelina Jolie and Bono have additionally effectively campaigned
Congress for their causes.
A Profitable Profession
Previous government authorities, particularly high-positioning ones, can regularly procure
expansive compensations by filling in as lobbyists, which make lobbying an appealing calling for
resigning individuals. These authorities are frequently in extraordinary request as lobbyists since
they know numerous individuals in government and can hence get too effectively. Sway Dole,
for instance—who used to be a congressperson from Kansas and was the Republican .
Define health systems and healthcare delivery systems and discuss th.pdf
Define health systems and healthcare delivery systems and discuss the types of healthcare
payments in detail?
The course is global health
Solution
Health systems is defined as the overall organization of people along with the various
institutions, and resource.The main purpose is to deliver health care services to the people in
order to meet the health needs of target populations.
Health care delivery systems provides health aids to the people who are insured along with the
people who do not have any insurance by giving them immediate treatment to those in needs.
The types of health care payments are:
1.Online payments through netbanking secured by secure sockets layer linking patient\'s bank to
hospital\'s bank.
2.The payment can be made by credit cards and the credit can be returned to the back at a later
date..
B. You do an experiment in which you divide 8 cell stage urch.pdf
B. You do an experiment in which you divide 8 cell stage urchin embryos. In half the embryos,
you use a dn needle to embryo in the horizontal plane while the other half you divide in the
opposite adult each experiment, you get two balls of with cells each. you find that in only group
both sets of cells go on to form a complete adult urchin, In the other group, only half the form
cells urchins. What can you conclude based only on this experiment? VERSION B a. At the 8
cell stage, some of the cells have become more determined than other cells. b. At the 8 cell stage,
some of the cells are mare differentiated than other cells. c There is an inducer molecule that is
causing some cells to develop into an adult. d. None of these are valid conclusions from this 9. In
the process that is depicted in the figure to the right, the role played by the notochord provides a
good example of a. Cytoplasmic segregation b. Induction c, Cleavage 10. In the figure to the
right, the cells that will form the peripheral nervous system are represented by 11. The function
of the Casparian stripls) is to a, prevent water and minerals from entering the stele through the
apoplast, forcing the fluid to cross a cell membrane. b. provide additional ion channels for the
regulation of mineral uptake.
Solution
Answer:
11). A. Prevent wate and minerals from entering the stele through the apoplast, forcing the fluid
to cross cells membrane.
Casparian strip A band of waterproof, corky tissue that is found on the side and walls of the
endodermis of roots. The strip prevents water from entering the pericycle except through the
cytoplasm of endodermal cells; this may be importantin producing root pressure. \"Casparian
strip.\"
12). D. Collenchyma, support
Collenchyma tissue strengthened by the thickening of cell walls, as in young shoots and it gives
mechanical support to plant body.
13). B. Mitochondria
Mitochondria found in both plants and animal. It helps in cellular respiration and release energy.
14). A. Plant 1 has less water.
The water potential increases as the purity of the water increases. If the water has less water
potential means less water and its purity is low. The highest water potential is zero..
a. project aid. b. emergency aid. c. development aid. d. bilateral ai.pdf
a. project aid. b. emergency aid. c. development aid. d. bilateral aid e. multilateral aid 11.
Supporters of globalization argue that increased globalization will lead to: a. increased living
standards. b.decreased budget deficits. c.decreased trade deficits. d. currency appreciation. e.
monetary stability 12. Countries that enjoy long distance flows of goods, capital, and services as
well as information and perceptions that accompany market exchanges would be categorized
under globalization a. ethical bcultural c. social d. e political economic
Solution
11, answer a. Increased living standards
Question 12.) Answer d.
Economic Globalization, it refers to Globalization of production , finance, markets , institution,
technology, corporation & labor.
An electron is moving in a circular motion clockwise. A uniform magne.pdf
An electron is moving in a circular motion clockwise. A uniform magnetic field is orthogonal to
the plane of the motion (see picture below). What does it happen to the electron if the magnetic
field will decrease in magnitude? the electron will slow down. the electron will speed up. the
electron will keep its velocity.
Solution
c) electron will keep its velocity
only radius of rotation will increase now.
After reading Thomas Malthus population theory and the ideas of Ju.pdf
After reading Thomas Malthus\' population theory and the ideas of Julian Simon, with which do
you agree? Give at least one example supporting your opinion.
Solution
I agree with Julian Simon Ideas. Julian Simon ideas led to a cornucopian theory which states that
with increasing population, technology would grow and lead to new resources.
Thomas Malthus, on the other hand, stated that growing population would lead to scarce
resources which would not be able to sustain that population.
Let\'s take an example of the United States of America. After world war 2 the baby boomers
came into existence. This was the time period when the birth rate was very high, the population
was increasing and as per the Malthusian theories, the resources would have gone extinct. But
that didn\'t happen, instead, new technology and research and development came in. New
inventions like internet, computers enabled the nations to become more efficient and increase
production manifolds. Globalisation was boosted, oil market came into existence and all these
new technologies changed the way people live.
New technology just changed the way we experience the world..
Any ideas on an IT topic I could use for this case studyFor this .pdf
Any ideas on an IT topic I could use for this case study?
For this assignment, you will write a 1-2 page response to questions concerning a case study on
an IT topic.
Solution
Case Study on Operating Systems.
To Facilitate the Secure , easy and efficient use of resources modern operating systems like
Linux and Windows are used.They provide easy user interface, Security features, and work by
using other devices.
Linux was developed by a Computer Science student Linus Torvaldsin 1991, which was known
as linur version 0.0.1 , It was then widely distributed among software developers by using
internet. The operating system NT was developed by using Win32 API in 1988 By Microsoft.
Advantages of Linux are :
1. It is not expensive and nearly free OS
2. It supports multi user and multi tasking
3. It includes source in it.
4. Errors and bugs are easily fixed and it more stable OS.
Advantages of Windows are :
1. It has easy user interface than linux
2. There are varieties of software programs , utilities available for windows users.
File Management in Linux and Windows :
Windows operating system uses drive letters like C:\\ to address a drive and the top most
directory is the root directory to access all other files and directories.
Linux File system path is given by /home/ , in which in /home the data is stored of all of its users
and files are only modified by the owner of files.
Process Management in Linux and Windows.
Linus is a multi tasking system , and its states of Process are divided into states,
1. Running - Process is ready or already running
2. Waiting - Process is waiting for a resoure allocation or to an event to happen
3. Stopped - In stopped state a process is stopped by using a signal .
4. Zombie - The process in a halted state during a task is called as zombie.
In windows a process has its individual data , space, code , which executes by using threads .
There are 3 states of process in windows :
1. Ready - In ready state the process has a ready thread to be executed.
2. StandBy- In standby state a thread waits for the processor to take up its task.
3. Running- In running state a thread begins its execution by microkernel.
User Interface of Linux and Windows :
Linux has command driven user interface which needs user to tyoe a command to do work , It
has fast speed but user needs to know all commands which are to be used by him.
Windows has menu and icon driven user interface , consisting of task bar having all the shortcuts
to the operations to be performed by using their respective icons.
Windows and Linux have different use cases , their use depends upon the operations to be
performed. Linux is flexible and a adaptable system and windows is familiar and simple to use..
Assignment is Page 349-350 #4 and #5 Use the Linked Lis.pdf
Assignment is :
\"Page 349-350 #4 and #5 Use the \"Linked List lab\" you have been working on in class and add
the two functions the questions are asking you to develop: divideMid and divideAt. Be sure to
include comments Use meaningful identifier names (constants where appropriate) Do not work
together; no two people should have identical work!?!? Turn in .cpp file AND Turn in a \"print-
screen\' of your output (press \"print-screen\' on keyboard, then \'paste\' in MS-Word)\"
How do you solve QUESTION #5 in the book data structures using c++ by D.S. Malik in Visiual
Studios using the linked list below with what is being asked? Please need help
Linked list :
#include
#include
using namespace std;
struct nodeType
{
int info;
nodeType *link;
};
void createList(nodeType*& first, nodeType*& last);
void printList(nodeType*& first);
void insertFront(nodeType*& first);
void insertBack(nodeType*& last);
void deleteFirst(nodeType*& first);
void deleteLast(nodeType*& last, nodeType* first);
int main()
{
nodeType *first, *last;
int num;
createList(first, last);
int choice;
while(true)
{
cout<<\"1. Insert Front.\ 2. Insert Last.\ 3. Delete Front.\ 4. Delete Last.\ 5. Print List.\ 6. Exit.\
\";
cout<<\"Enter your choice: \";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1: insertFront(first); break;
case 2: insertBack(last); break;
case 3: deleteFirst(first); break;
case 4: deleteLast(last, first); break;
case 5: printList(first); break;
case 6: return 0;
default: cout<<\"Invalid menu option. Try again.\"<>number;
while (number != -999)
{
newNode = new nodeType; // create new node
newNode->info = number;
newNode->link = NULL;
if (first == NULL)
{
first = newNode;
last = newNode;
}
else
{
last->link = newNode;
last = newNode;
}
cout<<\"Enter an integer (-999 to stop): \";
cin>>number;
} // end of while-loop
} // end of build list function
void deleteFirst(nodeType*& first)
{
nodeType *temp;
temp= first;
first= temp->link;
delete temp;
return;
}
void deleteLast(nodeType*& last, nodeType* current)
{
nodeType *temp;
while(current->link != NULL)
{
temp=current;
current=current->link;
}
temp=last;
current->link=NULL;
delete temp;
last = current;
return;
}
void insertFront(nodeType*& front)
{
int num;
cout<<\"\ Enter the number to insert: \";
cin>>num;
nodeType *newNode = new nodeType;
newNode->info=num;
newNode->link= front;
front= newNode;
return;
}
void insertBack(nodeType*& last)
{
int num;
cout<<\"\ Enter the number to insert: \";
cin>>num;
nodeType *newNode = new nodeType;
newNode->info=num;
newNode->link= NULL;
last->link= newNode;
last = newNode;
return;
}
void printList(nodeType*& first)
{
cout<<\"Inside printList...printing linked list...\ \"<info << \" \";
current = current->link;
}
cout<
#include
using namespace std;
struct nodeType
{
int info;
nodeType *link;
};
void createList(nodeType*& first, nodeType*& last);
void printList(nodeType*& first);
void insertFront(nodeType*& first);
void insertBack(nodeType*& last);
void deleteFirst(nodeType*& first);
void dele.
C++ Write a function that takes a number as a parameter and display.pdf
C++ Write a function that takes a number as a parameter and displays it like this: *** ***
Data = # *** Create a program that uses this function along with the getNumber() function
from the previous example to prompt the user for a number and then display it.
Solution
main.cpp
#include
using namespace std;
// function declaration
int getNumber(int num);
int main () {
int n;
cout<<\"Enter a number : \";
cin>>n;
cout<.
Why is it important for marketers to understand the product life cyc.pdf
Why is it important for marketers to understand the product life cycle?
Solution
Product life cycle is nothing but the sequence of stages through which a new product progresses.
These stages are introduction stage, growth stage, maturity stage and decline stage.
Product life cycle is very important for managers. The benefits include:-.
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