The document discusses various methods of excreta and sewage disposal. It begins with definitions of terms like sewage and sullage. It then describes different types of latrines for excreta disposal in unsewered areas like pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, borehole latrines, and pour-flush latrines. It also discusses trench latrines and composting toilets. The document emphasizes the importance of proper sanitation and sewage management for public health.
This document discusses the importance of drinking water treatment plants. It describes several key processes used in water treatment including screening, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and softening. Screening is used to remove large solid materials from surface water sources. Aeration removes undesirable gases and organic matter. Flocculation and sedimentation work to combine particles and remove suspended solids. Filtration then removes any remaining fine particles or microorganisms. Softening and disinfection are also important treatment processes.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIAManoj Chaurasia
this upload on bio-medical waste treatment and disposal overview is improved version of my previous upload on the subject. The presentation highlights the bio-medical treatment status at Allahabad, India. The content is the result of my experience gained from routine inspections of various health care facilities located in Allahabad region.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engg-II as per syllabus of solapur university for TE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The document discusses common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBWTF) and their advantages over individual treatment by small healthcare units. It notes that CBWTF address costs and prevent proliferation of equipment by running treatment, like incineration, at full capacity. The main treatment methods discussed are incineration, autoclaving, shredding, and secured landfill disposal. Incineration treats around 90% of biomedical waste in Warangal by reducing it to inert ash and gases at high temperatures. Autoclaving and shredding also help treat waste in an environmentally-safe manner.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It defines the objective of solid waste management as controlling, collecting, processing, and disposing of solid waste in an economical way while protecting public health. It then classifies different types of solid waste such as municipal solid waste, biomedical waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, and e-waste. The document discusses sources and collection of solid waste in India and the impacts of solid waste on health. It also examines causes of increased solid waste and different disposal methods like landfilling and incineration. Finally, it justifies the 3R concept of reduction, reuse, and recycling in municipal solid waste management.
Solid waste and hospital waste management are important for public health. Common methods for solid waste disposal include dumping, controlled tipping/sanitary landfilling, incineration, composting, manure pits, and burial. Hospital waste poses greater health risks and is classified according to its sources and hazards. Proper treatment and disposal methods like incineration, chemical disinfection, and thermal or microwave treatment can reduce risks from infectious, chemical, radioactive, and genotoxic hospital waste. Public education is needed for effective waste management.
The document discusses biomedical waste (BMW) management. It defines BMW and notes that it is generated from hospitals, clinics, labs, and other medical facilities. BMW is categorized based on infectivity and other hazardous properties. The key aspects of an effective BMW management program are waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment. Occupational safety and regulatory compliance are also important. The document provides details on BMW rules and guidelines in India to help facilities properly manage this waste to protect human health and the environment.
This document discusses the importance of drinking water treatment plants. It describes several key processes used in water treatment including screening, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and softening. Screening is used to remove large solid materials from surface water sources. Aeration removes undesirable gases and organic matter. Flocculation and sedimentation work to combine particles and remove suspended solids. Filtration then removes any remaining fine particles or microorganisms. Softening and disinfection are also important treatment processes.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIAManoj Chaurasia
this upload on bio-medical waste treatment and disposal overview is improved version of my previous upload on the subject. The presentation highlights the bio-medical treatment status at Allahabad, India. The content is the result of my experience gained from routine inspections of various health care facilities located in Allahabad region.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engg-II as per syllabus of solapur university for TE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The document discusses common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBWTF) and their advantages over individual treatment by small healthcare units. It notes that CBWTF address costs and prevent proliferation of equipment by running treatment, like incineration, at full capacity. The main treatment methods discussed are incineration, autoclaving, shredding, and secured landfill disposal. Incineration treats around 90% of biomedical waste in Warangal by reducing it to inert ash and gases at high temperatures. Autoclaving and shredding also help treat waste in an environmentally-safe manner.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It defines the objective of solid waste management as controlling, collecting, processing, and disposing of solid waste in an economical way while protecting public health. It then classifies different types of solid waste such as municipal solid waste, biomedical waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, and e-waste. The document discusses sources and collection of solid waste in India and the impacts of solid waste on health. It also examines causes of increased solid waste and different disposal methods like landfilling and incineration. Finally, it justifies the 3R concept of reduction, reuse, and recycling in municipal solid waste management.
Solid waste and hospital waste management are important for public health. Common methods for solid waste disposal include dumping, controlled tipping/sanitary landfilling, incineration, composting, manure pits, and burial. Hospital waste poses greater health risks and is classified according to its sources and hazards. Proper treatment and disposal methods like incineration, chemical disinfection, and thermal or microwave treatment can reduce risks from infectious, chemical, radioactive, and genotoxic hospital waste. Public education is needed for effective waste management.
The document discusses biomedical waste (BMW) management. It defines BMW and notes that it is generated from hospitals, clinics, labs, and other medical facilities. BMW is categorized based on infectivity and other hazardous properties. The key aspects of an effective BMW management program are waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment. Occupational safety and regulatory compliance are also important. The document provides details on BMW rules and guidelines in India to help facilities properly manage this waste to protect human health and the environment.
This document provides information on incineration and pyrolysis processes for waste treatment. It defines incineration as the combustion of organic waste materials at high temperatures, producing ash, flue gas and heat. Multiple chamber incinerators and municipal incinerators are described. Pyrolysis is defined as the thermal decomposition of organic materials through heating without oxygen. Dry and oxidizing pyrolysis methods are outlined. The advantages of each process are noted, such as reduced emissions and reusable byproducts for incineration, while the disadvantages include costs and incomplete waste reduction.
STP removes contaminants from wastewater and household sewage and is used for domestic wastewater treatment in residential areas. ETP treats industrial effluent and wastewater from sectors like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and leather through evaporation and drying as well as centrifuging, filtration, and incineration, and is used widely in industrial settings.
This document summarizes different methods of solid waste disposal including sanitary landfilling, composting, incineration, pyrolysis, and barging waste out to sea. It also discusses the effects of improper disposal and provides a case study of solid waste management in Mumbai, India. Some key issues identified are the sheer volume of waste generated and lack of proper waste segregation. The document concludes with recommendations like improving collection, awareness, and prohibiting littering.
This document discusses wet air oxidation as a process for treating concentrated chemical waste streams. It begins with an overview of chemical process industry and various waste treatment approaches. Wet air oxidation is described as a subcritical thermal oxidation process that occurs in an aqueous medium between 100-250°C and 5-20 atm of oxygen pressure. Key advantages are its ability to handle concentrated and toxic wastes while allowing for water recycling. The document outlines reaction mechanisms, kinetics, catalyst use and integration with other processes. Design considerations and a systematic approach for implementing water treatment and recycling are also presented.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management rules and regulations in India. It defines biomedical waste and outlines the key steps for managing waste, including characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. It discusses the current scenario of biomedical waste generation and treatment in India. It also summarizes the major differences between the 1998 and 2016 biomedical waste management rules, including changes to waste categories, treatment standards, and operator duties. Formats for authorization applications, annual reports, and accident reporting are also included.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
This document summarizes the wastewater treatment process at Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences hospital in Srinagar, India. The wastewater treatment plant has two phases, with phase 1 including primary sedimentation, aeration, and secondary clarification and phase 2 including screening, grit removal, aeration, and secondary clarification. After treatment, effluent is sent to sludge beds and soak wells before final discharge to a nearby lake. However, the current facility is insufficient for fully treating hospital wastewater and poses health risks, as screens, grit, and sludge are not properly maintained or disposed of.
This document summarizes the key stages in a typical water treatment process, including initial collection and screening of raw water, aeration, sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation to remove suspended solids, filtration to remove microorganisms and colloids, and disinfection through chlorination to kill bacteria. It describes the purpose and mechanisms of processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Different filter types are also outlined, including slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, and pressure filters.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The main goal is to conserve resources that are being depleted due to rising population and consumption. The document discusses India's municipal solid waste management challenges including the amounts and types of waste generated, health impacts, and management processes like collection, segregation, recycling, composting, and landfilling. It provides statistics on the amounts of waste generated and processed in India as well as the projected increases in waste if no action is taken.
Sewage disposal involves treating sewage to reduce its environmental impact and protect public health. Sewage contains solid and liquid waste from homes and communities. The main goals of sewage treatment are to stabilize organic matter and produce an effluent that can be safely disposed of in waterways or on land. Common methods include primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge, and final disposal through methods such as rivers, oceans, or land application. Proper sewage treatment and disposal is important for public health by reducing disease transmission.
Biomedical waste includes solid waste generated during medical procedures and contains infectious and hazardous materials. It is important to properly manage biomedical waste to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. There are several categories of biomedical waste that require specific handling and disposal methods according to color-coded containers and bags. Improper management of biomedical waste can lead to infections in patients and waste handlers. Key steps to manage biomedical waste include segregation, transportation to treatment facilities, and using techniques like incineration, autoclaving, and chemical treatment to dispose of waste safely.
Sewage and liquid waste management involves treating sewage through various stages. Sewage first undergoes pre-treatment which includes screening to remove large debris and grit removal to allow sand and gravel to settle. It then undergoes primary treatment which uses sedimentation to remove 50-70% of solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to reduce organic material using oxygen and bacteria. The treated effluent undergoes disinfection before being disposed of safely while sludge is digested and disposed of through methods like land application or sea disposal. Various treatment stages aim to purify sewage to acceptable standards before disposal.
This presentation gives information about Incineration method. A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments.
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent.
Types of incinerators
Advantages of Incineration
Disadvantages of Incineration
This document provides information about how to properly deal with dry waste. It defines what dry waste includes, such as plastics, paper, and metal/glass. It explains that dry waste should be sorted into these categories and disposed of properly, either through regular collection services or donation. Key steps include thoroughly cleaning and drying any food containers before disposal, and separating dry waste from wet waste, sanitary waste, and other non-dry items. Proper disposal of dry waste into the correct streams supports recycling and reuse.
Regulatory Requirements of Solid Waste Management, Indian ContextAkepati S. Reddy
The document discusses the regulatory requirements for solid waste management in India. It outlines the various rules and laws governing plastic waste, e-waste, biomedical waste, construction waste, and other hazardous wastes. It also describes the duties and responsibilities of various stakeholders in the waste management process like local authorities, pollution control boards, waste generators, and transport and processing facilities. Finally, it provides details on proper waste handling, segregation, storage, collection, transportation, processing, and disposal in accordance with the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016.
Hazardous Waste Management & Its Legal Requirement in IndiaNikesh Banwade
The Presentation Brief about the
Hazardous Waste,
Hazardous Waste Storage,
Hazardous Waste management,
Hazardous waste management Rule 2016,
Its legal requirement,
Hazardous waste generated at home & in Cement Manufacturing Industries.
Other Waste
2018
Manifest system
Transportation
Cement Manufacturing
AFR
Alternative Fuel and Raw Material
Cement Kiln
The document provides information on bio-medical waste management rules in India. It discusses that bio-medical waste is waste generated from healthcare facilities and includes human tissues, blood, chemicals, sharps etc. The rules classify waste into different color coded categories and prescribe standards for segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment of waste. It highlights that improper management of bio-medical waste poses health and safety risks. The rules have been amended over time to better regulate waste management. Strict adherence to the waste management procedures outlined in the rules is important to ensure safety of health workers and the public.
The document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Rourkela Steel Plant. The ETP treats wastewater from the Gas Cleaning Plant and recycles it for further use. The wastewater contains high levels of suspended solids that are removed through a multi-step process involving flash mixing with coagulants, settling in clarifiers, dewatering using a filter press, and recycling of treated water. The ETP is designed to treat 1140 cubic meters of wastewater per hour to reduce costs and conserve water resources.
The document provides information about effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It discusses the need to treat effluent to prevent environmental pollution. It describes the major treatment units in ETPs, which include preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove heavier particles, and secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to break down organic matter. The document contains detailed information about the individual processes and units used at each stage of treatment in an ETP.
The document discusses wastewater treatment processes and septic systems. It provides details on various treatment stages like primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. It also describes different treatment units like trickling filters, activated sludge process and aerated lagoons. Regarding septic systems, it explains how wastewater flows from the house to the septic tank where solids settle and are partially decomposed. The treated water then flows to a drain field where further treatment occurs as it percolates through the soil. Proper maintenance of septic systems is important to prevent contamination of groundwater sources.
This document provides information on incineration and pyrolysis processes for waste treatment. It defines incineration as the combustion of organic waste materials at high temperatures, producing ash, flue gas and heat. Multiple chamber incinerators and municipal incinerators are described. Pyrolysis is defined as the thermal decomposition of organic materials through heating without oxygen. Dry and oxidizing pyrolysis methods are outlined. The advantages of each process are noted, such as reduced emissions and reusable byproducts for incineration, while the disadvantages include costs and incomplete waste reduction.
STP removes contaminants from wastewater and household sewage and is used for domestic wastewater treatment in residential areas. ETP treats industrial effluent and wastewater from sectors like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and leather through evaporation and drying as well as centrifuging, filtration, and incineration, and is used widely in industrial settings.
This document summarizes different methods of solid waste disposal including sanitary landfilling, composting, incineration, pyrolysis, and barging waste out to sea. It also discusses the effects of improper disposal and provides a case study of solid waste management in Mumbai, India. Some key issues identified are the sheer volume of waste generated and lack of proper waste segregation. The document concludes with recommendations like improving collection, awareness, and prohibiting littering.
This document discusses wet air oxidation as a process for treating concentrated chemical waste streams. It begins with an overview of chemical process industry and various waste treatment approaches. Wet air oxidation is described as a subcritical thermal oxidation process that occurs in an aqueous medium between 100-250°C and 5-20 atm of oxygen pressure. Key advantages are its ability to handle concentrated and toxic wastes while allowing for water recycling. The document outlines reaction mechanisms, kinetics, catalyst use and integration with other processes. Design considerations and a systematic approach for implementing water treatment and recycling are also presented.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management rules and regulations in India. It defines biomedical waste and outlines the key steps for managing waste, including characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. It discusses the current scenario of biomedical waste generation and treatment in India. It also summarizes the major differences between the 1998 and 2016 biomedical waste management rules, including changes to waste categories, treatment standards, and operator duties. Formats for authorization applications, annual reports, and accident reporting are also included.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
This document summarizes the wastewater treatment process at Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences hospital in Srinagar, India. The wastewater treatment plant has two phases, with phase 1 including primary sedimentation, aeration, and secondary clarification and phase 2 including screening, grit removal, aeration, and secondary clarification. After treatment, effluent is sent to sludge beds and soak wells before final discharge to a nearby lake. However, the current facility is insufficient for fully treating hospital wastewater and poses health risks, as screens, grit, and sludge are not properly maintained or disposed of.
This document summarizes the key stages in a typical water treatment process, including initial collection and screening of raw water, aeration, sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation to remove suspended solids, filtration to remove microorganisms and colloids, and disinfection through chlorination to kill bacteria. It describes the purpose and mechanisms of processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Different filter types are also outlined, including slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, and pressure filters.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The main goal is to conserve resources that are being depleted due to rising population and consumption. The document discusses India's municipal solid waste management challenges including the amounts and types of waste generated, health impacts, and management processes like collection, segregation, recycling, composting, and landfilling. It provides statistics on the amounts of waste generated and processed in India as well as the projected increases in waste if no action is taken.
Sewage disposal involves treating sewage to reduce its environmental impact and protect public health. Sewage contains solid and liquid waste from homes and communities. The main goals of sewage treatment are to stabilize organic matter and produce an effluent that can be safely disposed of in waterways or on land. Common methods include primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge, and final disposal through methods such as rivers, oceans, or land application. Proper sewage treatment and disposal is important for public health by reducing disease transmission.
Biomedical waste includes solid waste generated during medical procedures and contains infectious and hazardous materials. It is important to properly manage biomedical waste to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. There are several categories of biomedical waste that require specific handling and disposal methods according to color-coded containers and bags. Improper management of biomedical waste can lead to infections in patients and waste handlers. Key steps to manage biomedical waste include segregation, transportation to treatment facilities, and using techniques like incineration, autoclaving, and chemical treatment to dispose of waste safely.
Sewage and liquid waste management involves treating sewage through various stages. Sewage first undergoes pre-treatment which includes screening to remove large debris and grit removal to allow sand and gravel to settle. It then undergoes primary treatment which uses sedimentation to remove 50-70% of solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to reduce organic material using oxygen and bacteria. The treated effluent undergoes disinfection before being disposed of safely while sludge is digested and disposed of through methods like land application or sea disposal. Various treatment stages aim to purify sewage to acceptable standards before disposal.
This presentation gives information about Incineration method. A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments.
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent.
Types of incinerators
Advantages of Incineration
Disadvantages of Incineration
This document provides information about how to properly deal with dry waste. It defines what dry waste includes, such as plastics, paper, and metal/glass. It explains that dry waste should be sorted into these categories and disposed of properly, either through regular collection services or donation. Key steps include thoroughly cleaning and drying any food containers before disposal, and separating dry waste from wet waste, sanitary waste, and other non-dry items. Proper disposal of dry waste into the correct streams supports recycling and reuse.
Regulatory Requirements of Solid Waste Management, Indian ContextAkepati S. Reddy
The document discusses the regulatory requirements for solid waste management in India. It outlines the various rules and laws governing plastic waste, e-waste, biomedical waste, construction waste, and other hazardous wastes. It also describes the duties and responsibilities of various stakeholders in the waste management process like local authorities, pollution control boards, waste generators, and transport and processing facilities. Finally, it provides details on proper waste handling, segregation, storage, collection, transportation, processing, and disposal in accordance with the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016.
Hazardous Waste Management & Its Legal Requirement in IndiaNikesh Banwade
The Presentation Brief about the
Hazardous Waste,
Hazardous Waste Storage,
Hazardous Waste management,
Hazardous waste management Rule 2016,
Its legal requirement,
Hazardous waste generated at home & in Cement Manufacturing Industries.
Other Waste
2018
Manifest system
Transportation
Cement Manufacturing
AFR
Alternative Fuel and Raw Material
Cement Kiln
The document provides information on bio-medical waste management rules in India. It discusses that bio-medical waste is waste generated from healthcare facilities and includes human tissues, blood, chemicals, sharps etc. The rules classify waste into different color coded categories and prescribe standards for segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment of waste. It highlights that improper management of bio-medical waste poses health and safety risks. The rules have been amended over time to better regulate waste management. Strict adherence to the waste management procedures outlined in the rules is important to ensure safety of health workers and the public.
The document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Rourkela Steel Plant. The ETP treats wastewater from the Gas Cleaning Plant and recycles it for further use. The wastewater contains high levels of suspended solids that are removed through a multi-step process involving flash mixing with coagulants, settling in clarifiers, dewatering using a filter press, and recycling of treated water. The ETP is designed to treat 1140 cubic meters of wastewater per hour to reduce costs and conserve water resources.
The document provides information about effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It discusses the need to treat effluent to prevent environmental pollution. It describes the major treatment units in ETPs, which include preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove heavier particles, and secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to break down organic matter. The document contains detailed information about the individual processes and units used at each stage of treatment in an ETP.
The document discusses wastewater treatment processes and septic systems. It provides details on various treatment stages like primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. It also describes different treatment units like trickling filters, activated sludge process and aerated lagoons. Regarding septic systems, it explains how wastewater flows from the house to the septic tank where solids settle and are partially decomposed. The treated water then flows to a drain field where further treatment occurs as it percolates through the soil. Proper maintenance of septic systems is important to prevent contamination of groundwater sources.
Sand Wand Sediment Removal System for In-stream RestorationStreamside
Streamside LLC develops sediment removal and water treatment technologies to address sedimentation issues and improve water quality. Their flagship product is the patented Sand Wand system, a manually operated suction device that selectively removes fine sediments from gravel streams, restoring habitats. They have completed over 75 projects across the US and Canada. Additional technologies include a sediment collector to prevent further sedimentation and an Airy Gator floating water treatment platform that circulates water to introduce additives.
This document provides information about various components and processes involved in sewage treatment. It discusses the types of contaminants found in sewage, including organic and inorganic materials. It then describes the key steps in sewage treatment, including primary treatment involving screening and grit removal, and secondary biological treatment methods like activated sludge process, UASB, MBBR and SBR. Diagrams show typical flow processes. Design considerations for pumps and components are also covered.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It explains that ETPs treat wastewater from industrial or commercial activities before releasing it into the environment. ETPs use various treatment units like screens, sedimentation tanks, and biological processes to remove pollutants. Primary treatment removes solids while secondary treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment can further purify the water using techniques like filtration and ion exchange. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of common unit operations in ETPs.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants. It describes effluent as liquid waste flowing from various sources and outlines the key stages of industrial wastewater treatment and sewage treatment. These include pre-treatment, screening, grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using biological processes, and sometimes tertiary treatment for advanced cleaning. Sludge produced is also treated and disposed of safely.
includes not only what is waste water, but also how can a treatment plant works to make this clean and reuseable..!!! hopefully it will be helpful for others too.
This document discusses various methods of human excreta disposal. It begins by explaining the importance of safe excreta disposal for public health and breaking disease transmission cycles. It then outlines the main health hazards of improper disposal and discusses sanitation as a barrier to disease. The document proceeds to describe different excreta disposal methods appropriate for unsewered and sewered areas, including pit latrines, septic tanks, aqua privies, and campaigns in India and Nepal promoting open defecation free communities.
The document discusses various methods of solid and human waste disposal. It begins by defining different types of solid waste such as refuse, rubbish, and garbage. It then describes various sanitary and insanitary methods of solid waste disposal, including controlled tipping (sanitary landfill), composting, and incineration. For human waste disposal, it discusses sanitary options like pit latrines, pour flush latrines, and composting latrines as well as insanitary practices like open defecation. The document provides details on the design and operation of these different waste disposal systems.
Titles Included:- Background- Liquid waste and its types- On site liquid waste treatment techniquesa) at household level b) at industrial level.
Septic tank, soak tank, biotanks, Package Type Anaerobic Filter System
Package Contact Aeration System
Package Anaerobic Filter–Contact Aeration System.
This document discusses wastewater treatment. It describes how industries use water for manufacturing, heating, cooling, and other purposes, which results in wastewater that must be treated before discharge. The document outlines important contaminants found in wastewater like suspended solids, nutrients, heavy metals, and more. It then describes common physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods used to remove these contaminants, including screening, sedimentation, flotation, neutralization, and oxidation/reduction.
The document discusses the treatment of industrial wastewater in an effluent treatment plant (ETP). It describes the various treatment units used in an ETP including preliminary (screens, grit chambers), primary (sedimentation tanks), secondary (activated sludge process, trickling filters), and tertiary (filtration, activated carbon) treatments. The goal of an ETP is to remove pollutants from wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes before discharge or reuse, in order to prevent environmental pollution and protect public health. Major pollutants removed include suspended solids, oil and grease, and organic materials that consume oxygen.
1) Sewage treatment plants are necessary to purify wastewater before discharge into rivers or oceans. They employ natural biological processes to break down pollutants.
2) The typical sewage treatment process has four stages: primary treatment to remove solids; secondary biological treatment using microorganisms to oxidize compounds; secondary settling; and tertiary treatment if needed before discharge.
3) Common secondary treatment methods are biological filtration using media to support microbe growth, activated sludge using aeration to sustain microbes, and Pasveer Ditches which circulate and aerate sewage.
Sewage Treatment and a case study of treatment plantGeetika Singla
The document discusses various methods of sewage treatment for unsewered and sewered areas. For unsewered areas, it describes service latrines, non-service latrines including bore hole latrines, dug well latrines, water seal latrines, and septic tanks. For temporary use, it discusses shallow and deep trench latrines. For sewered areas, it explains the water carriage system and primary treatment processes including screening, grit removal, and sedimentation. It also describes secondary treatment methods like trickling filters and activated sludge process.
L10 -PRELIMIARY AND PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
The document discusses various methods for treating wastewater. It describes the classification of treatment methods into physical, chemical, and biological processes. It then explains the stages of wastewater treatment as preliminary treatment to remove large solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove suspended solids, secondary treatment using biological processes to remove dissolved organic matter, and tertiary treatment for additional disinfection or polishing. The document provides details on the design and operation of various treatment units used at each stage, including screens, grit chambers, and sedimentation tanks.
This document discusses sanitation principles and plumbing infrastructure. It describes the purpose of maintaining sanitary environments for public health. Key components of sanitation systems include collection, conveyance, and disposal of sewage and waste. Manholes, inspection chambers, catch basins, lamp holes, and flushing tanks are explained as access points and cleaning mechanisms for sewer lines. The document also discusses solid waste management methods like composting, landfilling, and incineration.
The document discusses various methods of solid waste and sewage disposal. It describes different types of latrines used for human waste disposal in rural areas, including pit latrines, borehole latrines, and aqua privies. The document also discusses bucket latrines, overhung privies, and flush latrines. It explains sewage disposal systems involving transporting liquid waste via drains, sewers, and sewage treatment plants which screen, remove grit, use sedimentation and aeration to treat sewage before disposal. Improper waste and sewage disposal can spread diseases like typhoid, worms, and hepatitis, so the document emphasizes the importance of sanitation, hygiene and sewage treatment for disease prevention.
This document presents the layout and process description of a 36 MLD waste water treatment plant in Kanpur, India. The plant uses an UASB reactor for anaerobic treatment. The process involves screening and grit removal, equalization, mixing, UASB treatment, pre-aeration, clarification, sludge thickening, and collection wells. The UASB reactor removes organic pollutants using anaerobic granular sludge and separates solid, liquid, and gas phases.
This document summarizes a presentation on stress, anxiety, and depression. It discusses what stress is, how the body responds to stress, and common stress disorders. It also examines anxiety as a future-oriented response to threats and lists different anxiety disorders. Finally, it defines depression as a mood disorder and outlines its major symptoms and management strategies, which include seeking medical help, maintaining social support systems, and avoiding alcohol or drugs.
This document discusses nutritional surveillance. It begins with an introduction defining nutritional surveillance as the regular collection and analysis of nutrition data. It then outlines the purpose of nutritional surveillance, which includes monitoring nutrition situations, informing policies, and tracking program progress. The document also provides a brief history of nutritional surveillance and describes the process involving data collection, analysis, dissemination and decision making. It further discusses challenges and provides guidance on establishing nutritional surveillance systems.
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION PROGRAMME.pdfOsahon Otaigbe
This document outlines the principles of public health nutrition programs. It discusses several key points:
1. Effective public health nutrition programs are evidence-based, with interventions backed by needs assessments and evidence of effectiveness.
2. Programs aim to reduce health inequities and promote nutritional health and well-being of whole populations through organized community efforts.
3. Successful programs involve intersectoral collaboration between health, agriculture, and other sectors, as nutrition issues have multiple underlying causes. Community participation in program design and implementation is also important.
HEALTH CARE FINANCING NHIS & ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL COVERAGE.pdfOsahon Otaigbe
This document discusses healthcare financing and the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Nigeria. It provides definitions of key terms related to healthcare financing and universal coverage. The three main functions of healthcare financing are described as resource mobilization, risk pooling, and resource allocation. The NHIS is discussed as Nigeria's approach to achieving universal health coverage and increasing access to quality healthcare services. Challenges to the NHIS expanding coverage are also mentioned.
This document outlines the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and discusses the implications for Nigeria's economy and child health. It provides an overview of the MDGs, including the 8 goals and related targets and indicators. Globally, the document notes that extreme poverty was reduced and access to water increased, but goals on child mortality, maternal health and infectious diseases were only partially met. In Nigeria, child undernutrition and mortality declined but still remain high. The transition to the SDGs faces challenges but also opportunities to further improve health and economic outcomes.
Social Geriatrics: Problems of the Aged and Identification of Predisposing Fa...Osahon Otaigbe
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1. DR. OTAIGBE O. I.
Department of Community Medicine
Irrua SpecialistTeaching Hospital
29th June 2016
2. Introduction
Definitions
Classification of Sewage
Excreta Disposal
Methods of Excreta Disposal
Improved and Unimproved Sanitation
SewageTreatment
SludgeTreatment
Disposal of Effluent
Applications of Sewage Management
Sewage Management and SDG
WorldToilet Day
Conclusion
References
2
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
3. My short confession
An ugly and smelly part of our lives that we rather not
talk about
We pretend it does not exist
Very few people ever think of what happens to their
waste once it has been flushed down the toilet
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29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
4. The hard truth:
IT EXISTS!!!
It exists because we produce it
4
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
5. A safe environment is fundamental to health.
Air and water precede even food and shelter in a
hierarchy of health and survival needs.
Safe water supplies and waste management
(including liquid waste) are important in
ensuring a safe environment.
5
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
6. As at 2015, it was estimated that 2.4 billion
people did not have improved sanitation.
(WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015)
An estimated 946 million people worldwide still
defecate in the open. (WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015)
This constitutes a source of infection and an
important cause of environmental pollution.
6
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
7. Also, waste water from bathing and domestic
washing, if not properly drained, can accumulate
and create a conducive environment for the
proliferation of vectors.
Therefore management of sewage and waste
water disposal are very vital public health
activities.
7
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
8. Sewage is waste water from a community,
containing solid and liquid excreta, derived from
houses, street and yard washings, factories and
industries. (Park, 2011)
Sullage is waste water which does not contain
human excreta e.g. waste water from kitchens
and bathrooms. (Park, 2011)
8
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
9. Sewage Management refers to the various processes
involved in the collection, treatment and sanitary
disposal of liquid and water-carried wastes from
households and industrial plants. (Oloruntoba, 2010)
Sewers are the pipes through which sewage flows.
Sewerage is the network of such pipes through which
sewage flows.
9
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
10. 1. Domestic (human excreta and sullage)
2. Industrial orTrade
3. Runoff (storm water or flood water)
10
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
11. Health hazards of improper excreta disposal include:
▪ Soil pollution
▪ Water pollution
▪ Contamination of foods
▪ Propagation of flies
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29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
12. How is disease carried from excreta?
12
FAECES
WATER
FINGERS
FLIES
SOIL
FOOD
NEW HOST
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
14. Qualities of a sanitary latrine
1. It must not pollute the surface of the soil.
2. It must not contaminate or pollute surface
water or ground water.
3. It must not make sewage accessible to flies and
other animals.
14
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
15. 4. There must be no handling of fresh sewage.
5. It should not be unsightly or smelly.
6. It must be simple, affordable and culturally
acceptable to the community.
15
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
16. 1. Unsewered areas
▪ ServiceType (Conservancy) e.g. bucket latrine
▪ Non-serviceType e.g. pit latrine, trench latrine,
chemical toilet, septic tank, aqua privy etc
2. Sewered areas
▪ Water-carriage system (sewerage system)
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17. Bucket Latrine (Conservancy)
Night soil is removed by a human agency using a
bucket
Disposed of by burying or composting
Bucket latrine and open defecation are discouraged
as methods of excreta disposal
17
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18. 1. Pit Latrine
Consists of the pit, the floor and the
superstructure
The pit should be at least 2m deep.
The floor should be made of reinforced concrete
slab to ensure it is strong and safe.
18
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19. The superstructure is usually made from local
materials such as mud and wattle, bamboo and
sugar palm thatch or timber and tin sheeting.
A pit latrine should be sited 6m from houses and
30m away and downhill from a water source.
The pit must be provided with a tight lid.
19
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
21. Advantages of Pit Latrine
▪ Cheap
▪ Quick to construct
Constraints of Pit Latrine
▪ Foul smell
▪ Large numbers of disease vectors
21
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
22. Modifications of the pit latrine include:
▪ Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine
▪ Borehole Latrine
▪ Pour-Flush Latrine (Water Seal Latrine)
22
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
23. Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine
It is a modification of the pit latrine
Aims to eliminate the common problems
associated with the simple pit latrine
Addition of a vent pipe with a flyscreen
23
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29. Advantages ofVIP Latrine
▪ Reduced odour & flies
Constraints ofVIP Latrine
▪ Expensive
▪ Difficult and time consuming to construct
properly
29
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
30. Borehole Latrine
Most appropriate in situations where a large number of
latrines must be constructed rapidly
Also useful where pits are difficult to excavate, either
because of ground conditions or the lack of a labour force
Typical diameter of 400mm and a depth of 5-10m
30
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
33. Advantages of Borehole Latrine
▪ The borehole can be excavated quickly
▪ Suitable in hard ground conditions
▪ Appropriate where only a small workforce is
available
33
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34. Constraints of Borehole Latrine
▪ Drilling equipment is required
▪ Greater risk of groundwater pollution
▪ Short lifespan
▪ Sides are liable to be fouled, causing odour and attracting flies
▪ High likelihood of blockages.
34
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35. Pour-Flush Latrine (Water Seal Latrine)
Water acts as a hygienic seal and helps remove
excreta to a wet or dry disposal system
The simplest types use a latrine pan
incorporating a shallow U-bend which retains
the water (water seal)
35
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36. After defecation, a few litres of water must be
thrown into the bowl in order to flush the
excreta into the pit or sewerage system below
May be constructed directly above a pit or may
be offset whereby the waste travels through a
discharge pipe to a pit or septic-tank
36
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
39. Advantages of Pour-Flush Latrine
▪ Reduced odour
▪ Relatively less water is used up
▪ Ideal where water is used for anal-cleansing
▪ Easy to clean
Constraints of Pour-Flush Latrine
▪ Solid anal-cleansing materials may cause blockages
▪ More expensive than simple pit latrines
39
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
40. 2. Trench Latrine
Consists of shallow trenches
Dug in such a way that excavated soil is left close to
the trench for the purpose of covering the excreta
after use
Useful for temporary sites such as refugee camps,
work camps, picnic sites, holiday and festival camps
40
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43. Advantages ofTrench Latrine
▪ Rapid to implement
▪ Faeces can be covered easily with soil
Constraints ofTrench Latrine
▪ Limited privacy
▪ Short lifespan
▪ Requirement of considerable space
▪ Fly breeding if excreta is not covered with earth
▪ Often odour problems
43
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44. 3. Composting
Excreta and refuse are mixed and allowed to
decompose in a corrosion-resistant container
Household systems for composting nightsoil and
other organic material (e.g. ash, sawdust, organic
household waste etc)
Usually used when there is an urgent need for organic
fertilizer
44
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48. Advantages of Composting
▪ Cheap
▪ Humus is produced which can be used as organic
fertilizer
Constraints of Composting
▪ Breeding of flies
▪ Odour
48
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49. 4. ChemicalToilet
A toilet not connected to a sewage system but has a
compartment/tank in which waste is treated with
chemicals for temporary storage
Tank usually contains a chemical solution (e.g.
formaldehyde) to aid digestion and reduce odour
Suitable for mobile communities, caravans, boats,
buses, trains and aircrafts
49
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
53. 53
29/06/2016 Most mobile toilets are chemical toilets
OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
54. Advantages of ChemicalToilet
▪ Portable
▪ Hygienic
▪ Minimized odour
▪ Can be mobilized rapidly
Constraints of ChemicalToilet
▪ High cost
▪ Unsustainable for long periods
▪ Regular servicing and emptying required.
54
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55. 5. SepticTank
Ideal where there is availability of water
Consists of the flushing device (water closet), the
inspection chamber and the short pipe (sewer)
which leads into the septic tank
55
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56. The night soil discharges from the house through
the sewer to the septic tank
Solids settle and are digested anaerobically
Clear effluent leaves to the soakaway pit where it is
absorbed by the surrounding soil
56
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57. Aerobic oxidation takes place in the surrounding
subsoil
Sludge in the septic tank is removed when the
tank is filled
Desludging usually done once every 1 – 5 years
57
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61. Advantages of SepticTank
▪ Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
▪ Has a long service life
▪ No problem of flies and odour, if properly used
Constraints of SepticTank
▪ Only applicable for water-dependent sanitation systems
▪ Treatment is partial, the effluent may still contain pathogens
▪ Sludge must be removed periodically
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal 61
62. 6. Aqua Privy
Consists of a water-tight tank made up of concrete and a
floor which carries an inlet drop pipe
Faeces are stored in the tank which is kept at a constant
water level
A soakaway pit is also provided for the effluent
62
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
64. Advantages of Aqua Privy
▪ Reduced odour
▪ ideal where water is used for anal-cleansing
▪ easy to clean
Constraints of Aqua Privy
▪ Increased quantity of water required
▪ solid anal-cleansing materials may cause blockages
▪ more expensive and difficult to construct than simple pit
latrines.
64
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65. Collecting and transporting of human excreta
and wastewater from residential, commercial
and industrial areas by a network of
underground pipes (sewers) to the place of
ultimate disposal
Method of choice in cities and towns with high
population density
65
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66. A sewerage system consists of the following
elements:
▪ Household sanitary fittings (plumbing system)
▪ House sewers
▪ Street sewers or trunk sewers
▪ Sewer appurtenances eg manholes
66
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
67. A different categorization by theWHO/UNICEF
Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for water
supply and sanitation
▪ Improved Sanitation – one that hygienically separates
human excreta from human contact
▪ Unimproved Sanitation – one that does not do so
67
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
68. Flush or pour flush to:
✓ piped sewer system
✓ septic tank
✓ pit latrine
Ventilated improved pit latrine
Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015
68
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69. Flush/pour flush to elsewhere
Pit latrine without slab/open pit
Bucket
Hanging toilet or hanging latrine
Shared facilities of any type
No facilities, bush or field
WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015
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70. Composition of Sewage
Water 99.9%, solids barely 0.1% (organic and inorganic)
Offensive odour mainly due to the organic matter
Numerous microorganisms are also present, some of which
are pathogenic
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71. It is estimated that 1 gram of faeces may contain
about 1,000 million of E. coli, 10 to 100 million of
faecal streptococci, and 1 to 10 million spores of C.
perfringes besides several others. (Park, 2011)
The average adult person excretes daily some 100
grams of faeces. (Park, 2011)
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72. Strength of Sewage
Can be expressed in terms of:
▪ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
▪ Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
▪ Suspended Solids
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73. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
It is defined as the amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample
of sewage during a specified period, generally 5 days at a
specified temperature, usually 20°C for aerobic digestion.
(Bhalwar, 2009)
Sewage with a BOD value of 300 mg/l or above is termed as
strong while that of 100 mg/l or below is termed weak.
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29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
74. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen
required to oxidize the organic matter by use of
dichromate in an acid solution and to convert it to
carbon dioxide and water.
74
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
75. Commonly, BOD is used to test the strength of
untreated and treated municipal and biodegradable
industrial waste waters.
COD is used to test the strength of wastewater that
is either non-biodegradable or contains compounds
that inhibit activities of microorganisms.
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29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
76. Suspended Solids
If the suspended solids are 100 mg/l or more,
it is termed strong.
76
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77. The aim of sewage treatment is to convert an
offensive and potentially dangerous mixture into an
inoffensive effluent and sludge which can be
disposed off safely and without causing nuisance
into river, sea or on land.
77
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78. Treatment of sewage can be divided into 3 main stages:
▪ PrimaryTreatment
▪ SecondaryTreatment
▪ TertiaryTreatment
(Bhalwar, 2009)
78
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79. 29/06/2016 79
Raw sewage Screening
Grit
settling
Primary
sedimentation
Aerobic
oxidation
Secondary
sedimentation
Treated
effluent
Activated
sludge
Disposal
A schematic representation of the various stages in sewage treatment
6 – 8 hours @ a
velocity of 1 – 2 ft/min
2 – 3 hours
OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
80. 1. Screening
The raw sewage is first passed through bar-screens with
openings of 5 to 10 cm between the bars placed across the
inflow channels.
The screens intercept large floating objects such as pieces
of wood, rags, masses of garbage and dead animals.
The screenings can be manually raked from the screens
and buried.
80
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81. 2. Grit Removal
Sewage is then passed through a long narrow
chamber – grit chamber
The chamber is approximately 10 to 20m in length.
It allows settlement of heavier solids such as sand and
gravel while permitting the organic matter to pass
through.
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82. 3. Primary Sedimentation
Sewage is now admitted into a huge tank –
primary sedimentation tank.
Sewage is made to flow very slowly across the
tank at a velocity of 1 – 2 feet per minute.
Sewage spends about 6 – 8 hours in the tank.
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83. Sedimentation of suspended matter takes place
during this period.
The organic matter which settles down is called
sludge.
It is removed by mechanically operated devices,
without disturbing the operation in the tank.
83
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84. Microorganisms present in the sewage attack
complex organic solids and break them down
into simpler soluble substances and ammonia.
Lighter solids including grease and fat rise to the
surface to form scum.
Scum is removed from time to time and
disposed off.
84
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85. The effluent from the primary sedimentation tank still
contains a proportion of organic matter in solution or
colloidal state, and numerous living organisms.
It is thus subjected to further treatment, aerobic
oxidation, by one of the following methods:
▪ Trickling filter method
▪ Activated sludge process
85
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86. The trickling filter method makes use of beds
of broken stones or gravels as percolating
filters.
As the effluent percolates through the filter
bed, it gets oxidized by the bacterial flora
present in the filter.
86
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87. The activated sludge process is a more modern
method than the trickling filter.
Sufficient quantity of sludge obtained from the final
settlement tank (called activated sludge) is added to
sewage that is to be treated (the effluent from the
primary sedimentation tank).
Activated sludge contains active aerobic bacteria vital
for decomposition of sewage.
87
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
88. This mixture (called the ‘mixed liquor’) is
mechanically aerated in an aeration chamber
to facilitate bacterial decomposition.
In the presence of ample oxygen the aerobic
bacteria utilize the raw sewage and convert it
into stabilized, odourless compounds.
88
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
89. The oxidized sewage from the trickling filter
or aeration chamber is led into the secondary
sedimentation tank where it is detained for 2
to 3 hours.
The sludge that collects here is called aerated
sludge or activated sludge.
89
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
90. Following secondary treatment, two types of
substances are left - the semisolid sludge and
the watery effluent.
The sludge is a thick, black mass containing
95% of water and it has a revolting odour.
90
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91. There are a number of methods of sludge
disposal:
▪ Digestion
▪ Sea disposal
▪ Land disposal
91
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92. Disposal by dilution
Disposal into water courses such as rivers and streams
The effluent is diluted in the body of the water and
the impurities oxidized by the dissolved oxygen in
water
Effluent must be rendered free from pathogenic
organisms by adequate chlorination
92
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93. The effluent limitation guidelines in Nigeria set
the limit for discharge of effluent into surface
water as follows:
▪ a 5-day BOD of not more than 30mg/l
▪ total suspended solids of not more than 30mg/l
(Federal Environmental ProtectionAgency Act, 1988)
93
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94. Disposal on land
If suitable land is available, the effluent can be
used for irrigation purposes.
Reuse of treated effluent for the irrigation of
crops and urban ‘green spaces’ (such as parks
and golf courses) has expanded significantly in
many countries.
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95. However, the risk of transmission of
infections (especially enteric viruses) through
sewage farming remains alive.
The risk increases if the sewage had not been
treated adequately, prior to its discharge for
sewage farming.
95
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96. Other methods of sewage disposal include:
▪ Oxidation pond (waste stabilization pond, redox
pond, sewage lagoons)
▪ Oxidation ditches
96
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97. Any other treatment rendered in addition to
the secondary treatment to further improve
the quality of the effluent e.g. ultraviolet light
irradiation, microfiltration etc.
Also called advanced waste treatment
process
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98. Agriculture
Aquaculture
Recreation
Power generation
98
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99. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 aims to
‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all’
It comprises six technical targets relating to drinking
water, sanitation and hygiene, wastewater
management, water efficiency, integrated water
resource management and protection of aquatic
ecosystems.
99
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
100. Target 6.2
▪ By 2030, achieve access to adequate and
equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end
open defecation, paying special attention to the
needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable
situations
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29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
101. Target 6.3
▪ By 2030, improve water quality by reducing
pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing
release of hazardous chemicals and materials,
halving the proportion of untreated wastewater
and substantially increasing recycling and safe
reuse globally
101
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102. Nigeria has not made much progress with
respect to reducing open defecation.
Worldwide, Nigeria has seen the largest increase
in numbers of open defecators since 1990, with
39 million people defecating in the open in
2012,compared with 23 million in 1990.
(WHO/UNICEF JMP 2014)
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103. Nigeria has the 4th highest number of people
practicing open defecation (39 million),
coming behind only India, Indonesia and
Pakistan. (WHO/UNICEF JMP 2014)
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104. November 19 isWorldToilet Day
It is a day to take action
A day to raise awareness about all people
who do not have access to a toilet – despite
the human right to water and sanitation
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29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
105. Did you know?
▪ more people in the world have a mobile phone
than have access to a toilet!
105
29/06/2016 OTAIGBEO.I. Management of Sewage andWastewater Disposal
106. The United Nations GeneralAssembly in 2013
officially designated 19 November asWorld
Toilet Day.
It is coordinated by UN-Water in
collaboration with Governments and relevant
stakeholders.
106
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108. All sewage ends up back in the environment, whether
treated or untreated.
Therefore, effective management of sewage and
wastewater disposal is vital for the health of every
community.
It is also an area with great prospects for power
generation, agriculture and aquaculture among
others.
108
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109. Consequently, there is also significant
untapped potential for wealth generation.
WE MUSTTHINK BIG SO NOWASTE IS
WASTED!
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111. Bhalwar, R., 2009. Textbook of Public Health and Community Medicine. New Delhi. Department of
Community Medicine, AFMC, Pune in collaboration withWHO, IndiaOffice, New Delhi.
Obionu, C.N., 1999. Synopsis of Occupational and Environmental Health. Enugu. Delta
Publications Nigeria Limited.
Oloruntoba, E.O., 2010. Overview of Environmental Health. WACP Part 1 Revision Course (August
2010). University of Ibadan.
Park, K., 2011. Park’sTextbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 21st Edition. Jabalpur. M/s
Banarsidas Bharnot Publishers.
UNICEF, WHO, 2014. Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2014 update. Geneva. WHO
Press.
UNICEF, WHO, 2015. Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG
assessment. Geneva. WHO Press.
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