Manufacture and Testing of Building Integrated Photovoltaic systemSharathKumar528
This work is my dissertation project on the Manufacture and testing of building Integrated concentrating Photovoltaic system for the fulfilment of masters degree in Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Exeter,Penryn, UK
A 25 KW solar power plant was installed at Biet College in 2016. It consists of 25 solar structures each producing 1 KWp for a total of 25 KWp. 100 solar panels were installed on the roof of the E-block building. Electricity generated is fed into the low voltage distribution grid for the college. The system includes solar panels, DC wiring, two inverters of 5KW and 20KW capacity, and AC distribution. Installation of the structures, wiring, and commissioning of the project provided the presenter with valuable practical experience in solar power projects.
Apollo's bifacial solar modules can generate up to 35% more energy than traditional modules by capturing sunlight on both the front and back surfaces. The modules use advanced bifacial N-type silicon cell technology to achieve efficiencies up to 20.5% for power generation from both sides. Mounting the modules over reflective surfaces and in a way that minimizes back-side shading can maximize the energy gain from bifacial technology. Apollo guarantees the power production performance for both the front and back sides of its bifacial modules.
Apollo's bifacial solar modules can generate up to 35% more energy than traditional modules by capturing sunlight on both the front and back surfaces. The modules use advanced bifacial N-type silicon cell technology to achieve efficiencies up to 20.5% for power generation from both sides. Mounting the modules over reflective surfaces and in a way that minimizes back-side shading can maximize the energy gain from light reflected onto the back surface.
SIMULATION OF THE SOLAR CELLS WITH PC1D, APPLICATION TO CELLS BASED ON SILICONAEIJjournal2
A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n. Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
This document provides details about a graduation project on designing a photovoltaic system. It includes an introduction to solar photovoltaic technology and solar radiation in Palestine. Some key points covered are:
- Palestine has high solar potential with over 2800 sunshine hours per year and average daily solar radiation of 5.46 kWh/m2.
- Components of a photovoltaic system include solar modules, charge controllers, inverters, batteries and loads.
- Types of photovoltaic cells include crystalline (mono and polycrystalline) and thin film technologies like CIGS, CIS and CdTe.
- Factors that affect solar energy generation are solar radiation and temperature
How Photovoltaic Cells Work, by Garret ErskineGarret Erskine
Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity through semiconductors, typically made of silicon. As light enters the cell, the semiconductor absorbs it and the light energy knocks electrons free. Electrical fields force the freed electrons to move in a specified direction, creating an electrical current. The solar-powered device can then pull this current from the photovoltaic cell through metal contacts. Multiple cells joined together in a solar panel harness the electricity created by the semiconductors responding to sunlight.
Photovoltaic Cell Fed 3-Phase Induction Motor Using MPPT TechniqueIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper emphasizes on proposing a cost effective photovoltaic (PV) fed 3 phase Induction motor drive which serves for rural pumping applications. Generally in a standalone system, the PV unit will charge the battery and the battery set up in turn will serve as a source for the inverter. A new single stage battery less power conversion is employed by designing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) embedded boost converter which makes the overall cost of the setup to go down considerably. The realized as a prototype consisting PV array of 500watts, MPPT aided boost converter, three phase inverter and a three phase squirrel cage induction drive of 300 watts. An efficient and low cost micro controller dspic4011 is used a platform to code and implement the prominent perturb and observe MPPT technique. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the control technique employed for the three phase inverter. To validate the experimental results simulation of the whole set up is carried out in matlab /simulink environment. Simulation and hardware results reveal that the system is versatile.
Manufacture and Testing of Building Integrated Photovoltaic systemSharathKumar528
This work is my dissertation project on the Manufacture and testing of building Integrated concentrating Photovoltaic system for the fulfilment of masters degree in Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Exeter,Penryn, UK
A 25 KW solar power plant was installed at Biet College in 2016. It consists of 25 solar structures each producing 1 KWp for a total of 25 KWp. 100 solar panels were installed on the roof of the E-block building. Electricity generated is fed into the low voltage distribution grid for the college. The system includes solar panels, DC wiring, two inverters of 5KW and 20KW capacity, and AC distribution. Installation of the structures, wiring, and commissioning of the project provided the presenter with valuable practical experience in solar power projects.
Apollo's bifacial solar modules can generate up to 35% more energy than traditional modules by capturing sunlight on both the front and back surfaces. The modules use advanced bifacial N-type silicon cell technology to achieve efficiencies up to 20.5% for power generation from both sides. Mounting the modules over reflective surfaces and in a way that minimizes back-side shading can maximize the energy gain from bifacial technology. Apollo guarantees the power production performance for both the front and back sides of its bifacial modules.
Apollo's bifacial solar modules can generate up to 35% more energy than traditional modules by capturing sunlight on both the front and back surfaces. The modules use advanced bifacial N-type silicon cell technology to achieve efficiencies up to 20.5% for power generation from both sides. Mounting the modules over reflective surfaces and in a way that minimizes back-side shading can maximize the energy gain from light reflected onto the back surface.
SIMULATION OF THE SOLAR CELLS WITH PC1D, APPLICATION TO CELLS BASED ON SILICONAEIJjournal2
A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n. Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
This document provides details about a graduation project on designing a photovoltaic system. It includes an introduction to solar photovoltaic technology and solar radiation in Palestine. Some key points covered are:
- Palestine has high solar potential with over 2800 sunshine hours per year and average daily solar radiation of 5.46 kWh/m2.
- Components of a photovoltaic system include solar modules, charge controllers, inverters, batteries and loads.
- Types of photovoltaic cells include crystalline (mono and polycrystalline) and thin film technologies like CIGS, CIS and CdTe.
- Factors that affect solar energy generation are solar radiation and temperature
How Photovoltaic Cells Work, by Garret ErskineGarret Erskine
Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity through semiconductors, typically made of silicon. As light enters the cell, the semiconductor absorbs it and the light energy knocks electrons free. Electrical fields force the freed electrons to move in a specified direction, creating an electrical current. The solar-powered device can then pull this current from the photovoltaic cell through metal contacts. Multiple cells joined together in a solar panel harness the electricity created by the semiconductors responding to sunlight.
Photovoltaic Cell Fed 3-Phase Induction Motor Using MPPT TechniqueIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper emphasizes on proposing a cost effective photovoltaic (PV) fed 3 phase Induction motor drive which serves for rural pumping applications. Generally in a standalone system, the PV unit will charge the battery and the battery set up in turn will serve as a source for the inverter. A new single stage battery less power conversion is employed by designing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) embedded boost converter which makes the overall cost of the setup to go down considerably. The realized as a prototype consisting PV array of 500watts, MPPT aided boost converter, three phase inverter and a three phase squirrel cage induction drive of 300 watts. An efficient and low cost micro controller dspic4011 is used a platform to code and implement the prominent perturb and observe MPPT technique. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the control technique employed for the three phase inverter. To validate the experimental results simulation of the whole set up is carried out in matlab /simulink environment. Simulation and hardware results reveal that the system is versatile.
EFFECT OF HOT-SPOTTED CELL ON PV MODULE PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
In this paper, the effects of the hot-spotted cell on PV module were evaluated. The
experimental observation was based on 100 kW PV array composed of 20 PV modules.
It was found that an increasing number of hot-spotted solar cells in a PV module would
likely increase its output power loss. It was also noticed that most of the PV modules
affected by hot-spotted PV string are relatively affected by high-temperature levels,
dust, and Partial shading due to trees or tall vegetation. Furthermore, the average
performance ratio (PR) and degradation rate (DR) of all examined PV modules were
analyzed. PR was observed to have a higher value of 0.78 in a non-hot-spotted PV array,
whereas low PR of 0.65 was observed in a hot-spotted PV array. High DR of 3.13/year
was observed in hot-spotted PV array; while low DR of 1.48/year was found in a module
with no hot-spot. It was evident that the mean PR is significantly reduced due to the
existence of hot-spots in the PV modules. DR was also increased due to hot-spot in the
PV array. Hence, it is important to select materials that have the highest thermal
stability to avoid mild hot spot situations that will lead to immediate damage of the
panel. Hot-spot study analysis will help increase PV lifetime power output by detecting
and preventing hot spotting before it permanently damages the PV panel.
Microcracks in photovoltaic modules were studied to understand their effect on power output. Various crack detection techniques were examined including optical transmission, infrared ultrasound lock-in thermography, and electroluminescence imaging. Cracks were classified based on orientation and effects. While small cracks may not impact power initially, as cracks grow and become Mode B or C, power loss increases due to reduced active cell area. The conclusion is that silicon wafer cracks can cause up to 2.5% power loss if electrical connection is maintained, and modules can tolerate up to 8% loss of cell active area before impacting output.
This document is a thesis that discusses the design and implementation of a solar charge controller IC using Cadence. It contains 6 chapters that cover an introduction, overview of solar photovoltaics, overview of solar charge controllers, challenges of implementing a solar charge controller in Cadence, Cadence implementation, and conclusions. The objective is to replace microcontrollers in commercial solar charge controllers with an analog design using transistors and MOSFETs implemented on a single IC in Cadence to reduce costs and space. The design is simulated in Proteus initially and then implemented in Cadence Virtuoso for schematic and layout design.
The document provides an introduction and background on solar panels and photovoltaic cells. It discusses how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that generate electric charges when exposed to light. The cells are arranged in modules that are then connected together in solar panel arrays. The document discusses the components of solar panels and how improvements have increased their efficiency and use in power generation over time.
The document discusses the design and simulation of solar cells using Griddler software. It examines the effect of varying the number of bus bars from 2-5 on key solar cell parameters. The results show that efficiency is highest at 4 bus bars but decreases at 5 bus bars. Short circuit current decreases with more bus bars due to increased resistance. Fill factor increases with more bus bars, peakings at 5 bus bars. Power output is highest at 4 bus bars. Front resistive losses are maximum at 4 bus bars. The work aims to optimize bus bar and finger design for improved solar cell performance.
This document provides an overview of solar technology basics. It discusses the definition of solar panels and how they work by generating electricity from sunlight using silicon cells with no moving parts. It then outlines the different technology options for solar power at different temperature ranges, including photovoltaic modules that directly convert sunlight to electricity using different silicon technologies or thin film approaches. The document concludes by discussing solar thermal systems, which convert solar energy to heat for applications like cooking, water heating, and power generation using solar collectors.
An introduction to solar PV basics, starting from solar cells to PV arrays, giving an overview of on grid and off grid PV system. The presentation also introduce the three PV cells technology which are most in use.
This document discusses the use of photovoltaic bypass diodes in solar module design. It describes: 1) the specifications of a solar module model; 2) the modeling of a shottky diode bypass; 3) a simulation showing lower output when modules are connected in series without bypass diodes and one module is shaded; 4) another simulation showing bypass diodes allow active modules' output when one is shaded; and 5) a simulation of a 30 module solar field using bypass diodes across groups of 10 modules.
This document discusses the design and specifications of a solar mobile phone charger. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and the photovoltaic process. It then provides details on the components used, including a high-efficiency mono-crystalline silicon solar panel rated at 5.5V/1000mA. The block diagram and circuit diagram are presented. Applications and advantages include portable power generation with no emissions. Disadvantages include high initial cost and inability to store power. The conclusion notes benefits such as increased battery life and lack of ripples when using direct DC charging from the solar panel.
1) Precise sorting of bifacial solar cells is important to minimize current mismatches and improve module performance.
2) Simulations were conducted to analyze different sorting approaches using characterization data from 35 bifacial solar cells.
3) Sorting cells by efficiency measured under 1000 W/m2 front-side illumination provided the highest maximum module power compared to sorting by short-circuit current, maximum power point, or efficiency at other illumination levels.
Solar Bag for mobile charging with battery statusshivam singh
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. It presents the design and implementation of a solar bag for mobile charging with battery status indication. The introduction provides background on solar energy and outlines the advantages and applications of a solar bag. Subsequent chapters describe the components used, including solar panels, relays, voltage regulators, an ADC, microcontroller, and LCD. The literature survey reviews similar past projects. Later chapters discuss the project implementation including the block diagram, circuit design, and interfacing the LCD with the microcontroller. The conclusion describes the basic working model of the solar bag.
The document summarizes research on understanding the physics of degradation in polymer solar cells. Key points include:
1) Polymer solar cells suffer from various degradation factors like oxygen, moisture, and light exposure that reduce efficiency over time.
2) Experiments showed degradation under light exposure in inert atmospheres, with blue photons found to be particularly detrimental. Increased sub-band gap states and reduced mobility were observed.
3) Post-degradation thermal annealing was able to partially recover performance by reducing sub-band gap states, suggesting the active layer was under-annealed initially.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and testing of a microfluidic chip prototype for manipulating particles using dielectrophoresis (DEP). Finite element modeling was used to simulate the electric field distributions around quadrupole and comb electrode geometries. A prototype was fabricated containing these electrode designs in two separate microchannels. Silica microspheres were successfully manipulated within the chip using positive and negative DEP sequences, concentrating particles in the electrode areas. Testing demonstrated the potential of this technique for manipulating and separating microparticles in integrated microfluidic devices.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of solar PV systems. It discusses solar energy basics and the solar spectrum. It describes the construction and working principle of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The document outlines different types of solar PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells. It also discusses designing of solar PV systems including components like blocking diodes and bypass diodes. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy systems are highlighted.
This document summarizes a research study conducted by students at the University of St. La Salle comparing the efficiency of a solar-powered phone charger to a standard wall phone charger. The study found that the solar charger had an efficiency of 69.33%, close to the 71.85% efficiency of the wall charger. It also calculated that it takes 2 hours and 40 minutes for the solar charger to fully charge a 1220 mAh battery, compared to 2 hours for the wall charger. The experiment demonstrates that solar charging technology is improving and can achieve efficiencies close to traditional wall chargers.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor materials. A solar PV panel generates voltage and current when exposed to sunlight, with higher intensity sunlight producing more electricity. The electricity produced is direct current (DC), which requires an inverter to convert it to alternating current (AC) for common uses. Solar PV systems have no moving parts and require little maintenance, but cannot generate power at night or when the sun is obscured by clouds. Proper system sizing requires determining energy needs and available sunlight based on location, direction panels face, shading, and other factors. Larger panels, tracking systems, and concentrating optics can increase energy capture.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
This document lists 83 electrical engineering projects related to power electronics, smart grids, and solar energy from Bright World Innovations. The projects cover topics such as renewable energy generation and storage, power conversion, energy management, fault detection, and solar cell design and modeling. The document provides project codes, titles, and domains for each project.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on a solar mobile charger. It discusses how solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A circuit diagram and working principle are provided showing how the solar energy is regulated to a stable 5V to charge mobile phones and other devices. The summary highlights key advantages like using a renewable energy source freely without maintenance, and disadvantages such as slower charging times compared to main chargers. Applications mentioned include charging small portable electronics and using public solar chargers installed in parks.
This document discusses bifacial solar cells and modules. It provides the following key points:
- Bifacial solar modules can provide a power gain of 7-9% compared to standard modules, or up to 30% when used with a special tracking system.
- A test of bifacial modules on a TRAXEL system in the Czech Republic showed a significant advantage over standard modules of similar capacity.
- Multi-crystalline silicon is suitable for bifacial applications despite lower minority carrier lifetimes. Measurements of diffusion lengths on multi-crystalline bifacial cells showed lengths over 300 microns.
- The "light trapping" effect can impact short circuit current
This document discusses the development of a new building integrated concentrating photovoltaic system. It aims to generate electricity and control heat flux into buildings. It uses a thermotropic layer that is transparent below a transition temperature but reflective above it. Simulation results show the system could generate around 3.25 kWh of electricity per day for a 10 square meter window in London. Future research plans include experimental validation and exploring the system's thermal performance.
EFFECT OF HOT-SPOTTED CELL ON PV MODULE PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
In this paper, the effects of the hot-spotted cell on PV module were evaluated. The
experimental observation was based on 100 kW PV array composed of 20 PV modules.
It was found that an increasing number of hot-spotted solar cells in a PV module would
likely increase its output power loss. It was also noticed that most of the PV modules
affected by hot-spotted PV string are relatively affected by high-temperature levels,
dust, and Partial shading due to trees or tall vegetation. Furthermore, the average
performance ratio (PR) and degradation rate (DR) of all examined PV modules were
analyzed. PR was observed to have a higher value of 0.78 in a non-hot-spotted PV array,
whereas low PR of 0.65 was observed in a hot-spotted PV array. High DR of 3.13/year
was observed in hot-spotted PV array; while low DR of 1.48/year was found in a module
with no hot-spot. It was evident that the mean PR is significantly reduced due to the
existence of hot-spots in the PV modules. DR was also increased due to hot-spot in the
PV array. Hence, it is important to select materials that have the highest thermal
stability to avoid mild hot spot situations that will lead to immediate damage of the
panel. Hot-spot study analysis will help increase PV lifetime power output by detecting
and preventing hot spotting before it permanently damages the PV panel.
Microcracks in photovoltaic modules were studied to understand their effect on power output. Various crack detection techniques were examined including optical transmission, infrared ultrasound lock-in thermography, and electroluminescence imaging. Cracks were classified based on orientation and effects. While small cracks may not impact power initially, as cracks grow and become Mode B or C, power loss increases due to reduced active cell area. The conclusion is that silicon wafer cracks can cause up to 2.5% power loss if electrical connection is maintained, and modules can tolerate up to 8% loss of cell active area before impacting output.
This document is a thesis that discusses the design and implementation of a solar charge controller IC using Cadence. It contains 6 chapters that cover an introduction, overview of solar photovoltaics, overview of solar charge controllers, challenges of implementing a solar charge controller in Cadence, Cadence implementation, and conclusions. The objective is to replace microcontrollers in commercial solar charge controllers with an analog design using transistors and MOSFETs implemented on a single IC in Cadence to reduce costs and space. The design is simulated in Proteus initially and then implemented in Cadence Virtuoso for schematic and layout design.
The document provides an introduction and background on solar panels and photovoltaic cells. It discusses how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that generate electric charges when exposed to light. The cells are arranged in modules that are then connected together in solar panel arrays. The document discusses the components of solar panels and how improvements have increased their efficiency and use in power generation over time.
The document discusses the design and simulation of solar cells using Griddler software. It examines the effect of varying the number of bus bars from 2-5 on key solar cell parameters. The results show that efficiency is highest at 4 bus bars but decreases at 5 bus bars. Short circuit current decreases with more bus bars due to increased resistance. Fill factor increases with more bus bars, peakings at 5 bus bars. Power output is highest at 4 bus bars. Front resistive losses are maximum at 4 bus bars. The work aims to optimize bus bar and finger design for improved solar cell performance.
This document provides an overview of solar technology basics. It discusses the definition of solar panels and how they work by generating electricity from sunlight using silicon cells with no moving parts. It then outlines the different technology options for solar power at different temperature ranges, including photovoltaic modules that directly convert sunlight to electricity using different silicon technologies or thin film approaches. The document concludes by discussing solar thermal systems, which convert solar energy to heat for applications like cooking, water heating, and power generation using solar collectors.
An introduction to solar PV basics, starting from solar cells to PV arrays, giving an overview of on grid and off grid PV system. The presentation also introduce the three PV cells technology which are most in use.
This document discusses the use of photovoltaic bypass diodes in solar module design. It describes: 1) the specifications of a solar module model; 2) the modeling of a shottky diode bypass; 3) a simulation showing lower output when modules are connected in series without bypass diodes and one module is shaded; 4) another simulation showing bypass diodes allow active modules' output when one is shaded; and 5) a simulation of a 30 module solar field using bypass diodes across groups of 10 modules.
This document discusses the design and specifications of a solar mobile phone charger. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and the photovoltaic process. It then provides details on the components used, including a high-efficiency mono-crystalline silicon solar panel rated at 5.5V/1000mA. The block diagram and circuit diagram are presented. Applications and advantages include portable power generation with no emissions. Disadvantages include high initial cost and inability to store power. The conclusion notes benefits such as increased battery life and lack of ripples when using direct DC charging from the solar panel.
1) Precise sorting of bifacial solar cells is important to minimize current mismatches and improve module performance.
2) Simulations were conducted to analyze different sorting approaches using characterization data from 35 bifacial solar cells.
3) Sorting cells by efficiency measured under 1000 W/m2 front-side illumination provided the highest maximum module power compared to sorting by short-circuit current, maximum power point, or efficiency at other illumination levels.
Solar Bag for mobile charging with battery statusshivam singh
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. It presents the design and implementation of a solar bag for mobile charging with battery status indication. The introduction provides background on solar energy and outlines the advantages and applications of a solar bag. Subsequent chapters describe the components used, including solar panels, relays, voltage regulators, an ADC, microcontroller, and LCD. The literature survey reviews similar past projects. Later chapters discuss the project implementation including the block diagram, circuit design, and interfacing the LCD with the microcontroller. The conclusion describes the basic working model of the solar bag.
The document summarizes research on understanding the physics of degradation in polymer solar cells. Key points include:
1) Polymer solar cells suffer from various degradation factors like oxygen, moisture, and light exposure that reduce efficiency over time.
2) Experiments showed degradation under light exposure in inert atmospheres, with blue photons found to be particularly detrimental. Increased sub-band gap states and reduced mobility were observed.
3) Post-degradation thermal annealing was able to partially recover performance by reducing sub-band gap states, suggesting the active layer was under-annealed initially.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and testing of a microfluidic chip prototype for manipulating particles using dielectrophoresis (DEP). Finite element modeling was used to simulate the electric field distributions around quadrupole and comb electrode geometries. A prototype was fabricated containing these electrode designs in two separate microchannels. Silica microspheres were successfully manipulated within the chip using positive and negative DEP sequences, concentrating particles in the electrode areas. Testing demonstrated the potential of this technique for manipulating and separating microparticles in integrated microfluidic devices.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of solar PV systems. It discusses solar energy basics and the solar spectrum. It describes the construction and working principle of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The document outlines different types of solar PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells. It also discusses designing of solar PV systems including components like blocking diodes and bypass diodes. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy systems are highlighted.
This document summarizes a research study conducted by students at the University of St. La Salle comparing the efficiency of a solar-powered phone charger to a standard wall phone charger. The study found that the solar charger had an efficiency of 69.33%, close to the 71.85% efficiency of the wall charger. It also calculated that it takes 2 hours and 40 minutes for the solar charger to fully charge a 1220 mAh battery, compared to 2 hours for the wall charger. The experiment demonstrates that solar charging technology is improving and can achieve efficiencies close to traditional wall chargers.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor materials. A solar PV panel generates voltage and current when exposed to sunlight, with higher intensity sunlight producing more electricity. The electricity produced is direct current (DC), which requires an inverter to convert it to alternating current (AC) for common uses. Solar PV systems have no moving parts and require little maintenance, but cannot generate power at night or when the sun is obscured by clouds. Proper system sizing requires determining energy needs and available sunlight based on location, direction panels face, shading, and other factors. Larger panels, tracking systems, and concentrating optics can increase energy capture.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
This document lists 83 electrical engineering projects related to power electronics, smart grids, and solar energy from Bright World Innovations. The projects cover topics such as renewable energy generation and storage, power conversion, energy management, fault detection, and solar cell design and modeling. The document provides project codes, titles, and domains for each project.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on a solar mobile charger. It discusses how solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A circuit diagram and working principle are provided showing how the solar energy is regulated to a stable 5V to charge mobile phones and other devices. The summary highlights key advantages like using a renewable energy source freely without maintenance, and disadvantages such as slower charging times compared to main chargers. Applications mentioned include charging small portable electronics and using public solar chargers installed in parks.
This document discusses bifacial solar cells and modules. It provides the following key points:
- Bifacial solar modules can provide a power gain of 7-9% compared to standard modules, or up to 30% when used with a special tracking system.
- A test of bifacial modules on a TRAXEL system in the Czech Republic showed a significant advantage over standard modules of similar capacity.
- Multi-crystalline silicon is suitable for bifacial applications despite lower minority carrier lifetimes. Measurements of diffusion lengths on multi-crystalline bifacial cells showed lengths over 300 microns.
- The "light trapping" effect can impact short circuit current
This document discusses the development of a new building integrated concentrating photovoltaic system. It aims to generate electricity and control heat flux into buildings. It uses a thermotropic layer that is transparent below a transition temperature but reflective above it. Simulation results show the system could generate around 3.25 kWh of electricity per day for a 10 square meter window in London. Future research plans include experimental validation and exploring the system's thermal performance.
This document describes a solar cooler project submitted by three students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It includes an introduction to the various components of a solar cooler, including the solar panel, battery, charge controller, permanent magnet DC motor, centrifugal pump, and cooler body. The objectives of the project are to save power and electricity, minimize maintenance costs, and vary power consumption at different speeds. The document provides details on the construction and operation of each component and how they work together in the solar cooler system. It also discusses using resistors to control motor speed and the advantages of eliminating the pump.
The document provides details about the electrical components of a proposed solar powered battle tank, including:
- 40 solar panels, each producing 25W, will be located on the upper part of the tank and able to retract inside for protection.
- Armaments will include machine guns, cannons, and missile launchers to provide offensive and defensive capabilities.
- Firefighting equipment such as extinguishers and sprinklers will help control fires caused by combat.
- A GPS and radio system will enable communication and navigation for the single crew member.
The goal of the project is to design a tank that uses renewable solar energy instead of non-renewable fuel, making it more sustainable for future military applications
Numerical Simulation and Efficiency Improvement of Solar Cell using Multi Lay...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Efficiency improvement of solar cell has been
achieved using design and simulation of anti-reflecting
coating. Anti-Reflecting coating helps in deploying new
geometries shape for the evaluation of different methods to
provide for light trapping in all directions and enables full
space utilization when bringing together into device arrays.
Efficiency improvement strategies have been discussed using
efficient selection of modules and surface texturing using
TCAD tools. Significant improvement in yield and
minimization of losses was achieved using device simulation
and process simulation platform using silvaco tools. Multilayer anti reflecting coating has been designed which can be
studied to analyze the performance of system. It was observed
that multi-layer coating helps in improvement of available
current for similar light beam under simulation.
The document provides information about a 5MW solar photovoltaic power plant project. It discusses key details of the project such as the annual estimated generation of 7263 MWh, cost of 48.59 crores, use of 20856 polycrystalline silicon solar modules, 10 inverters each with a capacity of 500KVA, and connection to the grid via a 33KV transmission line that is 4.2km in length. It also summarizes the site layout including 3476 foundations, protection systems, monitoring via a SCADA system, and backup power solutions in case of auxiliary power failure.
This document describes a project on hierarchical architecture for a microgrid system using solar and wind energy sources. It includes an introduction describing distributed power generation and the suitability of renewable sources. Block diagrams and simulations of photovoltaic solar cells and wind power generation are presented. Hardware results show an inverter circuit and rotating solar panels producing 80V output. The conclusion states that renewable sources provide clean energy while reducing pollution.
Fresnel lenses concentrate sunlight to high temperatures and are a promising alternative energy technology for Nigeria's energy problems. Experiments showed Fresnel lenses achieved stagnation temperatures up to 1300°C, significantly higher than reflective concentrators which reached only 200-300°C. Fresnel lenses had thermal efficiencies over 85% and figures of merit over 0.6, indicating they are well-suited for thermal and electric energy generation in tropical climates like Nigeria. Future work will further explore using Fresnel lenses for thermal and photovoltaic energy harvesting to help address Nigeria's energy needs in a sustainable way.
This presentation provides an overview of solar inverters and related topics. It introduces solar plant systems and components, including photovoltaic arrays, inverters, and their connection to the electric grid or loads. The presentation describes the functions of inverters in converting DC power from solar panels to AC power for the grid or loads. It also includes details on the product portfolio of Carlo Gavazzi solar inverters, their specifications and technical data.
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Manufacture and Testing of Building Integrated Photovoltaic system
1. Manufacture and
Testing of Building
Integrated
Concentrating
Photovoltaic system
SHARATH KUMAR
670064358
RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
UNDER THE SUPERVISON OF Dr. HASAN BAIG
2. 1. BIPV
2. BICPV
3. ACPC
4. METHODOLOGY AND FABRICATION
5. ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF
PARALLEL SMALLER MODULE
6. ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF SERIES
SMALLER MODULE
7. ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF SERIES
LARGER MODULE
8. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE
9. INFLUENCE OF TILT ANGLE
10.COST OF THE PROJECT
11.ECONOMICS AND PERFORMANCE OF
THE MODULE
CONTENTS
3. 1. Buildings contribute to the global energy
balance accounting for 20-30% of total
primary energy consumption of
industrialized countries.
2. In recent times BIPV has gained popularity
due to architectural and economical
aspects, with replacing the conventional
building materials BIPV are also able to
power household appliances and extra
power is fed into the grid during excessive
production.
BUILDING INTEGRATED
PHOTOVOLTAICS
4. 1) They require no additional land for installation as
the building component is mounted. Densely
populated urban and sub urban areas can be
highly benefitted.
2) Can avoid the additional infrastructure needed for
the installation of PV modules.
3) Transmission and distribution loss of electricity
can be minimized because of the on-site power
generation to use in the building.
4) Can provide power to major household appliances
during peak time, thus reducing electricity bills.
5) Can improve aesthetic appearance of the building
with cosmetic layer of PV modules in an
innovative way.
ADVANTAGES OF BIPV
5. 1. Building integrated concentrating photovoltaic (BICPV) are an
alternative to BIPV essentially lower cost of energy output and
thereby minimizing the payback period.
2. The BICPV system is an integration of intelligent optics into the
BIPV system to maximize the solar radiation falling on the solar
cell.
3. The optical components referred to as concentrators make use of
the refractive/ reflective principles of the optics, individual or in
combination for concentrating the light.
BUILDING INTEGRATED
CONCENTRATING PHOTO VOLTAICS
6. TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS
(a) Tubular absorbers with diffuse
back reflector
(b) plane receiver with plane
reflector
(c) Asymmetric compound
parabolic concentrator.
(d) Parabolic concentrator
(e) Fresnel lens
(f) Heliostat
7. 1. Asymmetric Compound parabolic concentrator (ACPC)
are a better choice for integration into the buildings
compared to the stationary concentrator.
2. The Compound parabolic concentrator with non-
symmetrical design, i.e. with different acceptance half
angles of the two parabolas, is termed as an
Asymmetric compound parabolic concentrator.
3. ACPC can potentially be designed for a range of
acceptance angle and with a specific geometric
concentration.
4. Further, studies show that 40% of solar radiation are
captured by the concentrators even when the incident
rays are outside the acceptance angle range.
ASYMMETRIC COMPOUND
PARABOLIC CONCENTRATOR
8. DESIGN OF
CONCENTRATOR
1. Asymmetric element designed
for a 10mm wide and 12 mm
length solar cell.
2. Placed parallel to each other and
they sit on the solar cell with
acceptance angle of 0o and 40o.
3. The intersection of the 2
parabolas is truncated resulting
in a geometric concentration of
2.5 and the height of 20mm.
4. There is a significant change in
the acceptance angle due to the
truncation enabling capture of
sun rays at 0o and 750.
9. 1. The mould is made of high density
Aluminium and is of the dimension 225
mm X 140 mmX8mm.
2. The aluminium cast has a fine polished
surface mirror finish and prevents the
casting resin mixture from adhering to
the surface of the mould.
3. Aluminium Mirror finished thin plates are
used to cover the sides of the mould.
4. The mould contains 7 concentrators
parallel to each other. Rivets are used to
hold the aluminium glass plates firmly
and cover the mould.
DESIGN OF MOULD
10. 1. Clear Polyurethane material Crystal Clear ™® 200
possesses excellent transmission and dielectric
properties; It is water white clear and exhibits
great clarity.
2. They are resistant to UV light and are not brittle in
nature.
3. The refractive index of the obtained cured cast is
close to 1.5 which is closet to air.
4. The part A and B are mixed in the ratio of 100:90
by weight and degassed for 5 minutes to eliminate
air bubbles.
5. The solution is then poured into the mould from
one side of the surface of the mould a continuous
flow is maintained to avoid air bubbles forming
inside the cast.
PREPARATION OF DIELECRTREIC
SOLUTION
11. 1. Passive emitter and rear contact (PERC) type
solar cells manufactured by TALESUN are
etched by a laser cutter.
2. . The cells are extremely fragile but carry a
maximum efficiency of 19-20%.
3. Front and rear surface losses are controlled
by a passivation treatment that remove
defects in the atomic structure on the
silicone surface allowing more efficient
extraction of energy from solar cell thereby
improvising the solar cell efficiency.
SOLAR CELL SELECTION
12. SOLDERING TECHNIQUE
1. Soldering is done on the 12cm * 1 cm solar cell
using the flux dispenser and the hot air blower.
2. The flux from the dispenser is dispensed at 23 Psi.
3. Hot air is then introduced to the tabbing wire from
a fair distance ensuring there is contact with cell
and the tabbing wire.
4. The cell voltage is checked under indoor light with
a multi meter and are qualified primarily by
inspection. Cells ranging from 480-540 V undergo
the next test using Wacom Sun Solar Simulator.
13. 1. The series of all the 6 cells connected which is flat solar module without the concentrator
produces Isc, Voc and FF are 438.56mA, 3.776V and FF of 0.789 respectively.
2. Imax and Vmax are 422.424mA and 3.103V respectively. The theoretical Voc expected from the
circuit is about, 3.791V which is 0.39 %
3. The Vmax is 17.8% lesser than Voc; Imax is 3.67% times lesser than Isc. The sharp curve is due
to noises in the system and has no effect on the values obtained. The overall electrical
efficiency of the system is 18.21%.
15. 1. Imax of 0.851A is seen at a tilt angle of 100 when
the module is not double glazed.
2. The current drops to 0.229A at a tilt of -300(larger
parabola oriented to the left of the light source).
3. 3.71 times increase in the current can be seen
when the module is tilted at an angle of 10o
4. Current lies between 800mA to 900mA when the
module is tilted between 5o to 250. Between the
range of 300 to 500 the current produced is
between the range of 650mA to 700mA.
5. Imax that can be derived for negative tilt is 667mA
which is 21.6% lesser than the current that could
be produced at 100 tilt.
16. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
PowermW
Voltage mV
PV variation with respect to tilt angle
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
bigger parabola facing east
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
The area under 100 tilt has the
maximum area in the graph. The PV
curve shrinks to least area for -30o.
18. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
PowermW
CurrentmA
Voltage mV
PV and IV curve comparison
series circuit IV curve
0 degree smaller parabola to left IV curve
15 degee IV curve
series circuit PV curve
0 degree smaller parabola to left pV curve
15 degree PV curve
The series smaller
module produces the
maximum power of
2.702 at 100w/cm2
irradiance at a tilt angle
of 150.
This is 23.703% more
power than what the
module produces at 00
incidence angle and
51.48% or 2.06 times
more than the power
produced by a flat plate
module using the same
solar cell.
19. Tilt Isc Voc Pm Ipm Vpm
0 bigger parabola towards left 631.087 3891.682 2016.519 617.128 3267.587
0 smaller parabola towards left 621.9 3896.602 2006.745 607.348 3304.108
5 809.791 3915.509 2519.132 787.1 3200.522
10 862.029 3936.837 2623.544 826.342 3174.888
15 872.628 3925.323 2628.764 830.662 3164.661
20 846.953 3912.966 2559.688 813.224 3147.58
25 816.723 3897.842 2432.162 781.549 3111.976
30 771.86 3900.805 2337.611 742.547 3148.097
35 720.398 3893.973 2201.22 691.607 3182.759
40 660.105 3872.618 1997.971 637.223 3135.432
45 516.127 3830.847 1621.04 503.422 3220.044
50 323.922 3747.943 990.8 314.777 3147.629
55 258.632 3685.016 757.904 247.717 3059.563
60 178.12 3626.151 522.721 167.913 3113.049
65 120.1 3559.581 344.098 111.893 3075.228
70 77.821 3474.325 215.51 70.752 3046.004
-5 520.5 3837.053 1604.776 506.11 3170.808
-10 488.6 3822.565 1483.225 468.107 3168.556
-15 434.808 3797.423 1307.239 413.037 3164.942
-20 382.058 3770.983 1158.035 369.324 3135.55
-25 329.6 3742.678 999.566 317.492 3148.316
-30 262.363 3700.239 792.424 252.794 3134.659
-35 199.478 3646.84 599.131 193.019 3103.991
-40 134.689 3594.116 411.021 131.064 3136.042
-45 78.659 3511.14 238.282 75.939 3137.799
-50 33.99 3408.434 99.626 32.206 3093.387
-55 24.734 3361.227 70.984 23.011 3084.844
The change in power after double
glazing at 150 tilt is 2.628W
compared to 2.702W when the
module is unglazed.
Although the glass used for
double glazing serves the best
with great transmittance, there is
a 2.73% decrease in the power
output at 150 because of the
absorption and reflection of the
light from the encapsulated
toughened glass.
20. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
CurrentmA
Volatage mV
IV curve variation with respect to tilt angle
bigger parabola towards left
smaller parabola towards left
5 degree
10 degee
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
The graph shows that at tilt angle
150 the Isc and Voc have their peak
value.
The double-glazed solar module
performs the best between the range
of 50 to 250 with average current
above 800mA and a voltage of 3.8 to
3.9V.
There is an incremental drop in
current at inclination angle more
than 250 and the current reads the
least of 78mA at a tilt of 700.
21. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
PowermW
Voltage mV
PV curve variation with respect to tilt angle
bigger parabola towards left smaller parabola towards left
5 degree 10 degee
15 20
25 30
35 40
45 50
55 60
65 70
-5 -10
-15 -20
-25 -30
-35 -40
-45 -50
-55
23. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
CurrentmA
Tilt angle
Variation of current with respect to tilt angle
There is a 35 time increase in the
current produced when the solar
module is inclined at 15 degree
when compared to the inclination
of 55 degree for an orientation
when the larger parabola is facing
toward the east.
1.4 times increase in the current is
seen when the module is inclined
at 15o when compared to 0o
inclination angle.-
24. Power is maximum at a tilt
angle of 150 and is minimum
at a tilt angle of -550. The
power at 150 is 2.628W
producing a 0.87mA and a
voltage of 3.925V.
The power is 375.42 times
higher at 150 when compared
to power produced at -55o.
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Tilt angle
variation of Power with respect to tilt angle
26. 0
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Temperature
Time (min)
variation of temperature with time
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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Temperature of the cell 0c
Temperature influence on the Power
29. 0
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600
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1000
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1400
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CurrentmA
Voltage mV
Comparison of PV and IV curves
IV Curve parallel circuit
IV curve 10 degree without glazing
IV curve 10 degree after glazing
PV curve parallel circuit
PV curve 10 degree without glazing
PV curve10 degree after glazing at
30. 1. The coefficient of temperature for Pmax is -0.48%/0C which is 6.25%
more than that for a flat solar module using monocrystalline solar cell
whose temperature coefficient for power is -0.45%/0c.
2. The concentrators and this increase is 1.06 times higher than that of a
flat solar conventional module.
3. The coefficient of temperature for Imax is -0.14%/0C and coefficient of
temperature for Vmax is -0.63%/0C.
COEFFECIENT OF
TEMPERATURE