The document discusses India's Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), known as Mangalyaan, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in November 2013 with the goal of placing an orbiter around Mars to study its surface, atmosphere and climate. ISRO's MOM mission aims to demonstrate India's low-cost spaceflight capabilities and technological prowess. The orbiter successfully entered Mars' orbit in September 2014, making India the first nation to reach Mars on its first attempt and the first nation to successfully place an orbiter around Mars on its maiden interplanetary mission.

1. Mangalyan
From Earth…..
Mukhar Jain
XI-C
20

2. ………To Mars

5. Prime minister with chief of this
project

6. OBJECTIVES
• Design and realisation of a Mars orbiter with a capability to perform
Earth bound maneuvers, cruise phase of 300 days, Mars orbit
insertion / capture, and on-orbit phase around Mars.
• Deep space communication, navigation, mission planning and
management.
• Incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations.
• The secondary objectives are scientific, and include the study of Mars
surface features, morphology, mineralogy and the Martian
atmosphere.

7. The Launch Vehicle - PSLV-C25 will inject the Spacecraft into an Elliptical
Parking Orbit with a perigee of 250 km and an apogee of 23,500 km. With six
Liquid Engine firing, the spacecraft is gradually maneuvered into a hyperbolic
trajectory with which it escapes from the Earth’s Sphere of Influence (SOI) and
arrives at the Mars Sphere of Influence.
When spacecraft reaches nearest point
of Mars (Peri-apsis), it is maneuvered
in to an elliptical orbit around Mars by
firing the Liquid Engine. The spacecraft
then moves around the Mars in an orbit
with Peri-apsis of 366 km and Apo-apsis
of about 80000 km.

8. Organization behind mangalyan

11. Established in 1969, ISRO superseded the erstwhile Indian National Committee
for Space Research (INCOSPAR). Headquartered in Bangalore, ISRO is under
the administrative control of the Department of Space, Government of India.
Since its establishment, ISRO has achieved numerous milestones. It built
India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19
April in 1975. In 1980, Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by
an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3. ISRO subsequently developed two
other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching
satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits.

13. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan (Sanskrit:
मङ्गलयान, "Mars-Craft"), is a Mars orbiter launched into Earth orbit on 5
November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It has
entered orbit of Mars on 24 September 2014.
The mission is a
"technology
demonstrator" project
aiming to develop the
technologies required
for design, planning,
management, and
operations of an
interplanetary mission.

14. Travelling at a speed of 1.55 km per second, Mangalyan crossed half way to Mars
on 9 April 2014.
It is India's first interplanetary mission and, ISRO became the fourth space
agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and European
Space Agency.
The spacecraft is being currently monitored from the Spacecraft Control Centre
at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore with
support from Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) antennae at Byalalu.

15. LAUNCH AND ORBIT
• launch will place from sriharikota and the Mars Orbiter was placed into
Earth orbit, then six engine firings which raise the orbit to one with an
apogee of 215,000 km and a perigee of 600 km,where it remained for
about 25 days.
• A final firing in 30 November 2013 sent MOM onto an interplanetary
trajectory.
• Mars orbit insertion was done on 21 September 2014 and allowed the
spacecraft to enter a highly elliptical orbit of 372 km x 80,000 km around
Mars.

16. Electric power is generated by three solar array panels of 1.8 m × 1.4 m (5 ft. 11 in
× 4 ft. 7 in) each (7.56 m2 (81.4 sq. ft.) total), for a maximum of 840 W generation
in Martian orbit. Electricity is stored in a 36 Ah Li-ion battery.
Liquid fuel engine of 440 N thrust is used for orbit raising and insertion in Martian
orbit. The orbiter also has eight 22 N thrusters for attitude control or orientation.
Two 230 W TWTAs and two coherent transponders. The antenna array consists of
a low-gain antenna, a medium-gain antenna and a high-gain antenna. The High-
gain antenna system is based on a single 2.2-metre reflector illuminated by a feed
at S-band. It is used to transmit and receive the telemetry, tracking, commanding
and data to and from the Indian Deep Space Network.

17. 1. Geo Centric Phase
The spacecraft is injected into an Elliptic Parking Orbit by the launcher. With six
main engine burns, the spacecraft is gradually maneuvered into a departure
hyperbolic trajectory with which it escapes from the Earth’s Sphere of Influence
(SOI) with Earth’s orbital velocity + V boost. The SOI of earth ends at 918347 km
from the surface of the earth beyond which the perturbing force on the orbiter is
mainly due to the Sun. One primary concern is how to get the spacecraft to Mars,
on the least amount of fuel. ISRO uses a method of travel called a Hohmann
Transfer Orbit – or a Minimum Energy Transfer Orbit – to send a spacecraft from
Earth to Mars with the least amount of fuel possible.

18. 2. Helio Centric Phase
The spacecraft leaves Earth in a direction tangential to Earth’s orbit and
encounters Mars tangentially to its orbit. The flight path is roughly one half of an
ellipse around sun. Eventually it will intersect the orbit of Mars at the exact
moment when Mars is there too. This trajectory becomes possible with certain
allowances when the relative position of Earth, Mars and Sun form an angle of
approximately 44o. Such an arrangement recur periodically at intervals of about
780 days. Minimum energy opportunities for Earth-Mars occur in November
2013, January 2016, May2018 etc.

19. 3. Martian Phase
The spacecraft arrives at the Mars Sphere of Influence (around 573473 km
from the surface of Mars) in a hyperbolic trajectory. At the time the
spacecraft reaches the closest approach to Mars (Periapsis), it is captured
into planned orbit around mars by imparting ∆V retro which is called the
Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) manoeuvre. The Earth-Mars trajectory is shown
in the above figure. ISRO plans to launch the Mars Orbiter Mission during
the November 2013 window utilizing minimum energy transfer opportunity.

20. The MOM mission concept began with a feasibility study in 2010, after
the launch of lunar satellite Chandrayaan-1 in 2008. The government of
India approved the project on 3 August 2012, after the Indian Space
Research Organisation completed ₹1.25 billion (US $21 million) of
required studies for the orbiter. The total project cost may be up to
₹4.54 billion (US $77 million). The satellite costs ₹1.53 billion (US$26
million) and the rest of the budget has been attributed to ground
stations and relay upgrades that will be used for other ISRO projects.
The space agency had initially planned the launch on 28 October 2013
but was postponed to 5 November 2013 following the inability of
ISRO's spacecraft tracking ships to take up pre-determined positions
due to poor weather in the Pacific Ocean. Launch opportunities for a
fuel-saving Hohmann transfer orbit occur about every 26 months, in
this case, 2016 and 2018. The Mars Orbiter's on-orbit mission life will
be between six and ten months.

21. Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft being prepared for a prelaunch
test at Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Srihairkota.

22. The lift-off mass was 1,350 kg (2,980 lb), including 852 kg (1,878 lb)
of propellant mass.
Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m (4 feet 11 inches).

23. The spacecraft's bus is a modified I-1 K structure and propulsion hardware
configurations similar to Chandrayaan 1, India's lunar orbiter that operated from
2008 to 2009, with specific improvements and upgrades needed for a Mars
mission.[31] The satellite structure is of aluminium and composite fibre
reinforced plastic (CFRP) sandwich construction.

25. Assembly of the PSLV-XL launch vehicle, designated C25, started on 5
August 2013. The mounting of the five scientific instruments was
completed at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, and the finished
spacecraft was shipped to Sriharikota on 2 October 2013 for
integration to the PSLV-XL launch vehicle.
The satellite's development was fast-tracked and completed in a
record 15 months. Despite the US federal government shutdown,
NASA reaffirmed on 5 October 2013 it would provide communications
and navigation support to the mission. ISRO chairman stated in
November 2013 that if the MOM and NASA's orbiter MAVEN were
successful, they would complement each other in findings and help
understand Mars better.

26. EXPLODED VIEW

27. LAP Lyman-Alpha Photometer 1.97 kg
MSM Methane Sensor For Mars 2.94 kg
MENCA Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser 3.56 kg
TIS Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 3.20 kg
MCC Mars Colour Camera 1.27 kg
The 15 kg (33 lb) scientific payload consists of five instruments:

28. • The 15 kg (33 lb) scientific
payload consists of five
instruments:
• Atmospheric studies Lyman-
Alpha Photometer (LAP) ——
Measuring the
deuterium/hydrogen ratio will
allow to estimate the process
of water loss to outer space.
• Methane Sensor For Mars
(MSM) to check for methane
in the atmosphere of Mars, if
any, and map its sources.

29. • Mars Exospheric Neutral
Composition Analyzer (MENCA) — is
a quadrupole mass analyzer capable
of analyzing the neutral composition
of particles in the exosphere.
• Surface imaging studies Thermal
Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS)
— will measure the temperature
and emissivity of the Martian
surface, this can allow mapping
surface composition and mineralogy
of Mars.
• Mars Colour Camera (MCC) — will
provide images in the visual
spectrum, providing context
information for the other science
instruments

30. MARS ORBITOR (Satellite)

32. TRACKING
• The Indian Deep Space Network will
perform navigation and tracking
operations of this mission, and
NASA's Deep Space Network
provided support services during
the non-visible period of the Indian
Deep Space Network. The signals
from the orbiter take as much as 20
min to reach earth
• Also some of the ships positioned in
south pacific ocean tracked and
coordinate the spacecraft

33. PSLV-C25 carrying the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft was launched from
Sriharikota on 5 November 2013.
As originally conceived, ISRO would have launched MOM on its new
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), but the GSLV has failed
twice in two space missions in 2010, ISRO is still sorting out issues with its
cryogenic engine, and it was not advisable to wait for the new batch of
rockets since that would have delayed the MOM project for at least three
years. ISRO had to make a choice between delaying the Mars Orbiter Mission
and switching to the less-powerful PSLV.
They opted for the latter. There is no way
to launch on a direct-to-Mars trajectory
with the PSLV as it does not have the
power. Instead, ISRO launched it into
Earth orbit first and slowly boosted it
into an interplanetary trajectory with
the help of gravity assist manoeuvres.

36. Loading Spacecraft for Thermovacuum Test in Large Space
Simulation Chamber

37. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known
by its abbreviation PSLV is the first operational
launch vehicle of ISRO. PSLV is capable of
launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-
synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in
geo-synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard
configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with a lift
off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages
using solid and liquid propulsion systems
alternately. The first stage is one of the largest
solid propellant boosters in the world and carries
139 tonnes of propellant. A cluster of six strap-
ones attached to the first stage motor, four of
which are ignited on the ground and two are air-
lit.

38. These rockets have launched numerous
communications satellites and earth
observation satellite. On 22 October in 2008,
Chandrayaan-1, India sent its first mission to
the Moon. Over the years, ISRO has
conducted a variety of operations for both
Indian and foreign clients. ISRO's satellite
launch capability is mostly provided by
indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites.
In 2008, ISRO successfully launched its first
lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while future
plans include indigenous development of
GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar
exploration, mars exploration and
interplanetary probes. ISRO has several field
installations as assets, and cooperates with
the international community as a part of
several bilateral and multilateral agreements.
5 November 2013, ISRO launched its Mars
Orbiter Mission, which is currently en route to
Mars.

39. The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. There had been 25
continuously successful flights of PSLV, till April 2014 . With its
variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-
mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch
capability. In the Chandrayaan-mission, another variant of PSLV
with an extended version of strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the
payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has
rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.
1. Lift-off weight 295 tonne
2. Pay Load 1600 kg in to 620 km Polar Orbit,
1060 kg in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
3. Height 44 metre
Typical Parameters of PSLV

40. Biblograpy:
• isro.gov.in
• yahooanswers.in
• Timesofindia.indiatimes.com
• indiatimes.com
• Wikipedia.org