Control and Management of Viruses
ā¢Download as PPTX, PDFā¢
0 likesā¢372 views
Management of Viruses plants and human animal viruses prevention and cure /contol vaccines chemotherapy
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION, PLASMIDS AND EPISOMES
Bacterial genetic recombination can occur through transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Transformation involves DNA uptake from dead bacteria. Transduction involves DNA transfer by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves DNA transfer through cell-to-cell contact via plasmids or sex pili. Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can replicate independently and be transferred between bacteria. Episomes can exist independently or integrate into chromosomes, and include plasmids, viruses, and transposons.
Distribution and abundance of algae
This document summarizes key points about the distribution, abundance, and recent trends of algae. It notes that algae are found worldwide, with over 320,000 specimens collected in the US National Herbarium and 20,000 identified species in the UK. Abundance varies depending on chemical and physical conditions, with green algae typically the most abundant. Recent trends include using algae for agar, alginate, energy, fertilizer, food, pigments, and as stabilizing substances.
Viroid and virusoid
This document discusses viroids, virusoids, and prions. It defines viroids as small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat that can infect plants. Viroids were first reported in 1971 and the most studied is the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Virusoids are also circular single-stranded RNAs that depend on plant viruses for replication and encapsidation. Prions are small infectious particles composed of abnormally folded protein that can transmit their misfolded shape to normal variants of the same protein.
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
Microbes as biofuels
This document discusses the application of microbes in biofuels. It begins by defining biofuels as fuels produced through biological processes rather than geological processes. It then provides a brief history of biofuels. The bulk of the document discusses various types of biofuels that can be produced using microbes, including bioethanol produced through fermentation by yeast and bacteria, biodiesel produced through transesterification of lipids from oleaginous microorganisms, and biogas produced through anaerobic digestion by methanogenic archaea and bacteria. For each type of biofuel, it provides details on production methods, feedstocks, microorganisms involved, advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by mentioning some other biofuel options
Various model of DNA replication
1. There are four main models of DNA replication: rolling circle replication, theta replication, bidirectional replication of linear DNA, and telomere replication.
2. Rolling circle replication involves nicking circular DNA and using one strand as a template to produce multiple copies of the original circular DNA.
3. Theta replication occurs in prokaryotes and involves unwinding circular DNA at an origin of replication and replicating bi-directionally to form a theta-shaped structure.
4. Bidirectional replication of linear DNA involves unwinding DNA at origins of replication and using leading and lagging strand synthesis to replicate in both directions until the ends of the linear genome are reached.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
This document discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and its potential use for gene transfer in plants. CaMV is a plant virus that infects brassica plants like cauliflower and turnips. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome and is spherical in shape. The 35S promoter from CaMV is commonly used in plant transformation due to its strong constitutive expression in dicots. For gene transfer, foreign DNA can be inserted into the non-essential genes II or VII of CaMV. However, CaMV has limitations for gene transfer due to its limited insertion capacity and loss of infectivity if too many nucleotides are added.
Recommended
BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION, PLASMIDS AND EPISOMES
Bacterial genetic recombination can occur through transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Transformation involves DNA uptake from dead bacteria. Transduction involves DNA transfer by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves DNA transfer through cell-to-cell contact via plasmids or sex pili. Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can replicate independently and be transferred between bacteria. Episomes can exist independently or integrate into chromosomes, and include plasmids, viruses, and transposons.
Distribution and abundance of algae
This document summarizes key points about the distribution, abundance, and recent trends of algae. It notes that algae are found worldwide, with over 320,000 specimens collected in the US National Herbarium and 20,000 identified species in the UK. Abundance varies depending on chemical and physical conditions, with green algae typically the most abundant. Recent trends include using algae for agar, alginate, energy, fertilizer, food, pigments, and as stabilizing substances.
Viroid and virusoid
This document discusses viroids, virusoids, and prions. It defines viroids as small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat that can infect plants. Viroids were first reported in 1971 and the most studied is the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Virusoids are also circular single-stranded RNAs that depend on plant viruses for replication and encapsidation. Prions are small infectious particles composed of abnormally folded protein that can transmit their misfolded shape to normal variants of the same protein.
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
Microbes as biofuels
This document discusses the application of microbes in biofuels. It begins by defining biofuels as fuels produced through biological processes rather than geological processes. It then provides a brief history of biofuels. The bulk of the document discusses various types of biofuels that can be produced using microbes, including bioethanol produced through fermentation by yeast and bacteria, biodiesel produced through transesterification of lipids from oleaginous microorganisms, and biogas produced through anaerobic digestion by methanogenic archaea and bacteria. For each type of biofuel, it provides details on production methods, feedstocks, microorganisms involved, advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by mentioning some other biofuel options
Various model of DNA replication
1. There are four main models of DNA replication: rolling circle replication, theta replication, bidirectional replication of linear DNA, and telomere replication.
2. Rolling circle replication involves nicking circular DNA and using one strand as a template to produce multiple copies of the original circular DNA.
3. Theta replication occurs in prokaryotes and involves unwinding circular DNA at an origin of replication and replicating bi-directionally to form a theta-shaped structure.
4. Bidirectional replication of linear DNA involves unwinding DNA at origins of replication and using leading and lagging strand synthesis to replicate in both directions until the ends of the linear genome are reached.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
This document discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and its potential use for gene transfer in plants. CaMV is a plant virus that infects brassica plants like cauliflower and turnips. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome and is spherical in shape. The 35S promoter from CaMV is commonly used in plant transformation due to its strong constitutive expression in dicots. For gene transfer, foreign DNA can be inserted into the non-essential genes II or VII of CaMV. However, CaMV has limitations for gene transfer due to its limited insertion capacity and loss of infectivity if too many nucleotides are added.
Bacterial diversity presentation1
Thermophilic bacteria such as Aquifex and Thermotoga are found in geothermally heated environments like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Aquifex are microaerophilic bacteria that can grow in oxygen concentrations as low as 7.5 ppm and have optimal growth temperatures of around 95Ā°C. They fix carbon through the reverse TCA cycle. Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic bacterium that can metabolize a variety of carbohydrates and polymers at temperatures up to 90Ā°C. These thermophilic bacteria contain enzymes that allow them to thrive in extreme temperatures and have applications in biotechnology.
Transmission of plant viruses
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
Cybrids
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
Viral diseases of paddy
Viral diseases of paddy include rice tungro disease, rice grassy stunt disease, rice dwarf disease, rice ragged stunt disease, and rice yellow dwarf disease. These diseases are caused by viruses or phytoplasmas that infect rice plants. The pathogens are transmitted by insect vectors like leafhoppers and planthoppers, and cause symptoms such as stunted growth, chlorotic leaves, unfilled grains, and reduced or no panicle formation. Management strategies involve controlling the insect vectors through insecticides, using resistant rice varieties, and following good agricultural practices like removing weeds.
tobacco mosaic virus
TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) is the most serious pathogen affecting tobacco plants. It causes mosaic symptoms on the leaves and stunts plant growth. TMV has a rod-shaped structure and is composed of RNA inside a protein capsid. The viral RNA directs the production of coat proteins and other proteins upon entry into host cells. TMV spreads through mechanical transmission via contact with infected plant matter and can contaminate seeds, but is not insect-transmitted. Management of TMV involves crop rotation, sanitation practices, and the use of resistant varieties.
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes a seminar on the Ti plasmid. It discusses that the Ti plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall tumor formation in plants. It describes the organization and structure of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA region flanked by borders that is transferred to plant cells. Two common vector systems used for plant transformation, the cointegrate vector and binary vector, are explained. The cointegrate vector involves integration of an intermediate vector with the Ti plasmid, while the binary vector separates the plasmid and virulence genes. Finally, the general process of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is outlined.
Microbial insecticides
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...
1. The document discusses various methods for conserving plant genetic resources or germplasm, including in-situ and ex-situ preservation as well as techniques like DNA libraries, cell-free DNA cloning using PCR, and tissue culture methods like micropropagation and embryo culture.
2. It explains that germplasm conservation provides a genetic source for plant breeders and is important to preserve biodiversity and make species available when needed.
3. Modern biotechnological tools like DNA libraries, PCR, and tissue culture can help in conserving germplasm and producing identical clones for commercial use or recovering valuable clones.
Methods of transmission of plant viruses
This document discusses various methods of plant virus transmission including mechanical, grafting, seed, insect, nematode, and fungal transmission. It provides details on each method such as the viruses transmitted, vectors involved, and procedures. Mechanical transmission involves sap inoculation using leaf rubbing or pinprick methods. Grafting and dodder transmission are also discussed. Seed and pollen transmission of certain viruses is possible. Insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers transmit many plant viruses in a circulative or non-persistent manner. Finally, nematodes and fungi can act as vectors for some viruses.
plant viruses- Geminivirus ppt
inroduction:Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants.
Pathogenic to higher plants.
. Harmless to human and other animals.
Reduce plant crop yield and quality of crops.
Some may be able to multiply within the bodies
Of aphids and nematodes.
History:Beijernick ( 1897) coined the latin name āVIRUSā meaning Poison. He studied plant juices and found they caused healthy plants to become sick.
Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from sick Tobacco plants. He discovered viruses were made of nucleic acids and proteins.
Geminivirus:one of the family of plant virus.
Currently over 360 species in this family, divided among 9 genera.
Diseases associated with this family include bright yellow mosaic , yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.
Ss circular dna diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (AMBISENSE).
Virus Classification:Group ā Group II (ssDNA)
Order - Unassigned
Family - Geminiviridae
Genera ā Becurtovirus Grablovirus
Begomovirus Mastrevirus
Capulavirus Topocuvirus
curtovirus Turncurtovirus
Eragrovirus
Structure: have Circular single-stranded DNA.
Genome is either in two segments.
The non-segmented genome is 2500-3000 nucleotides long, and the segmented genome is 4800-5600 nucleotides long.
The genome encodes for both structural and non-structural proteins.
In geminivirus, both segments must be transmitted to the host for a full systemic infection to occur.
Virion Sturcture:Geminivirus are non-enveloped, icosahedral virions that consists of a capsid.
The capsid is germinate, or twinned, and consists of 22 Capsomers.
The capsid is 30nm long and has a diameter of 18-20nm.
Symptoms:the time of infection, the virus strains and the presence of mixed infections.
Common symptoms are stunting, curling, and twisting of leaves.
Short internodes and stunted appearance , no apical growth caused by early infection.
Replication:Geminivirus encodes only a few proteins, thus they need to dependent host cell factors for replication.
These factors are DNA polymerase and repair polymerase to amplify their genome.
Replicate by a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids.
Rhizobium
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
1. Experiments conducted by Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provided evidence that RNA can act as genetic material.
2. They were able to separate the TMV into RNA and protein components, and found that RNA alone was able to cause infection when introduced into tobacco plants, demonstrating that RNA carries the genetic information.
3. They also generated chimeric viruses by combining the RNA of one TMV strain with the proteins of another strain. These chimeras displayed characteristics dependent on the source of the RNA, not the proteins, proving that the specificity of viral proteins is determined by the RNA.
Mycorrhiza
This document provides an overview of mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhiza and explains that 95% of plant species form these relationships. It then classifies and describes the main types of mycorrhizal associations like ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and orchid mycorrhiza. The document outlines the importance and benefits of mycorrhizal relationships for plant growth and health. It also discusses methods for isolating, mass producing, and applying mycorrhizal fungi.
Tmv
This document discusses Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), which infects over 350 plant species including economically important crops like tobacco and tomatoes. TMV is a rod-shaped virus composed of RNA and coat proteins. It replicates by translating its RNA inside plant cells and using movement proteins to spread between cells. Infection causes mosaic patterns, necrosis, curling and stunted growth. TMV is transmitted mechanically through contaminated tools or plant material and can overwinter in weeds or debris. Management strategies include using virus-free plants, removing weeds, disinfecting tools, and propagating through seed rather than vegetative material.
Microbial pest control ppt
This document discusses microbial pest control using microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It provides examples of different microbial pesticides - Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a bacterial pesticide against lepidopteran pests. Viral pesticides include baculoviruses that infect Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. Fungal pesticides such as Beauveria and Metarrhizium grow on insect bodies and produce toxins. Entomopathogenic nematodes parasitize and kill insect hosts. The document also outlines the characteristics, mechanisms of action and advantages of various microbial pesticides.
Microbial interaction.pptx
This document discusses various types of microbial interactions:
- Positive interactions include symbiosis (mutualism, protocooperation, commensalism) where organisms benefit each other. Examples given are lichens and protozoan-termite symbiosis.
- Negative interactions include antagonism, amensalism, predation, parasitism, and competition. In antagonism, one organism inhibits another. In amensalism and predation one benefits while the other is harmed. Parasitism also harms the host. Competition adversely affects both interacting organisms.
- Specific examples discussed include lactic acid bacteria inhibiting pathogens, Bdellovibrio as a bacterial predator, and viral
Transformation in bacteria
transformation in bacteria is a classical example of horizontal gene transfer which leads to enhanced survivability and also introduction of variations that may lead to evolution
Genetics of bacteria
Genetics in bacteria can involve two types of gene transfer: vertical and horizontal. Vertical gene transfer occurs between generations through inheritance from parent to offspring cells. Horizontal gene transfer occurs between cells of the same generation through three main processes: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA from the environment. Transduction involves transfer of bacterial DNA between cells by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves direct transfer of DNA through cell-to-cell contact via conjugation pili.
Bioremediation of hydrocarbon ā a review
This document provides an overview of bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollution. It discusses various techniques used for hydrocarbon pollution removal and their disadvantages. It then describes bioremediation as a natural process that uses microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons into less toxic forms. The document outlines different bioremediation strategies like bioaugmentation and biostimulation and notes advantages such as low cost and generating non-toxic byproducts. It also discusses using genetically engineered microorganisms and phytoremediation using plants. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the need for understanding biodegradation mechanisms to transform pollutants in less toxic forms using microorganisms and plants.
Microorganisms Friends and Foe Part 3
Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They come in various shapes and sizes and can infect animals, plants, and bacteria. Useful microbes are used in food/beverage production, medicine, vaccine production, and environmental cleanup. Harmful microbes can cause communicable diseases in humans and plants via air, water, food, or contact. Antibiotics are drugs that kill germs and cure infections, while vaccines protect against diseases by triggering antibody production without causing illness. Proper vaccination prevents diseases like cholera, hepatitis, smallpox, and tuberculosis.
Principles of management of virus diseases
This document summarizes conventional and biotechnological approaches for managing viral plant diseases. Conventional approaches include using virus-free planting materials, cultural practices, vector management, heat therapy, meristem tip culture, and barrier crops. Biotechnological approaches involve pathogen-derived resistance through expression of viral coat proteins or RNA interference mechanisms to inhibit viral genes. The document provides examples and details of various conventional and biotechnological techniques for eliminating viruses from infected plants.
More Related Content
What's hot
Bacterial diversity presentation1
Thermophilic bacteria such as Aquifex and Thermotoga are found in geothermally heated environments like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Aquifex are microaerophilic bacteria that can grow in oxygen concentrations as low as 7.5 ppm and have optimal growth temperatures of around 95Ā°C. They fix carbon through the reverse TCA cycle. Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic bacterium that can metabolize a variety of carbohydrates and polymers at temperatures up to 90Ā°C. These thermophilic bacteria contain enzymes that allow them to thrive in extreme temperatures and have applications in biotechnology.
Transmission of plant viruses
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
Cybrids
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
Viral diseases of paddy
Viral diseases of paddy include rice tungro disease, rice grassy stunt disease, rice dwarf disease, rice ragged stunt disease, and rice yellow dwarf disease. These diseases are caused by viruses or phytoplasmas that infect rice plants. The pathogens are transmitted by insect vectors like leafhoppers and planthoppers, and cause symptoms such as stunted growth, chlorotic leaves, unfilled grains, and reduced or no panicle formation. Management strategies involve controlling the insect vectors through insecticides, using resistant rice varieties, and following good agricultural practices like removing weeds.
tobacco mosaic virus
TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) is the most serious pathogen affecting tobacco plants. It causes mosaic symptoms on the leaves and stunts plant growth. TMV has a rod-shaped structure and is composed of RNA inside a protein capsid. The viral RNA directs the production of coat proteins and other proteins upon entry into host cells. TMV spreads through mechanical transmission via contact with infected plant matter and can contaminate seeds, but is not insect-transmitted. Management of TMV involves crop rotation, sanitation practices, and the use of resistant varieties.
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes a seminar on the Ti plasmid. It discusses that the Ti plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall tumor formation in plants. It describes the organization and structure of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA region flanked by borders that is transferred to plant cells. Two common vector systems used for plant transformation, the cointegrate vector and binary vector, are explained. The cointegrate vector involves integration of an intermediate vector with the Ti plasmid, while the binary vector separates the plasmid and virulence genes. Finally, the general process of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is outlined.
Microbial insecticides
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...
1. The document discusses various methods for conserving plant genetic resources or germplasm, including in-situ and ex-situ preservation as well as techniques like DNA libraries, cell-free DNA cloning using PCR, and tissue culture methods like micropropagation and embryo culture.
2. It explains that germplasm conservation provides a genetic source for plant breeders and is important to preserve biodiversity and make species available when needed.
3. Modern biotechnological tools like DNA libraries, PCR, and tissue culture can help in conserving germplasm and producing identical clones for commercial use or recovering valuable clones.
Methods of transmission of plant viruses
This document discusses various methods of plant virus transmission including mechanical, grafting, seed, insect, nematode, and fungal transmission. It provides details on each method such as the viruses transmitted, vectors involved, and procedures. Mechanical transmission involves sap inoculation using leaf rubbing or pinprick methods. Grafting and dodder transmission are also discussed. Seed and pollen transmission of certain viruses is possible. Insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers transmit many plant viruses in a circulative or non-persistent manner. Finally, nematodes and fungi can act as vectors for some viruses.
plant viruses- Geminivirus ppt
inroduction:Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants.
Pathogenic to higher plants.
. Harmless to human and other animals.
Reduce plant crop yield and quality of crops.
Some may be able to multiply within the bodies
Of aphids and nematodes.
History:Beijernick ( 1897) coined the latin name āVIRUSā meaning Poison. He studied plant juices and found they caused healthy plants to become sick.
Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from sick Tobacco plants. He discovered viruses were made of nucleic acids and proteins.
Geminivirus:one of the family of plant virus.
Currently over 360 species in this family, divided among 9 genera.
Diseases associated with this family include bright yellow mosaic , yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.
Ss circular dna diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (AMBISENSE).
Virus Classification:Group ā Group II (ssDNA)
Order - Unassigned
Family - Geminiviridae
Genera ā Becurtovirus Grablovirus
Begomovirus Mastrevirus
Capulavirus Topocuvirus
curtovirus Turncurtovirus
Eragrovirus
Structure: have Circular single-stranded DNA.
Genome is either in two segments.
The non-segmented genome is 2500-3000 nucleotides long, and the segmented genome is 4800-5600 nucleotides long.
The genome encodes for both structural and non-structural proteins.
In geminivirus, both segments must be transmitted to the host for a full systemic infection to occur.
Virion Sturcture:Geminivirus are non-enveloped, icosahedral virions that consists of a capsid.
The capsid is germinate, or twinned, and consists of 22 Capsomers.
The capsid is 30nm long and has a diameter of 18-20nm.
Symptoms:the time of infection, the virus strains and the presence of mixed infections.
Common symptoms are stunting, curling, and twisting of leaves.
Short internodes and stunted appearance , no apical growth caused by early infection.
Replication:Geminivirus encodes only a few proteins, thus they need to dependent host cell factors for replication.
These factors are DNA polymerase and repair polymerase to amplify their genome.
Replicate by a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids.
Rhizobium
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
1. Experiments conducted by Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provided evidence that RNA can act as genetic material.
2. They were able to separate the TMV into RNA and protein components, and found that RNA alone was able to cause infection when introduced into tobacco plants, demonstrating that RNA carries the genetic information.
3. They also generated chimeric viruses by combining the RNA of one TMV strain with the proteins of another strain. These chimeras displayed characteristics dependent on the source of the RNA, not the proteins, proving that the specificity of viral proteins is determined by the RNA.
Mycorrhiza
This document provides an overview of mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhiza and explains that 95% of plant species form these relationships. It then classifies and describes the main types of mycorrhizal associations like ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and orchid mycorrhiza. The document outlines the importance and benefits of mycorrhizal relationships for plant growth and health. It also discusses methods for isolating, mass producing, and applying mycorrhizal fungi.
Tmv
This document discusses Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), which infects over 350 plant species including economically important crops like tobacco and tomatoes. TMV is a rod-shaped virus composed of RNA and coat proteins. It replicates by translating its RNA inside plant cells and using movement proteins to spread between cells. Infection causes mosaic patterns, necrosis, curling and stunted growth. TMV is transmitted mechanically through contaminated tools or plant material and can overwinter in weeds or debris. Management strategies include using virus-free plants, removing weeds, disinfecting tools, and propagating through seed rather than vegetative material.
Microbial pest control ppt
This document discusses microbial pest control using microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It provides examples of different microbial pesticides - Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a bacterial pesticide against lepidopteran pests. Viral pesticides include baculoviruses that infect Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. Fungal pesticides such as Beauveria and Metarrhizium grow on insect bodies and produce toxins. Entomopathogenic nematodes parasitize and kill insect hosts. The document also outlines the characteristics, mechanisms of action and advantages of various microbial pesticides.
Microbial interaction.pptx
This document discusses various types of microbial interactions:
- Positive interactions include symbiosis (mutualism, protocooperation, commensalism) where organisms benefit each other. Examples given are lichens and protozoan-termite symbiosis.
- Negative interactions include antagonism, amensalism, predation, parasitism, and competition. In antagonism, one organism inhibits another. In amensalism and predation one benefits while the other is harmed. Parasitism also harms the host. Competition adversely affects both interacting organisms.
- Specific examples discussed include lactic acid bacteria inhibiting pathogens, Bdellovibrio as a bacterial predator, and viral
Transformation in bacteria
transformation in bacteria is a classical example of horizontal gene transfer which leads to enhanced survivability and also introduction of variations that may lead to evolution
Genetics of bacteria
Genetics in bacteria can involve two types of gene transfer: vertical and horizontal. Vertical gene transfer occurs between generations through inheritance from parent to offspring cells. Horizontal gene transfer occurs between cells of the same generation through three main processes: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA from the environment. Transduction involves transfer of bacterial DNA between cells by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves direct transfer of DNA through cell-to-cell contact via conjugation pili.
Bioremediation of hydrocarbon ā a review
This document provides an overview of bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollution. It discusses various techniques used for hydrocarbon pollution removal and their disadvantages. It then describes bioremediation as a natural process that uses microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons into less toxic forms. The document outlines different bioremediation strategies like bioaugmentation and biostimulation and notes advantages such as low cost and generating non-toxic byproducts. It also discusses using genetically engineered microorganisms and phytoremediation using plants. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the need for understanding biodegradation mechanisms to transform pollutants in less toxic forms using microorganisms and plants.
What's hot (20)
The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...
The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...
Ā
Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
Ā
Similar to Control and Management of Viruses
Microorganisms Friends and Foe Part 3
Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They come in various shapes and sizes and can infect animals, plants, and bacteria. Useful microbes are used in food/beverage production, medicine, vaccine production, and environmental cleanup. Harmful microbes can cause communicable diseases in humans and plants via air, water, food, or contact. Antibiotics are drugs that kill germs and cure infections, while vaccines protect against diseases by triggering antibody production without causing illness. Proper vaccination prevents diseases like cholera, hepatitis, smallpox, and tuberculosis.
Principles of management of virus diseases
This document summarizes conventional and biotechnological approaches for managing viral plant diseases. Conventional approaches include using virus-free planting materials, cultural practices, vector management, heat therapy, meristem tip culture, and barrier crops. Biotechnological approaches involve pathogen-derived resistance through expression of viral coat proteins or RNA interference mechanisms to inhibit viral genes. The document provides examples and details of various conventional and biotechnological techniques for eliminating viruses from infected plants.
Fungal superbugs
Fungal superbugs are fungi that are resistant to most commonly used antifungals and fungicides. Candida auris is a deadly fungal superbug that is often drug-resistant and misidentified in laboratories. It can spread between patients in healthcare facilities through contact with contaminated surfaces or other carriers. Treatment is difficult as C. auris is usually resistant to multiple antifungal classes. Researchers are studying ancient remedies, combination therapies, and biological controls to address the growing problem of antifungal resistance outpacing new drug development.
common plant viral diseases.pdf
The document discusses several common viral diseases that affect important crop plants. It provides details on the pathogens, symptoms, treatment, and control or prevention methods for:
- Rice tungro disease caused by Rice tungro virus (RTSV, RTBV) in paddy crops.
- Rice yellow mottle disease caused by Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in paddy crops.
- Leaf mottle disease, a viral disease of cotton, caused by an unknown pathogen.
It also briefly mentions other common viral diseases in tomatoes, cotton, and their respective causal pathogens and symptoms. The emphasis is on integrated pest management approaches including resistant varieties, sanitation, and controlling insect vectors through organic
076
Viruses are infectious agents that can cause disease in humans, animals and plants. They range from those that cause minor illnesses like the common cold to more serious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Viruses insert their genetic material into host cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate. They are host specific and thought to have originated from host cell genetic material. While some viruses can be beneficial for controlling pests, viruses overall are responsible for a wide range of diseases through disrupting normal host functioning. Prevention through vaccines is crucial given viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics.
Vector Borne Diseases - The Growing Menace
Detail about the Menace of Vector Borne Diseases in India. Planned "Modus Operandi" and Role of Hospitals in managing them.
Bioterrorism
This document discusses bioterrorism and various biological agents that could potentially be used for bioterrorism. It describes the US CDC categories of biological agents (Category A, B, C) and provides details on specific agents like smallpox, anthrax, plague, and their pathogenesis. It also outlines measures for biosurveillance, personal protection during autopsies of suspected bioterrorism cases, and protocols for specimen collection that can aid in identifying the biological agent used.
powerpoint for mapeh 8 (health 8) quarter 3.pptx
- Pathogens are organisms that cause disease and include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites.
- Bacteria and fungi are important in ecosystems but some species can cause illness in humans. Viruses and parasites rely on living hosts.
- Common diseases result from pathogens like influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, malaria protozoa, and roundworm infections. Those with weak immune systems face higher risks. Prevention focuses on hygiene, sanitation, and treatment of infections.
Production of biopestcides
This document summarizes the production of biopesticides. It discusses that biopesticides are derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms and are less toxic than chemical pesticides. Some important microbial biopesticides produced include Bacillus thuringiensis, Agrobacterium radiobacter, and pheromones. The production process involves raw materials, fermentation reactors, purification systems, drying, packaging, and waste treatment. While biopesticides have advantages like specificity and low environmental impact, they also have disadvantages like slow effect and lack of persistence.
Doctoral seminar: Management of viral diseases in pulses and oilseeds
PL.PATH-691 (Doctoral seminar), I presented on topic: Management of viral diseases in pulses and oilseeds. In which, I explained virus, history of virus, classification of plant virus, different viral diseases of pulses and oilseed crops, their management and three case studies. As we know that, virus always alters its genetic material and it is difficult and tedious to manage plant viral diseases.
Plant pest including virus
Characteristics of pet/virus , plant disease , pest life cycle, regarding and repeating plant disease , selecting treatment methods, Control plant pest / virus .
Presentation1
Dengue is a major public health concern spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It can be self-limiting but dangerous in severe forms. Control activities include surveillance of cases and mosquito larvae, case management through diagnosis and treatment, vector control through environmental management and chemicals, outbreak response, capacity building, and community education. Key prevention methods are source reduction of mosquito breeding sites, larviciding, fogging, and personal protection measures. An integrated approach addresses all aspects of prevention, including inter-sectoral coordination and community participation.
Microbial control - insect- pest control
This document summarizes integrated pest management and microbial control methods. It discusses how integrated pest management aims to control pest populations below an economic threshold using a variety of techniques. It then describes several microbial agents used for control, including bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi, viruses, nematodes, and protozoa. The modes of action and target pests of different microbial controls are outlined. While microbial pesticides are specific and non-toxic, their effects may not be immediate and they require proper production and application.
Threats and preventions of bioterrorism
This document discusses threats, impacts, and preparedness for bioterrorism. It outlines various threats including threats to the economy from spreading animal and plant diseases, threats to wildlife and biodiversity, and psycho-social impacts on the population during a bioterrorism attack. It also discusses key elements of bioterrorism threats including the actor, agent, target, and mode of attack. The document then covers impacts on the population size and environment. Finally, it discusses various aspects of bioterrorism preparedness including prevention, detection, response, and the roles of clinicians, laboratories, and surveillance systems.
Infection control
The document discusses infection control and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It defines infections as diseases caused by pathogens or microorganisms growing in the body. Infections can be generalized, affecting the entire body, or localized to a specific area. The main goals of infection control are to prevent infectious disease transmission by decreasing microbial sources, blocking transmission routes, and strengthening host resistance. Standard precautions like hand hygiene and personal protective equipment are key to breaking the chain of infection.
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
This document discusses Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE). It begins by explaining that antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally as microbes evolve, but is exacerbated by inappropriate antibiotic use. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both wealthier and developing nations has contributed to the rise of resistant strains. VRE is transmitted through direct contact and can cause difficult to treat infections. Risk factors include recent antibiotic use, hospitalization, and weakened immunity. Laboratories test for VRE and hospitals implement precautions like isolation, protective equipment, cleaning, and surveillance to control outbreaks. Treatment options for VRE infections are limited to antibiotics like linezolid and daptomycin.
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals like cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. It begins with fever and the development of blisters around the mouth and feet. While rarely fatal, it can cause pregnant animals to abort and decrease milk production in dairy cattle. The virus spreads rapidly through direct contact between animals, contact with contaminated materials, and airborne transmission. Clinical signs vary between species but include lameness, sores, blisters, drooling, and reluctance to move. Vaccination, quarantines, surveillance, biosecurity, and disposal of infected livestock are important for control and eradication of the disease.
Chapter05
This document provides an overview of chapter 5 which discusses therapy for fungi and viruses. It begins by outlining the chapter topics which include fungi/antifungals and viruses/antivirals. The learning objectives are then stated. The document then discusses the characteristics of fungi and viruses, how they infect cells, their classification, and how antifungals/antivirals work. Specific antifungal, antiviral, and antiretroviral drugs are also outlined along with their indications, side effects and important dispensing considerations.
combined notes on microbiology and immunolgy.pptx
This document provides an overview of microbiology and immunology. It discusses the historical background of microbiology, key contributors to the field, classification of microorganisms, bacterial cell structure and growth, and modes of transmission of infections. It also covers types of immunity, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. The document is intended as a course outline for a combined microbiology and immunology course.
vaccines and anti-viral drugs
This document discusses vaccines and antiviral drugs. It provides details on the history of vaccines including Edward Jenner's pioneering work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. It describes the various types of vaccines such as live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, and conjugate vaccines. The document also discusses the vaccine production process and gives examples of commonly used antiviral drugs for influenza, herpes, and hepatitis.
Similar to Control and Management of Viruses (20)
Doctoral seminar: Management of viral diseases in pulses and oilseeds
Doctoral seminar: Management of viral diseases in pulses and oilseeds
Ā
Recently uploaded
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at š³ = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SNā2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
ā
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
Ā±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SNāIa, SNā2023adsy is both fairly red (
ļæ½
ā¢
(
ļæ½
ā
ļæ½
)
ā¼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high CaāII velocity (
19
,
000
Ā±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNeāIa. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNeāIa, particularly SNā2016hnk, SNā2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
ļæ½
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
ļæ½
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SNā2023adsy and find that the SNā2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
ā²
1
ā¢
ļæ½
) with
Ī
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
ļæ½
Ca-rich SNeāIa, SNā2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SNāIa standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNeāIa is required to determine if SNāIa population characteristics at high-
ļæ½
truly diverge from their low-
ļæ½
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and ReplicabilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Ā
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Ā
Mites,Slug,Snail_Infesting agricultural crops.pdf
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
I am the PhD scholar of FND department, Assam down town University
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted BrĪ³ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual HāK and KāL colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (ā15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 Ā± 20ā¦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holesā stars: formationā Galaxy: centerā galaxies: star formation
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the RāI spectral index by 1.0 Ā±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!Ā
Signatures of wave erosion in Titanās coasts
The shorelines of Titanās hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titanās seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titanās seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Warehousing
Good warehousing practices
Material management
Analysis of Polygenic Traits (GPB-602)
Quantitative genetics ā study of inheritance of quantitative characters or polygenic characters in experimental populations.
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
Recently uploaded (20)
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at š³ = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at š³ = 2.9 wi...
Ā
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Ā
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Ā
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Ā
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
Ā
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Ā
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Ā
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Ā
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ā
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
Ā
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Ā
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
Ā
Control and Management of Viruses
- 2. ā¢ Management of Viruses refers to Control of Viruses and viral diseases. ā¢ Control; Create unfavorable conditions for virus (or) break infection chain of viruses. ā¢ Control of Viruses plays a major role to stop the viral diseases. ā¢ There are different Methods to control viruses in Plants,Animals&Humans.
- 3. 1.CULTURAL PRACTICES 3.VECTOR CONTROL 2.SANITATION 4.VACCINES 5.ANTI VIRAL DRUGS AND CHEMOTHERAPY
- 4. ā¢ CULTURAL PRACTICES ā¢ Most of the plant Viruses transmitted through Insects vectors,vegitative propagation, Sap transmission,by seed,Pollens. ā¢METHODS TO CONTROL PLANT VIRUSES . ā¢ TRAP CROPS. This is excellent strategy to divert the insects and pest from primary crop. Main Crop Trap crop 1.Cotton Ladies finger,seasame 2.potato,Tomato Marie gold
- 5. ā¢ INTER CROPING; ā¢ Where two or more Crops are cultivated in the same time in the field. ā¢ To reduce virus transmission through one place to another place ā¢ CROP ROTATION; ā¢ Most of the plant virus are specific to their host. To avoid viral diseases changing the crop variety for season to season also effective to reduce diseases
- 6. ā¢ MULCHING; ā¢ Mulching is the process of applying natural (or) artificial layer of plants residues on the soil surface. ā¢ Like plastic, organic,bio degradable mulches ā¢ ROGUING(WEEDING) ā¢ Identification and removing of undesirable (unwanted) plantās from fields
- 7. ā¢ FEILDSANITATION; ā¢ Removel of plant debris and infected plants as soon as possible ā¢ Removel of post harvest debris& Plowing of fields to expose to sun. ā¢ TRAPS: ā¢ Which are coloured traps having gums on thier surfaces. ā¢ They attracted insects and attached to thier surfaces ā¢ TRANSGENIC APPROACHES: ā¢ Developing genetically modified variations/plants to prevent viral diseases,
- 8. ā¢ CROSSPROTECTION: ā¢ It is a pre-immunization method of plant Viruses ā¢ Where a plant is deliberately infected with mild strain of a virus in order to protect the plants against the damage. ā¢ CHEMICALS ā¢ A variety of chemicals are available that have been designed to control plant diseases by inhibiting the growth of or by killing the disease-causing Viruses ā¢ Spraying direct to crops
- 9. SANITATION ā¢ Sanitation is a preventive and strategic method to help the control the spread of Viruses ā¢ Surface sanitation ā¢ Surface treatment ā¢ Jets&sprays ā¢ UV LED rays ā¢ Ambient treatment ā¢ Fumigation ā¢ Fogging ā¢ Ventilation& sterile condition ā¢Methods To Control Human And animal Viruses
- 10. ā¢ Chemicals Used In sanitation: ā¢ Alcohol.(ethanol) (isopropanol) ā¢ Chlorine and chlorin compounds. Are used to disinfect sewage Water and industrial waste ā¢ Formaldehyde.(Commonly used as an industrial fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant) ā¢ Glutaraldehyde.Used to sterile heat sensitive equipments like Dialysis tubes ā¢ Hydrogen peroxide.a mild antiseptic used on the skin to prevent infection of minor cuts, scrapes, and burns ā¢ Iodophors. The disinfection of surfaces in breweries and dairy industries. ā¢ Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) ā¢ Peracetic acid.
- 11. CONTROL OF VECTORS ā¢ In humans& animals some of the viral diseases transmitted through Mosquitoes,birds ā¢ Ex.Dengue, chicken gunya ,yellow fewer,zika ā¢ Control of mosquitoes: ā¢ Removel of standing water where mosquitoes can large located out doors Cans,bottels,tyres closed Drainage system. ā¢ Use mosquito nets,oils on body to avoid biting ā¢ Use chemicals, pesticides like pyrethriod
- 12. ā¢ In birds Avian influenza and bird flu transmitted through aquatic birds to poultry ā¢ Direct contact with dead birds in poultry. ā¢ Use proper gloves and sanitise with alcohol after removel of dead infected birds in poultry ā¢ In Humans ā¢ Maintain a safe distance and avoid person to person contact with infected person. ā¢ Do not touch blood,serum,fluid,siliva of infected person ā¢ Wear Mask
- 13. VACCINES ā¢ The vaccine Is biological preparation that provides active acquire immunity to a particular infectious disease ā¢ There are several types of vaccines are there ā¢ INACTIVATED VACCINES ā¢ These vaccines used killed version of the virus that causes a disease. ā¢ Ex.Covaxin for COVID-19, Hepataitis-A Flu,polio,Rabies vaccines. ā¢ LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE ā¢ This vaccine have live virus but weekend version of Viruses so that doesnāt cause serious disease. ā¢ Ex.Measles,Mumps,Rubella(MMR Combined vaccines)
- 14. ā¢ MESSENGER RNA VACCINES ā¢ These are different from traditional vaccines ā¢ Do not expose any real virus instead of making with mrna. ā¢ Mrna mediate cells to make harmless spike proteins like virus spike proteins ā¢ Ex.Gemcovac-19 (COVID-19 vaccine) ā¢ TOXOID VACCINES: ā¢ Toxoid vaccines uses toxin(harmful product ) made by the virus that causes a disease. ā¢ That means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole virus. ā¢ Ex.Diptheria,Tetanus (TT)
- 15. ā¢ VIRAL VECTOR VACCINES: ā¢ Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a virus (vector) to deliver genitic instructions to body cells . ā¢ The cells produce harmless viral spikes called antigens which triggers an immune system in the body ā¢ If body exposed to the real virus immune System recognise it and know how to fight. ā¢ Ex.Sputnik And Covishield vaccines (Adeno virus has vector )
- 16. ā¢ SUBUNIT RECOMBINANT, POLYSACCHARIDE,AND CONJUAGATE VACCINES ā¢ This vaccines use a specific piece of part of the virus like( capsid, protein,sugars ) ā¢ And making specific antibodies. ā¢ Ex.Hepatatis-B,HPV (Human papilloma virus) ā¢ DNA VACCINES
- 17. ANTI VIRAL DRUGS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ā¢ Chemotherapy is medication used for treating or reduce infection of viral diseases with help of anti viral drugs. ā¢ Specific anti viral drugs are used for specific viruses to inhibit virus replication ā¢ Lower the viral load (amount of active virus) in the body ā¢ Disease Like HIV doesnāt have vaccine using antiviral drugs Lowering Infection of disease.
- 18. ā¢ Commonly used anti viral drugs
- 19. ā¢ REFERENCES ā¢ Book: Introduction to MODERN VIROLOGY BY N.J.Dimmock A.J.Easton And K.N.Leppard. ā¢ Book:Fenner's Veterinary Virology by N. James MacLachlan and Edward J. Dubovi (fifth edition 2016) ā¢ Iculturewale.com ā¢ http://nwrm.eu/measure/intercropping ā¢ www.agriculturewale.com ā¢ https://www.who.int ā¢ Www.canr.msu.edu ā¢ www.hhs.gov