Fresnel lenses concentrate sunlight to high temperatures and are a promising alternative energy technology for Nigeria's energy problems. Experiments showed Fresnel lenses achieved stagnation temperatures up to 1300°C, significantly higher than reflective concentrators which reached only 200-300°C. Fresnel lenses had thermal efficiencies over 85% and figures of merit over 0.6, indicating they are well-suited for thermal and electric energy generation in tropical climates like Nigeria. Future work will further explore using Fresnel lenses for thermal and photovoltaic energy harvesting to help address Nigeria's energy needs in a sustainable way.
Modeling the Incidence Angle Dependence of PV Modules in PVsystKenneth J. Sauer
Presented at the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) in June 2014. The better conclusion is to simply use the resultant modeled, "custom" IAM profile for PVsyst (modeled via the Fresnels equations & Snell's Law presented herein) & avoid the ASHRAE model altogether.
Modeling the Incidence Angle Dependence of PV Modules in PVsystKenneth J. Sauer
Presented at the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) in June 2014. The better conclusion is to simply use the resultant modeled, "custom" IAM profile for PVsyst (modeled via the Fresnels equations & Snell's Law presented herein) & avoid the ASHRAE model altogether.
Systematic Approaches to Ensure Correct Representation of Measured Multi-Irra...Kenneth J. Sauer
Presented at the Sandia Photovoltaic PV Performance Modeling Collaborative (PVPMC) Workshop in May 2013. The concepts of self-reference irradiance, Isc linearity checks, and deviations in efficiency relative to reference conditions (and associated adjustments involving all three) are introduced in addition to the primary topic at hand (PVsyst one-diode model parameter optimization based on measured data). A common vernacular for the deviation in efficiency Eta relative (Rel.) to reference conditions is "delta Eta Rel." (if reference conditions are STC, then it's "delta Eta Rel. STC"). However, in reality, it's "dev Eta Rel." & "dev Eta Rel. STC", respectively.
Load Estimating and Calculating the Components of Solar Systemijtsrd
This paper is focused to develop solar system in rural area because the electricity is the backbone of the country's economy and only 40 is electrified in Myanmar. In design load estimating and calculation the components for the solar system and moreover environmental impact and climate change is also a fact to consider in it. Myanmar has high solar potential, photovoltaic PV system must be installed for most of the rural areas where there is no national grid line. To develop off grid PV system which support for people to lift up their lives in rural areas. Mono crystalline or single crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells and lead acid batteries are going to use in the system. The load estimation, PV sizing, inverter selection and battery sizing are calculated mainly. Based on the results, the design consideration can be absolutely applicable for the one village. Aye Myo Thant | Thant Zaw Oo | Ohmmar Myint "Load Estimating and Calculating the Components of Solar System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25281.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/25281/load-estimating-and-calculating-the-components-of-solar-system/aye-myo-thant
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 1 : FundamentalsLeonardo ENERGY
Lesson 1 : Fundamentals of concentrating solar thermal power
In this session, the contents will focus on the physical and thermodynamic basis of Concentrated Solar Power:
* High temperature solar-thermal conversion, limits to the concentration of solar radiation and description of the main concentrating technologies.
* Solar thermal power plants: concept, background, general configuration and main typologies of solar thermal power plants.
Systematic Approaches to Ensure Correct Representation of Measured Multi-Irra...Kenneth J. Sauer
Presented at the Sandia Photovoltaic PV Performance Modeling Collaborative (PVPMC) Workshop in May 2013. The concepts of self-reference irradiance, Isc linearity checks, and deviations in efficiency relative to reference conditions (and associated adjustments involving all three) are introduced in addition to the primary topic at hand (PVsyst one-diode model parameter optimization based on measured data). A common vernacular for the deviation in efficiency Eta relative (Rel.) to reference conditions is "delta Eta Rel." (if reference conditions are STC, then it's "delta Eta Rel. STC"). However, in reality, it's "dev Eta Rel." & "dev Eta Rel. STC", respectively.
Load Estimating and Calculating the Components of Solar Systemijtsrd
This paper is focused to develop solar system in rural area because the electricity is the backbone of the country's economy and only 40 is electrified in Myanmar. In design load estimating and calculation the components for the solar system and moreover environmental impact and climate change is also a fact to consider in it. Myanmar has high solar potential, photovoltaic PV system must be installed for most of the rural areas where there is no national grid line. To develop off grid PV system which support for people to lift up their lives in rural areas. Mono crystalline or single crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells and lead acid batteries are going to use in the system. The load estimation, PV sizing, inverter selection and battery sizing are calculated mainly. Based on the results, the design consideration can be absolutely applicable for the one village. Aye Myo Thant | Thant Zaw Oo | Ohmmar Myint "Load Estimating and Calculating the Components of Solar System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25281.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/25281/load-estimating-and-calculating-the-components-of-solar-system/aye-myo-thant
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 1 : FundamentalsLeonardo ENERGY
Lesson 1 : Fundamentals of concentrating solar thermal power
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* High temperature solar-thermal conversion, limits to the concentration of solar radiation and description of the main concentrating technologies.
* Solar thermal power plants: concept, background, general configuration and main typologies of solar thermal power plants.
Modeling and Testing of a PV/T hybrid system with Water based Optical FilterIJERA Editor
A theoretical model has been developed for the Non-imaging V-trough hybrid PV/T concentrator systems along
with optical filter and validated with the designed and fabricated system to assess over all thermal efficiency of
the PV/T system. A V-trough concentrator system has been developed for two axes tracking. Commercially
available solar modules were evaluated for their usability under 2-sun concentration. V-trough concentrator with
geometric concentration ratio of 2 (2-sun), we are getting an average overall efficiency of the PV/T system
increased by 23.54 % extra overall thermal efficiency of the PV/T system as compared to the solar module
efficiency at standard test conditions.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Performance of Grid-connected Photovoltaic System in Equatorial Rainforest Fu...IJAPEJOURNAL
This paper presents a result obtained from a comparative study among three different photovoltaic (PV) module technologies for grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPV) under Malaysia’s real operating conditions. The obtained results were slightly different from the performance ratio (PR) investigation which showed the average annual performance of 78.2% for polycrystalline, 94.6% for a-Si thin-film and 81% for monocrystalline PV technologies over four years monitored period. The outdoor evaluation results showed that a-Si thin-film PV modules demonstrate the highest and better in terms of final yield, performance ratio and PV array/system efficiency over the entire monitored period. In other hands, a-Si thin-film demonstrated the reliability and better in system performance
Different Generation Solar Cells
CIGS and CZTS Based Technology
Ink Based Technology
CIGS Device Structure
Making more efficient solar cells
Developing thin film technologies using alternative less costly materials and methods
Incorporate innovative cheaper deposition methods such as electrodeposition and printing technology
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A Front Surface Optimization Study for Photovoltaic ApplicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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optimizing the Antireflection (AR) and light trapping (LT) schemes. Conventional plasma enhanced
chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and in house hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) tool was
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Broadband reflectance measurement using integrating sphere method showed achieved weighted average
reflectance (WAR) value of as low as 1.8% and 1.5%, when 85nm SiNX was deposited on top of random
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARABOLIC TROUGH CONCENTRATORS IAEME Publication
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different reflector aperture area is designed, fabricated, and evaluated, and operated for generate hot
water .There one system is 45° rim angle and next is of 90° rim angles, here reflector aperture area of
45° rim angle has operatically 20% more than 90° rim angle system, but remaining all other features
are same for both the 90° and 45° system. On operation of the system we gets nearly same efficiency
for both the system thus we observe that for all same equal features except of reflector aperture area,
the efficiency got 20+% more for 90° rim angle compare to 45° rim angle.
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Introduction
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Humble Origins
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Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
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An Alternative Energy Technology to Nigeria’s Energy Problem
1. FRESNEL LENS: AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY TO NIGERIA’S ENERGY PROBLEM
*ABDUKKARIM HAMZA EL-LADAN1,2,
&
SALEEM HUSSAIN ZAIDI2
1Physics Department/Center for Renewable Energy Research (CeRER)
Umaru Musa Yar`adua University Katsina, Nigeria
2Solar Energy Research Institute (Seri)
Universiti Kebangsaan (National University) Malaysia
Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo 2014
4. Availability of huge renewable energy resources in
Nigeria/land mass
Existing model of centralized electricity distribution is
wasteful and expensive
Large-scale carbon-based energy generation is
environmentally unsustainable
5. Nigerian Population/Economic inequality is energy related
(energy availability/consumption is linked to economic
prosperity)
Micro-grid systems are sustainable (can survive man made
and natural disasters
These are clear and compelling evidences that necessitate
for the urgent need of transition from carbon-based fuels to
renewable resources by developing small scale (CSP) system.
6. Electricity usage by sector in Nigeria 2009
Industry
23% Transport
0%
Residential
37%
Agriculture /
Forestry
Commercial
and Public
Services
36%
0%
Fishing
0%
Chart Title
Other
4%
10. Characteristics of Existing (CSP) Technology
Systems
CSP
Reflectiv
e
Refractive
Parabolic TroughTower Linear Fresnel ReflectoPrarabolic Dish
Fresnel lens
Occupy vast land
~600m, Expensive
mirrors, Temp
~400⁰C
Large heliostat
~100-600, occupy
Vast land ~150
hectares,
temp~570⁰C At
3400psi
Pressure and 25% eff
Temp ~1000⁰C,
Conc ratio ~1000x,
It has the highest
Eff of 30% among CSP
systems
Almost same
properties with
parabolic trough
11. Fresnel Lens
Fresnel lens is a flat optical component mostly made from (PMMA) Poly (Methyl
Methacrylate) with its surface made up of many small concentric grooves with each
groove behaving like an individual prism, it`s material properties include; low weight,
mechanical strength, temperature resistance, n = 1.4914 and inexpensive
manufacturing. It will play great role in photo thermal and photovoltaic direct energy
generation with very little or no CO2 emissions.
Fresnel Schematic Fresnel Picture
13. Pictures for Concentrators under investigation
with Data Collection System
Pictures of the reflectors
Data Acquisition System Combine Reflective and Refractive
Concentrator line up for Data
Collection
Fresnel Lens set up for
Solar Cooker
15. Experimental setup
Both reflective and refractive concentrators were lined up for an outdoor experiment, all
connected to a data acquisition system to measure their respective stagnation
temperature at no load, ambient temperature and solar irradiation.
1= Conical Frustum
2 = Hexagonal
Frustum
3 = Parabolic Trough
4 = 100cm Lens
5 = 50cm Lens
6 = Linear Lens
7 = 25cm Lens
8 = Pyranometer
9 = Thermocouple
10 = Data Acquisition
11 = Computer
System
1 2
9
8
10
11
4 5
7
6
3
17. Stagnation Temperature Bar Graphs for Concentrators Under
Investigation in Malaysia at 945W/M2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Optical Elements
Temperature °C
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Conical Frustum
Hexagonal Frustum
Parabolic Trough
100cm Fresnel Lens
50cm Fresnel Lens
Linear Fresnel Lens
25cm Fresnel Lens
Optical Elements Stagnation
Temperature ⁰C
at 945 W/m2
1: Conical Frustum 228.8
2: Hexagonal
Frustum
163.5
3: Parabolic Trough 85.3
4: 100cm Spherical
Lens
1300.2
5: 50cm Spherical
Lens
725.5
18. Thermal Efficiency Bar Graphs for Concentrators Under
Investigation
Thermal efficiency of a collector is a better
indicator of its thermal performance.
Optical Elements Average Thermal
Efficiency
1: Conical Frustum 0.823
2: Hexagonal Frustum 0.711
3: Parabolic Trough 0.559
4: 100cm Spherical Lens 0.958
5: 50CM Spherical Lens 0.923
6: Linear Lens 0.871
Conical Frustum
Hexagonal Frustum
Parabolic Trough
100cm Fresnel Lens
50cm Fresnel Lens
Linear Fresnel Lens
25cm Fresnel Lens
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thermal Efficiency
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
7: 25cm Spherical Lens 0.711 Optical Elements
19. Figure of Merit Contour Graph for Concentrators Under
Investigation
F.M characterize the performance of devices to
determine their relative utility for an application
Concentrator Average figure of
Merit
1: Conical Frustum 0.197
2: Hexagonal Frustum 0.110
3: Parabolic Trough 0.066
4: 100cm Spherical
Lens
1.153
5: 50cm Spherical
Lens
0.644
6: Linear Lens 0.365
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Optical Elements
Figure of Merit
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Conical Frustum
Hexagonal Frustum
Parabolic Trough
100cm Fresnel Lens
50cm Fresnel Lens
Linear Fresnel Lens
25cm Fresnel Lens
20. 3D graph showing Irradiation distribution below 50cm Fresnel Lens
in Malaysia
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
400
200
0
600
-15
-20
-5
-10
0
5
15
10
20
20cm from lens
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Z Data
X Data
Y Data
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
-15
-20
-5
-10
0
5
15
10
20
10cm from lens
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Z Data
X Data
Y Data
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
21. 2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
800
600
400
200
0
1000
-15
-20
-5
-10
0
5
15
10
20
30cm from lens
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Z Data
X Data
Y Data
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2500
2000
1500
500
0
1000
-15
-20
-5
-10
0
5
15
10
20
40cm from lens
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Z Data
X Data
Y Data
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
22. Thus these properties and performance in previous experiments makes Fresnel
lens a prospective candidate for future photo thermal and photovoltaic direct
energy generation with very little or no CO2 emissions, this concept was
adapted by NASA in which they use 20x concentrator lens on their CPV
crystalline silicon panels to produce electricity for deployment in spacecrafts.
However in 2014 ford has unveil it`s new c-max car which has rooftop
concentrating solar lenses expected to raise the harvest over five-fold.
Schematic diagram of charging solar panels attached
to the new C-max car under the Fresnel lens canopy
Pictorial display of C-max Fresnel lens solar
powered car
23. Measured stagnation temperature of 50cm Fresnel Lens in
Malaysia and Nigeria
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
Stagnation Temperature (°C)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Irradiance(W/m2)
Ambient Temperature (°C)
Stagnation Temperature(°C)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
Stagnation Temperature (°C)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Irradiance W/m2
Ambient Temperature °C
Stagnation Temperature °C
25. Summary
• Reflective systems ~200-300 °C.
• Fresnel-lens refractive systems ~ 250 -1300 °C .
• Concentration ratios and temperature has a direct bearing on system
efficiency,
• Spherical lenses temperature increase followed logarithmic dependence
on diameter.
• Sunlight to thermal energy conversion for refractive are significantly
superior to reflective systems.
• Fresnel lenses were determined to be the most desirable candidates for
future thermal and electricity generation in tropics most especially Nigeria.
27. REFERENCES
[1] IEA 2013 Key world energy statistics
[2] Abdulkarim H E 2014 Comparative assessment of reflective and refractive optical concentration
system in tropical climate unpublished thesis (University Kebangsaan Malaysia.
[3] Juliana S, Constantin N 2012 Thermal analysis of a linear fresnel lens solar collector with black
body cavity receiver (U.P.B. Sci. Bull) Series D vol 74: p 4 ISSN 1454-2358
[4] http://www.thevoltreport.com/solar-powered-car-concept-c-max-made-by-ford-anticipated/
[5] Abdulkarim H E 2014 Performance Analysis of Fresnel Lens in Tropical Climatic Regimes: A case
study of Malaysia and Nigeria p 5