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Organization Development & Change
Thomas G. Cummings
Christopher G. Worley
By: Sobia Siddique
1421131
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 To examine human resources management
interventions that address increasing
workforce diversity and employee wellness.
 To understand how OD efforts can enhance
traditional human resource approaches to
these issues.
WORKFORCE DIVERSITY
“Workforce diversity is a workforce
consisting of a broad mix of
workers from different racial and
ethnic background of different
ages and genders, and of different
domestic and national cultures.”
4
DIMENSIONS OF DIVERSITY
Person
Race
Physical
Ability
Sexual
Orientation
EthnicityGender
Age
Primary
Dimensions
Secondary
Dimensions
EducationMarital
Status
Parental
Status
Work
Background
Income
Geographic
Location
Military
Experience
Religious
Beliefs
Primary
Dimensions
Inborn
difference -
Have an
impact
throughout
one’s life
Secondary
Dimensions
Acquired or
changed
throughout
one’s lifetime
Have less
impact – still
impact self
definition
MANAGING WORK FORCE DIVERSITY
 Managing workforce diversity is defined as "planning and
implementing organizational systems and practices to
manage people so that the potential advantages of
diversity are maximized while its potential disadvantages
are minimized,"
 Managing diversity focuses on maximizing the ability of all
employees to contribute to organizational goals.
 Create & maintain a positive work environment.
A Framework for Managing
DiversityExternal Pressures
Internal Pressures
Management’s
Perspectives &
Priorities
Strategic
Responses
Implementation
STRATEGIC RESPONSES FOR MANAGING
DIVERSITY AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
Deny an assignment to an
employee because a client
might object to the
employee’s nationality, race,
gender, age, etc.
Choose geographic locations
for the business which avoid
diversity / where the local
workforce does not contain
protected classes
Pilot an employee network
conference that engages
employees and their
managers in reciprocal
learning activities
Different business units
continually share information
about their diversity
successes and failures, then
adapt and integrate them into
their businesses
Strategicresponsesformanagingdiversity
ProactivetoReactive
Episodic approach Systemic approach
Low Pressure High Pressure
Source : Dass & Parker
(1999)
18-8
AGE DIVERSITY
 Trends
 Median age up
 Distribution of ages changing
 Implications & Needs
 Health care
 Mobility
 Interventions
 Wellness programs
 Work design
 Career development and planning
 Reward systems
18-9
GENDER DIVERSITY
 Trends
 Percentage of women in work force
increasing
 Dual-income families increasing
 Implications & Needs
 Child care
 Maternity/paternity leaves
 Interventions
 Work design
 Fringe benefit rewards
18-10
DISABILITY DIVERSITY
 Trends
 The number of people with disabilities
entering the work force is increasing
 Implications & Needs
 Job skills and challenge
 Physical space design
 Respect and dignity
 Interventions
 Work design
 Performance management
 Career planning and development
18-11
CULTURE AND VALUES DIVERSITY
 Trends
 Rising proportion of immigrant and minority-
group workers
 Implications & Needs
 Flexible organizational policies
 Autonomy
 Affirmation and respect
 Interventions
 Career planning and development
 Employee involvement
 Reward systems
18-12
RACE / ETHNICITY DIVERSITY
 Trends
 Minorities represent large segments of workforce
and a small segment of top management/senior
executives
 Qualifications and experience of minority
employees is often overlooked
 Implications & Needs
 Discrimination
 Interventions
 Equal employment opportunities
 Education and training
EMPLOYEE STRESS & WELLNESS INTERVENTION
 Stress : refers to the reaction of people to their
environment. It can be positive or negative.
 Wellness: the various life/non work satisfaction
enjoyed by individuals, work /job related satisfaction
and general health.
Management concern for stress management is
growing in organization.
STRESS IMPACTS…
Stress coping Skills Well being
Well being
•
Overall Employee Health – Insurance Costs
Productivity Levels
Absenteeism
Morale
Engagement
Focus
INTERVENTION
 Diagnosis stress and being aware of its causes.
 Alleviating and coping with stress to improve
wellness.
DIAGNOSING METHODS
 Charting stressors (figure)
 Identify source of stress
 Measure individual difference
 Measure stress consequences
 Health profiling
Workplace Stressors
• Physical Environment
• Individual: role conflict and
ambiguity, lack of control
• Group: poor peer, subordinate or
boss, relationships
• Organizational: poor design, HR
policies, politics
Stress
• How the
individual
perceives the
occupational
stressors
Consequences
• Subjective:
anxiety, apathy
• Behavioral:
alcoholism, drug and
accident abuse
• Cognitive: poor
focus, burnout
• Physiological: high
blood
pressure and pulse
• Organizational: low
productivity,
absenteeism
Individual Differences
Cognitive/Affective:
Type A or B, social support,
negative affectivity
Biologic/Demographic:
Age, gender, occupation, race
A Model of Diagnosis & Intervention
ALLEVIATING AND COPING WITH STRESS
TO IMPROVE WELLNESS
 Role clarification
 Supportive relationship
 Work leaves
 Health facilities
 Employee assistance program
Managing workforce diversity and wellness

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Managing workforce diversity and wellness

  • 1. Organization Development & Change Thomas G. Cummings Christopher G. Worley By: Sobia Siddique 1421131
  • 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES  To examine human resources management interventions that address increasing workforce diversity and employee wellness.  To understand how OD efforts can enhance traditional human resource approaches to these issues.
  • 3. WORKFORCE DIVERSITY “Workforce diversity is a workforce consisting of a broad mix of workers from different racial and ethnic background of different ages and genders, and of different domestic and national cultures.”
  • 5. MANAGING WORK FORCE DIVERSITY  Managing workforce diversity is defined as "planning and implementing organizational systems and practices to manage people so that the potential advantages of diversity are maximized while its potential disadvantages are minimized,"  Managing diversity focuses on maximizing the ability of all employees to contribute to organizational goals.  Create & maintain a positive work environment.
  • 6. A Framework for Managing DiversityExternal Pressures Internal Pressures Management’s Perspectives & Priorities Strategic Responses Implementation
  • 7. STRATEGIC RESPONSES FOR MANAGING DIVERSITY AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION Deny an assignment to an employee because a client might object to the employee’s nationality, race, gender, age, etc. Choose geographic locations for the business which avoid diversity / where the local workforce does not contain protected classes Pilot an employee network conference that engages employees and their managers in reciprocal learning activities Different business units continually share information about their diversity successes and failures, then adapt and integrate them into their businesses Strategicresponsesformanagingdiversity ProactivetoReactive Episodic approach Systemic approach Low Pressure High Pressure Source : Dass & Parker (1999)
  • 8. 18-8 AGE DIVERSITY  Trends  Median age up  Distribution of ages changing  Implications & Needs  Health care  Mobility  Interventions  Wellness programs  Work design  Career development and planning  Reward systems
  • 9. 18-9 GENDER DIVERSITY  Trends  Percentage of women in work force increasing  Dual-income families increasing  Implications & Needs  Child care  Maternity/paternity leaves  Interventions  Work design  Fringe benefit rewards
  • 10. 18-10 DISABILITY DIVERSITY  Trends  The number of people with disabilities entering the work force is increasing  Implications & Needs  Job skills and challenge  Physical space design  Respect and dignity  Interventions  Work design  Performance management  Career planning and development
  • 11. 18-11 CULTURE AND VALUES DIVERSITY  Trends  Rising proportion of immigrant and minority- group workers  Implications & Needs  Flexible organizational policies  Autonomy  Affirmation and respect  Interventions  Career planning and development  Employee involvement  Reward systems
  • 12. 18-12 RACE / ETHNICITY DIVERSITY  Trends  Minorities represent large segments of workforce and a small segment of top management/senior executives  Qualifications and experience of minority employees is often overlooked  Implications & Needs  Discrimination  Interventions  Equal employment opportunities  Education and training
  • 13. EMPLOYEE STRESS & WELLNESS INTERVENTION  Stress : refers to the reaction of people to their environment. It can be positive or negative.  Wellness: the various life/non work satisfaction enjoyed by individuals, work /job related satisfaction and general health. Management concern for stress management is growing in organization.
  • 14. STRESS IMPACTS… Stress coping Skills Well being Well being • Overall Employee Health – Insurance Costs Productivity Levels Absenteeism Morale Engagement Focus
  • 15. INTERVENTION  Diagnosis stress and being aware of its causes.  Alleviating and coping with stress to improve wellness.
  • 16. DIAGNOSING METHODS  Charting stressors (figure)  Identify source of stress  Measure individual difference  Measure stress consequences  Health profiling
  • 17. Workplace Stressors • Physical Environment • Individual: role conflict and ambiguity, lack of control • Group: poor peer, subordinate or boss, relationships • Organizational: poor design, HR policies, politics Stress • How the individual perceives the occupational stressors Consequences • Subjective: anxiety, apathy • Behavioral: alcoholism, drug and accident abuse • Cognitive: poor focus, burnout • Physiological: high blood pressure and pulse • Organizational: low productivity, absenteeism Individual Differences Cognitive/Affective: Type A or B, social support, negative affectivity Biologic/Demographic: Age, gender, occupation, race A Model of Diagnosis & Intervention
  • 18. ALLEVIATING AND COPING WITH STRESS TO IMPROVE WELLNESS  Role clarification  Supportive relationship  Work leaves  Health facilities  Employee assistance program