Mantoux test
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The Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin skin test, is an intradermal test used to determine if a person has developed an immune response to the tuberculosis bacterium. It involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin under the skin on the lower forearm. The injection site is examined 48-72 hours later and any induration of 5mm or more is considered a positive result, indicating exposure to tuberculosis. A positive test does not distinguish between latent TB infection and active disease. The test may produce false positive results due to BCG vaccination or exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and false negative results can occur due to immunosup
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Mantoux test
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Blood stream infections (BSI) refers to the presence of organisms in blood which are threat to every organ in the body.
It causes shock, multiple organ failure and DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).
The presence of bacteria in blood is called Bacteremia.
The bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the blood stream is called Septicemia.
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Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms and rigidity. Symptoms typically begin with lockjaw and stiffness of the neck muscles before becoming generalized. The disease is often fatal if untreated. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, though the bacteria can sometimes be identified from wound samples. Treatment involves antitoxin administration to neutralize the toxin along with antibiotics. Prophylaxis through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines or passive immunization with antitoxin is important to prevent occurrence.
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2. Superficial fungal infections affect the outer layer of skin and are commonly caused by dermatophytes, candida, and aspergillus.
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1. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which exists in both a mycelial and yeast form. It is found worldwide in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
2. Infection typically occurs via inhalation of yeast cells into the lungs. It can cause pulmonary or disseminated disease, spreading to organs in immunocompromised individuals.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct examination of samples for yeast cells, culture of the fungus, and serological tests like complement fixation
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Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections through specimen collection, direct examination, culture, and other tests. It describes how to collect specimens from superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic fungal infections. Direct examination methods like KOH wet mounts, calcofluor white staining, and histopathology can provide early diagnosis. Fungal cultures are essential and involve using media like SDA, CMA, and BHI agar. Isolates are identified through morphology, biochemical profiling, and specialized techniques like CHROMagar. Serology detects antigens or antibodies. Skin tests and newer methods like PCR also aid diagnosis.
zoonoses
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that can spread between animals and humans. They are caused by various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. Some key points:
- Zoonotic diseases are very common, with the WHO estimating that over 60% of human diseases are of zoonotic origin.
- Major zoonotic diseases include rabies, anthrax, plague, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis and histoplasmosis.
- Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected animals, bites, scratches, contaminated food/water or through arthropod vectors like ticks and fleas.
The mantoux test
The Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin skin test, is used to determine if a person has been infected with tuberculosis. It involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative into the skin on the lower arm. After 48 to 72 hours, a health care worker measures any induration, or hard, raised area that develops on the arm, which can indicate infection. A positive result is based on the size of the induration and the person's risk factors. While very accurate, the test can sometimes produce false positives or negatives, requiring further evaluation and testing to diagnose active TB disease.
Mantoux
This document provides detailed information about the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) used to detect tuberculosis (TB) infection. It describes how the TST works by measuring delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The standard Mantoux technique of intradermally injecting PPD and measuring induration 48-72 hours later is discussed. Interpretation of TST results and limitations are covered. Newer interferon gamma release assays to detect TB infection are also mentioned.
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Dengue
Dengue is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease that infects an estimated 50 million people annually. Laboratory diagnosis of dengue is important for early detection, confirmation of clinical diagnosis, surveillance, outbreak control, and research. During the acute phase within 5 days of illness, the virus can be detected through virus isolation, nucleic acid detection, or antigen detection (NS1). After the acute phase, antibodies are detected - IgM appears first and indicates a primary infection, while IgG indicates a secondary infection. IgM levels peak at 2 weeks and decline over 2-3 months. IgG levels rise more slowly but persist for months or life. The IgM/IgG ratio can distinguish primary from secondary infection. Patient monitoring
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Vaccination provides either active or passive immunity. Active immunity develops after clinical or subclinical infection or vaccination and results in antibody production. Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies produced in another host. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system through active immunization using live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, cellular fraction, or recombinant vaccines. Precautions must be taken when administering vaccines due to potential reactions including those inherent to inoculation, due to faulty techniques, hypersensitivity, neurological involvement, or provocative reactions. Testing for sensitivity and having epinephrine available are important safety measures.
Polio vaccine
To learn and contribute in the professionally challenging environment in a manner that certainly benefits for man kind and enhances my skills.
Antigenic shift and drift
Antigenic shift and antigenic drift are two mechanisms by which influenza viruses evolve. Antigenic shift involves the reassortment of genomic segments between different influenza virus strains, resulting in a virus with a novel combination of surface antigens. This allows the virus to evade existing immunity. Antigenic drift is the accumulation of small mutations in the genes encoding surface antigens, allowing influenza viruses to gradually evade recognition by antibodies. Antigenic drift occurs in both influenza A and B viruses on an annual basis, while antigenic shift is rare but can cause pandemics when it produces a virus with no preexisting immunity in the human population.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
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1. Fungal infections can be caused by molds, yeasts, or dimorphic fungi and their morphology and growth patterns differ.
2. Superficial fungal infections affect the outer layer of skin and are commonly caused by dermatophytes, candida, and aspergillus.
3. Aspergillosis is caused by the mold Aspergillus and can cause allergic bronchopulmonary disease or invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals. Candidiasis is a common yeast infection that can cause oral or vaginal thrush.
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1. Aspergillosis is a group of diseases caused by the Aspergillus fungus. Some asthma patients are sensitized to the fungi Aspergillus.
2. Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most common Aspergillus species that causes disease in immunocompromised individuals and people with leukemia. It is typically found in soil and decaying organic matter.
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Dermatophytoses, also known as ringworm infections, are fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes. The most common dermatophytes that infect humans belong to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the infected area and include ring-shaped lesions on the scalp (tinea capitis), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), feet (tinea pedis), beard area (tinea barbae), and nails (tinea unguium). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide to view hyphae
Histoplasmosis
This document provides information about histoplasmosis, including its characteristics, pathogenesis, types, clinical presentation, and laboratory diagnosis. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which exists in both a mycelial and yeast form. It is found worldwide in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
2. Infection typically occurs via inhalation of yeast cells into the lungs. It can cause pulmonary or disseminated disease, spreading to organs in immunocompromised individuals.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct examination of samples for yeast cells, culture of the fungus, and serological tests like complement fixation
Antigen antibody reactions
This document discusses immunity and antigen-antibody reactions. It begins with definitions of immunity, antigens, and antibodies. It describes the components of the immune system including antigen specificity and types of antigens. It then explains antigen-antibody reactions and how they are used for diagnostic tests. Different diagnostic tests are also summarized, including precipitation reactions, agglutination, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and ELISA. Potential sources of markers for periodontal disease activity are also listed.
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Candidiasis
Candida albicans is a yeast that can cause infections in humans. It normally lives harmlessly in the body but can overgrow and cause disease when the environment changes. It has several forms ranging from yeast to hyphal filaments. Over 75% of women experience at least one vaginal candidiasis infection. Risk factors include antibiotics use, pregnancy, diabetes, and weakened immune system. Symptoms depend on the infected area and include rashes, vaginal discharge, and oral thrush. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal drugs like fluconazole that work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting ergosterol production. Prevention focuses on good
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This document discusses various opportunistic fungal infections seen in immunocompromised patients. It describes the common causative fungi including Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Penicillium marneffei, zygomycetes, and Pneumocystis. For each infection, it summarizes the clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis involving microscopy, culture, and other tests, as well as recommended treatment approaches. It also briefly mentions some other rare miscellaneous mycoses.
Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections through specimen collection, direct examination, culture, and other tests. It describes how to collect specimens from superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic fungal infections. Direct examination methods like KOH wet mounts, calcofluor white staining, and histopathology can provide early diagnosis. Fungal cultures are essential and involve using media like SDA, CMA, and BHI agar. Isolates are identified through morphology, biochemical profiling, and specialized techniques like CHROMagar. Serology detects antigens or antibodies. Skin tests and newer methods like PCR also aid diagnosis.
zoonoses
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that can spread between animals and humans. They are caused by various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. Some key points:
- Zoonotic diseases are very common, with the WHO estimating that over 60% of human diseases are of zoonotic origin.
- Major zoonotic diseases include rabies, anthrax, plague, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis and histoplasmosis.
- Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected animals, bites, scratches, contaminated food/water or through arthropod vectors like ticks and fleas.
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The mantoux test
The Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin skin test, is used to determine if a person has been infected with tuberculosis. It involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative into the skin on the lower arm. After 48 to 72 hours, a health care worker measures any induration, or hard, raised area that develops on the arm, which can indicate infection. A positive result is based on the size of the induration and the person's risk factors. While very accurate, the test can sometimes produce false positives or negatives, requiring further evaluation and testing to diagnose active TB disease.
Mantoux
This document provides detailed information about the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) used to detect tuberculosis (TB) infection. It describes how the TST works by measuring delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The standard Mantoux technique of intradermally injecting PPD and measuring induration 48-72 hours later is discussed. Interpretation of TST results and limitations are covered. Newer interferon gamma release assays to detect TB infection are also mentioned.
IGRA / TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST.
Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are blood tests that detect a cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. IGRAs like QuantiFERON and T-SPOT can identify individuals infected with M. tuberculosis but cannot distinguish between latent and active TB disease. IGRAs have higher specificity than the tuberculin skin test and are not affected by BCG vaccination status. While IGRAs require less time and fewer visits than the tuberculin skin test, they have higher material costs and require a laboratory for processing. Both tests are useful for evaluating latent TB infection but IGRAs may be preferred in BCG-vaccinated individuals.
Tuberculin test aman maurya
Robert Koch prepared the original tuberculin extract from cultures of the tuberculosis bacterium in the late 19th century. Von Pirquet first used this extract for allergy testing in 1906. The tuberculin test works by injecting purified protein derivative (PPD), prepared from M. tuberculosis cultures, intradermally and examining the site after 48-72 hours for a local immune response indicating past exposure or active infection. Factors like miliary TB, measles infection, malnutrition or immunosuppressive drugs can cause false negative or positive results in the tuberculin test. It is used to measure TB infection rates, diagnose active cases in children, and check effectiveness of BCG vaccination.
Mendel mantoux-test
The Mendel-Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin sensitivity test, is used to screen for tuberculosis. It involves an intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin, obtained from TB cultures. The test site is read 48-72 hours later to measure any induration, indicating an immune response. Induration sizes of 5-9mm, 10-14mm, and 15mm or more suggest different levels of TB infection risk or exposure. False positives can occur from BCG vaccines or atypical mycobacteria, while false negatives are possible due to various medical conditions that compromise immunity.
Qualitative evaluation of tuberculin test responses in
The document analyzes the qualitative responses to tuberculin skin tests in 268 children with and without tuberculosis. It finds that Listeria-type responses, characterized by soft, poorly delineated induration, were more common than Koch-type responses, characterized by hard, painful induration, in tuberculosis patients. Koch-type responses were associated with more severe disease. Negative responses were seen predominantly in neurotuberculosis patients and were associated with malnutrition. The type of response correlated with disease severity and nutritional status, providing qualitative information to aid tuberculosis diagnosis in children.
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The mantoux test
The Mantoux test is a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis that uses purified protein derivative injected under the skin to determine if a person has been exposed to TB. The results are interpreted based on the size of induration, or raised hardening of the skin, which differs depending on risk factors such as being HIV-positive, recent contact with an active TB patient, or recent travel from a high prevalence country. A positive result indicates exposure to the TB bacterium.
TST
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Dots
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Microbiological Culture sensitivity tests
Microbiology is the study of microbes that infect humans and cause disease. Sensitivity testing helps determine the most effective antibiotic to treat an infection by testing which antibiotics can inhibit or kill the bacteria causing the infection. The sensitivity test involves culturing bacteria from a sample, identifying the bacteria species, and exposing it to different antibiotics to see which ones prevent its growth. This helps doctors select the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.
Dots
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect many organ systems. DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse) is a global program that helps cure TB by having a health worker directly observe a patient taking their full course of anti-TB medications to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance. India has a high burden of TB with an estimated 1.96 million new cases and 330,000 deaths annually. DOTS involves a short intensive phase of treatment under direct observation followed by a continuation phase where the first dose of each week is taken under supervision.
RNTCP
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
Microbiological culture sensitivity test
Microbiological culture sensitivity tests involve growing microbial organisms in culture media under controlled conditions and testing their sensitivity to drugs. A sample is taken from an infected area and grown on a plate with antibiotics. The size of the zone of inhibition around each antibiotic disk indicates whether the microbe is susceptible, resistant, or intermediate. This helps clinicians select the most effective drug to treat a patient's infection and guide treatment decisions.
Microbiological culture sensitivity test
The document discusses microbiological culture sensitivity testing which determines the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. It defines susceptible, intermediate, and resistant classifications according to international standards. An example test result for an E. coli strain is given. The document also discusses the disk diffusion and broth dilution methods used to conduct sensitivity testing and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics. It provides details on how these tests are performed and interpreted.
Non st elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina
This document outlines the definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, risk stratification, and management of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). It defines unstable angina and NSTEMI and describes the pathophysiologic process involving plaque rupture, thrombosis, and vasoconstriction. It discusses the clinical examination, electrocardiogram, cardiac markers, and high-risk subgroups. Scoring systems like the TIMI risk score and GRACE risk score are presented to aid in risk stratification and prognostication.
Rntcp current guidelines
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) control in India under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It provides background on the evolution of TB control in India from the 1950s to the present day RNTCP program. It describes the objectives, components, and scientific basis of the DOTS strategy used by RNTCP to diagnose and treat TB cases. It also addresses drug-resistant TB, the link between TB and HIV, and recent updates to RNTCP guidelines.
ST elevation
This document provides an overview of the various causes of ST elevation on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses electrolyte abnormalities, left bundle branch block, early repolarization, ventricular hypertrophy, aneurysms, infections or injuries, Osborne waves, non-occlusive vasospasm, and Brugada syndrome. Specific ECG patterns are presented for each cause. Key factors to evaluate for each condition include the shape, amplitude, and distribution of ST segments and T waves. Scoring systems like Sgarbossa criteria are also described which can help determine if ST elevation in the setting of left bundle branch block is likely due to acute myocardial infarction.
4.Dots
The document discusses guidelines for treating tuberculosis, including:
1) Standard treatment involves a combination of drugs like isoniazid and rifampin over 6-9 months to cure the infection and minimize transmission.
2) The DOTS strategy directly observes patients taking medication to ensure compliance and cure.
3) Treatment is tailored based on factors like drug resistance, pregnancy, HIV status, and involves monitoring patients who discontinue treatment.
Widal test
the Widal test remains one of the best, easily accessible, cheap and simple method for the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
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understanding-and-preventing-tuberculosis.ppt
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including how it spreads, symptoms of active TB disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes TB as a bacterial infection that typically affects the lungs. Active TB causes symptoms like coughing and weight loss and can be spread through the air. Latent TB means a person is infected but not contagious. The document outlines best practices for healthcare workers when treating TB patients, such as using negative pressure isolation rooms and respirators to prevent exposure.
Tuberculosis2
A tuberculin skin test involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) into the forearm. The injection site is examined 48-72 hours later. An induration of 10mm or more indicates a positive result, suggesting exposure to tuberculosis. A negative result means either no exposure or a weakened immune system. Short-course TB treatment typically involves 6-9 months of isoniazid and rifampin therapy. Immunization with BCG vaccine at birth helps prevent severe forms of TB in children.
Tuberculosis.man
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally in 2011-2016, there were an estimated 8.7 million new TB cases. TB can affect any part of the body but most commonly the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotic drugs over a period of 6-9 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the disease and prevent drug resistance.
tuberculosis (1).pptx
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that TB is transmitted via airborne droplets and its major risk factors include close contact with active TB cases, immunosuppression, poverty, and smoking. Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy, culture, nucleic acid tests, chest imaging, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment follows the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) strategy to cure TB and prevent drug resistance.
Newborn sepsis and introduction to Clinical Research
Newborn sepsis-introduction, definition, symptoms, Bacterial pathogens in the newborn,The Magnitude Of The Problem,How Newborn Acquired Infection, intrauterine infection, Intrapartum infections,postpartum infections, Prevention of bacterial infections in the Newborn,Choice of antibiotics for sepsis ,INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL RESEARCH -What is clinical research?,How does clinical research differ from standard care,Why do we perform clinical research?,Study designs.
PARULYADAV_BSCNURSING2NDYR_1912196 tuberculosis
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its introduction, epidemiology, definition, modes of transmission, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention, and management. Some key points include:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can spread through the air from one person to another. It affects millions of people worldwide each year.
- Symptoms may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves tests like the Mantoux skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum microscopy.
- Treatment involves standardized short course chemotherapy over 6-8 months using combinations of front-line antibiotic drugs. Prevention strategies focus on BCG vaccination, screening of contacts
Tuberculosis
The CDC guidelines outline 6 groups at higher risk for active TB: those with HIV/immunosuppression, immigrants from high prevalence countries, individuals exposed in high-risk environments like homeless shelters or prisons, those with drug resistant TB, babies/young children/elderly/low weight individuals, and substance abusers. Active TB is treated with a multi-drug regimen for 6-9 months while latent TB infection requires treatment to prevent progression to active disease.
Tuberculosis
This Presentation is made by Dr. Ashok Jaisingani for study purpose, if any one like this than give comments.
6
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children, the relationship between TB and HIV, and TB during pregnancy. It notes that 10-20% of TB cases are in children under 5 years old. Children are usually sputum-negative and not infectious. The main sources of infection are adults with sputum-positive TB. Treatment involves several anti-TB drugs given in specific doses over several months. Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for children exposed to sputum-positive individuals. Co-infection with HIV greatly increases the risk of active TB. Diagnosis is more difficult and extra-pulmonary TB is more common. Standard TB treatment is still used but drug interactions with HIV medications must be considered. TB in pregnancy does not typically
Tuberculosis 2.pptx
1. Tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which usually implant in the lungs. The immune system tries to contain the infection by surrounding it with immune cells.
2. Symptoms of active TB infection include fatigue, weight loss, fever, cough and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and Mantoux skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using DOTS (directly observed therapy), to ensure complete treatment and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on promoting airway clearance, medication adherence, activity, nutrition, and preventing spread.
TUBERCULOSIS.pptx
Tuberculosis is a respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Exposure can result in latent TB infection where a person does not have symptoms but can develop active TB later. Latent TB cannot spread while active TB can. TB is treatable with antibiotics and screening involves skin tests or blood tests to check for infection. Treatment differs between latent infection and active disease.
Pediatric tuberculosis
Here are some key points regarding the feasibility of bacteriological diagnosis in children with TB:
- Sputum induction or gastric lavage are generally required to obtain specimens from children, as they typically cannot produce sputum on demand. This requires specialized equipment and trained personnel.
- Even with induced sputum or gastric lavage, specimen quality and volume may be low, reducing the sensitivity of bacteriological tests.
- Young children especially may not be able to cooperate with procedures like sputum induction.
- Extrapulmonary TB is more common in children than adults, so specimens from sites like lymph nodes, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. need to be obtained invasively via procedures like biopsy or lumbar puncture
Tuberculosis,TB,COMMUNITY MEDICINE,MBBS,MD,BPH,MPH,DR NARENDRA KUMAR YADAV
Tuberculosis,TB,COMMUNITY MEDICINE,MBBS,MD,BPH,MPH,DR NARENDRA KUMAR YADAVKarnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS)
TB,COMMUNITY MEDICINE,MBBS,MD,BPH,MPH,DR NARENDRA KUMAR YADAVMantoux, BCG scar-1.pptx
This document provides information about tuberculosis screening and vaccination. It discusses tuberculin skin testing including administration, interpretation, and causes of false positives and negatives. It also covers BCG vaccination including the vaccine itself, schedule and efficacy, typical reactions, and adverse effects. Key points include that a positive TST indicates possible infection and additional testing may be needed, BCG vaccination is given in endemic areas from birth up to 5 years of age, and the vaccine protects against extrapulmonary and disseminated TB but has varying efficacy against pulmonary TB.
Tb transmission
Tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which most often affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. Only those with active lung infection are infectious. Most exposed people will develop latent TB infection without symptoms, but around 10% will develop active TB disease, especially if their immune system is weakened.
Sexually transmitted diseases- Syphilis and Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chancroid is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi that causes painful genital ulcers. It has an incubation period of 3 to 10 days and symptoms include tender inguinal lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis is made through identification of characteristic microscopic findings on smears from ulcer exudates or cultures.
spt.pptx
The document discusses the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, which detects infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) intradermally and checking for induration 48-72 hours later. A positive result indicates delayed hypersensitivity to TB antigens, though it does not distinguish between latent and active infection. Interpretation depends on induration size and is complicated by BCG vaccination, exposure to environmental mycobacteria, and immunosuppression. Proper administration and reading technique is required to avoid false results.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB cough, sneeze or speak.
2. Symptoms include a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, coughing up blood, weight loss, fever, night sweats and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, sputum tests and tuberculosis skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered by a tuberculosis specialist to prevent drug resistance. Patients are advised to rest at home and cover their mouth when coughing to prevent spreading the disease until treatment has reduced their contagious
Lesson 13 tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze or speak. Most infections are latent and do not have symptoms, but the bacteria can reactivate later and cause active disease. Active TB is treated with multiple antibiotics taken for 6-12 months to prevent drug resistance, and public health workers may directly observe treatment.
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Mantoux test
- 1. MANTOUX SCREENING TEST (Tb skin test ) PBL 12 Directed By Dr. Niveen El-Wakeel
- 3. What is mantoux test? Pirquet test PPD test Tuberculin sensitivity test
- 6. An intradermal test due to hypersensitivity to PPD that indicates past or present infection with tubercle bacilli.
- 9. Procedure: Inject 0.1 ml of 5 tuberculin units I.D, usually on the forearm. The patient's arm is examined 48-72 hours after the tuberculin is injected. The reaction is an induration (swelling) around the site of the injection.
- 10. The diameter of the indurated area is measured
- 11. Diameter of the induration is 10 mm or greater Positive test 10 mm
- 12. Diameter of the induration is 10 mm or less Negative test 5 mm
- 13. It is impossible to distinguish between active disease & past infection by a positive tuberculin test.
- 14. prior exposure or infection with other mycobacteria or vaccination with BCG False +ve test
- 15. impaired CMI response False -ve test
- 16. Why It Is Done People in close contact with someone known to have TB. Health care workers who are likely to be exposed to TB. People with TB symptoms, such as an ongoing cough, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss. People who have had an abnormal chest X-ray. People who have had a recent organ transplant or have an impaired immune system, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- 17. A tuberculin skin test should not be done for people: With a known TB infection. Who have had a previous severe reaction to the TB antigens. Who have a skin rash that would make it hard to read the skin test
- 18. Side effects: Tachycardia Chest tightening, breathing difficulty Fever Dizziness Unusual tiredness or weakness Skin rash
- 20. Quiz 1) What is the result if the it is 10 or more mm induration ? A. People with no risk factor of Tb B. With HIV infection C. Children younger than 4 years old D. Have close contact of people with infectious Tb
- 21. 2) What is meant by false positive reaction ? A. May not react to the test even though they are infected with M. tuberculosis B. May not react to the test even though they are not infected with M. tuberculosis C. May react to the test even though they are not infected with M. tuberculosis D. May react to the test even though they are infected with M. tuberculosis Quiz
- 22. 3) What is meant by false negative reaction ? A. May react to the test even though they are infected with M. tuberculosis B. May not react to the test even though they are not infected with M. tuberculosis C. May react to the test even though they are not infected with M. tuberculosis D. May not react to the test even though they are infected with M. tuberculosis Quiz
- 24. Hager Dorgham Cheima Medjahed Doaa Sabri Jalila Ahmed Fatin Aqilah Norazak Nasuha Bukhari Ahmed Katary Karim Rashad Khairul Hazwan Hazwan Akmal Taher Rizk Mohamed Mosaad Yousuf Hamed
Editor's Notes
- A tuberculin skin test is done to find people who have tuberculosis (TB), including: