The document provides information about effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It discusses the need to treat effluent to prevent environmental pollution. It describes the major treatment units in ETPs, which include preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove heavier particles, and secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to break down organic matter. The document contains detailed information about the individual processes and units used at each stage of treatment in an ETP.

1. EFFLUENT TREATMNT PLAT(ETP)
Vrushali V. Sonar
Roll No.13
M.Pharm F.Y ,Sem II
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Bharati Vidyapeeth College Of Pharmacy
Kolhapur
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2. Contents
• Concept of ETP
• Need to treat effluent
• Major treatment units in ETP
• Preliminary treatment
• Primary treatment
• Secondary treatment
• Tertiary treatment
• Flowchart of ETP
• Summary
• References
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3. Concept of ETP
Effluent treatment Plant covers the mechanisms and processes used to
treat such waters that have been contaminated in some way by
anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its releaseinto
the environment or its re-use.
This effluent contains several pollutants, which can be removed with the
help of an effluent treatment plant.
ETP treat water and make free from all objectionable impurities present
in suspension, colloidal or dissolvedform.
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4. Need to treat Effluent
To prevent groundwater pollution
To prevent sea shore
To prevent soil
To prevent marine life
Protection of public health
To reuse the treated effluent
For agriculture
For groundwater recharge
For industrial recycle
Solving social problems caused by the accumulation of wastewater
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5. MajorTreatment units in ETP
1.Preliminary Treatment
Screens
Detritor/scrapers
Grit Chamber
Skimming Tanks
Aeration
2.Primary Treatment
Sedimentation/ Settling tank
Clarifloculator
Equalization Tank
Neutralization Tank
3.Secondary Treatment
Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
Trickling Filter
Multiple Evaporator (ME) Plant
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
4.Tertiary Treatment
Sand/ Membrane Filters
Activated Carbon Filters
Disinfection
Ion-exchange/ESP
Nutrient Removal
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6. 1.PreliminaryTreatment
Preliminary treatment removes gross solids and materials that can be
easily collected from the effluent and can damage or clog the pumps and
skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers.
These are in-organic materials and insoluble organic pollutants (i.e. large
floating and suspended solid matter, grit, oil & grease) which are inert and
cause problems to further chemical and biological treatments.
The presence and sequence of preliminary treatment units aretotally
depend upon the characteristic of effluent that is to be treated.
All preliminary treatment consist of physical separation techniques by
controlling flow rate of effluent.
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7. I )Preliminary Treatment-Screens
Screens are used for removal of large
floating and sub-merged material
such as plastic, paper pieces, rubber, etc.
from effluent.
Major objectives are:
They prevent clogging in pump, pipes
and valves, etc.
Prevent to interfere large material in
primary and secondary treatment
units.
Screens are classified in number of
ways as follows:
Based on the size of opening- such as
coarse, medium and finescreens.
Depending upon shape- such as disc,
drum, band, etc.
Based on method of cleaning- such as
mechanical ormanual.
II) Preliminary Treatment-Detritors
Detritors are shallow circular ponds used
in pre-treatment plants with the
purpose of grit removal.
Chain or blade type
Detritors/scrappers are utilised in
an adjacent channel into which
the collected grit is transferred.
Used when the soft and sticky substance,
Grits with a 6 m diameter are removed in
the detritor.
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8. Mechanical medium screen Fine screen
Corse bar screen Detritor/Scrapper
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9. III) Preliminary Treatment-Gritchamber
 Grit Chamber is used for removal of
inert inorganic material consist of
sand, ash, cinder, silt, clay, glass pieces,
etc.
 It provides safeguard against
damage to pumps, pipes and other
equipments by avoiding settling in
pipe bends and channels.
 The eliminated material is collected
from chamber and used for land-
filling, road making and on sludge
drying beds.
IV)Preliminary Treatment-Skimming tank
 Skimming Tank is used for removal of
oil and grease consist of fats,waxes,
fatty acids, soaps, mineral oils, etc.
present in emulsified condition in
effluent.
 These materials have low solubility in
water, therefore not readily available for
biological treatment and often
accumulate on surface in form of scum
causing foul odors.
Objectives:
 Removal of scum (oil & grease)
which can otherwise create problem
in biological treatment units.
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10. Skimming Tank with separated oil & grease at top
Collection of separated
oil & grease at edge
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11. 2.Primary Treatment
Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a inert basin
where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids
float to the surface.
The settled material go for sludge treatment and floating materialsare skimmed
off. The remaining liquid is passed to secondary treatment.
Tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually
drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank where it is
pumped to sludge treatment facilities.
At this stage, over 70% of the suspended solids and 40% of the BOD is
removed from effluent.
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12.  Sedimentation Tank are designed to remove suspended particles that are
heavier than water through gravitational force by reducing water velocity.
 So it’s a solid liquid separation process in which a suspension is separated into
two phases –
1. Clarified supernatant leaving the top of the sedimentation tank(underflow).
2. Concentrated sludge leaving the bottom of the sedimentation tank(overflow).
 An efficient sedimentation tank can remove about 90% of suspended particle
and 40% organic matter with two hour of detention time.
I) Sedimentation Tank(Clarifier)
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13. Factors affectingsedimentation
Characteristics of solid particles- size, shape, specific gravity,concentration,
etc.
Characteristics of liquid- temp., viscosity, specific gravity,etc.
Physical characteristics of clarifiers- detention period, shape and depth of
basins, flow rate, etc.
Types of SedimentationTanks:
According to shape- Rectangular tank, circulartank
According to direction of flow- Longitudinal and radial flow, verticalflow.
According to nature of working- Fill and draw, Continuousflow
According to method of sludge collection- flat bottom tank with orwithout
scrapper, hopper bottom tank.
The most common are horizontal flow sedimentation tank andcenter-feed
circular clarifiers.
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14. Circular Primary Settling Tank Rectangular Settling Tank
Working of Settling Tank
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15. II) Clarifloculator
Clarifloculator consist of coagulation (chemical) and flocculation
(mechanical) process.
The chemical used for coagulation are called coagulants.
The most common coagulants are Alum, hydrated lime, ferricchloride,
ferrous sulfate and PAC (Poly aluminum Chloride).
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16. III) EqualizationTank
Some industries produce different types of
wastes, having different characteristics at different
intervals of time.
Hence, equalization tank is used to mixed
different type of effluent thoroughly to produce
homogenous and equalized effluent for uniform
treatment.
This are large holding tanks with aeration or
mechanical agitation with paddles manually to
give better mixing of the different unit volumes of
effluents.
The effluent is hold and mixed for specified
period of time.
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17. IV) NeutralizationTank
Neutralization tank is used to provide treatment to highly acidicor
highly alkaline effluent through neutralizing pH by addition of chemicals.
Industry require neutralization of discharged effluent when it has as
highly acidic and/or highly alkalineeffluent.
Acidic effluent is usually treated with lime stone or lime-slurry or caustic
soda, depending upon the type and quantity of effluent.
Alkaline effluent is neutralized by sulphuric acid or CO2 or wasteboiler
flue gas.
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18. 3.Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological treatment of effluent which is typically
performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat.
Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended organic (bio-
degradable) matter by consuming it as a food and convert it into new cell
mass, energy and CO2.
The most common micro-organisms are bacteria (aerobic or anaerobic),
protozoa and rotifers; least common are fungi and algae.
After secondary treatment almost 70-90% of BOD and 80-90% of
dissolved solids are removed from effluent.
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19. I)TricklingFilter
In trickling filter treatment,
wastewater is sprayed through
sprinkling rotating arm on circular
beds consist of 3-10 ft deep coarse
media (of crushed stones, gravels or
synthetic material).
Microorganisms get attach and
grows on the media and results in
formation of film of micro-
organisms called zoogloeal film.
This zoogloeal film consist of millions
of micro-organisms breakdowns
organic material of effluent into simple
and soluble matter. Treated effluent is
drain at bottom from where it is
collected then undergoes for
sedimentation.
It is simple to operate and give almost
80-90% of BOD removal with high
quality effluent.
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20. II)Activated Sludge Process(ASP)
This is most versatile biological oxidation method employed for the treatment
of effluent containing of dissolved solids, coarse and colloidal organic matter.
In this method, effluent is aerated in a reaction tank consist of microbial
population in suspension form. Aerobic bacteria degrades effluent into CO2 and
H2O for which oxygen is supplied through mechanical aeration or by diffused
aeration system.
The bacterial flora grows and remains suspended in the form of a floc called
activated sludge. A part of sludge is recycled for the same tank to provide an
effective microbial population for a fresh treatment cycle.
Industrial ww require 6 to 24 hours of aeration through which almost 90- 95%
of BOD can be removed.
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21. ASP combined with filtration
Aeration Tank in ASP
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22. 3.TertiaryTreatment
Tertiary treatment is the final treatment, meant for ‘polishing’the effluent and
removal of pollutants not removed in primary and secondary treatment.
These pollutants may include soluble inorganic compounds such as
phosphorous or nitrogen which may support algal growth in receiving
water.
Also removes organic materials contributing BOD, COD, color, taste, odor;
bacteria, viruses, colloidal solids contributing turbidity; or soluble minerals
which may interfere with subsequent re-use of the wastewater.
Preferred when treated water is need to be reuse or discharge is into a
highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, rivers, coral reefs, etc).
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23. I)Filtration
Filtration is process of removing particulates and bacterial impurities that could
not be removed in earlier treatment, from water by passing it through a porous
medium.
It is used to remove colloidal and other impurities which impart turbidityto
water. Also for disinfection of water by reducing 90% of bacterial load.
It is also used to reduce odor and color by arresting them in filtermedia.
There are various type of filter available to treat certain type of wastewater.
Selection is totally depend upon characteristics of ww, efficiency of
absorbent, flow rate and pollutant to be removed from ww.
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24. Sand Filters
Based on Filtration
Rate
Pressure
Filters
Gravity
Filters
Rapid Sand
Filter
Slow
Sand
Filter
Based on Filter
media Material
Based on Depth
of Filter media
Types of Filters
Anthracite
Filters
Metal Fabric
Filters
Diatomaceous
Earth Filters
Deep
Granular
Filters
Pre-coat
Filters
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25. Different media used for ACF ACF Tubes or channels
II)Activated CarbonFilters
ACF consist of activated carbon
granules supported by very fine quartz
filter media. Various grades of carbon
are available for specialized treatment
of wastewater.
ACF are used to remove free
chlorine, organic residues, toxic
heavy metal ions and color from
ww.
Most common adsorbents used are
activated carbon, peat moss, brown coal
and other cellulose materials.
This treatment not only improves taste
of water but also protectsother water
treatment units such as reverse osmosis
membranes and ion exchange resins
from possible damage due to oxidation
or organic fouling.
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27. Summary
Different types of industrial wastewater is treated by Effluent treatment
plant for environmental and public health safety.
Major Treatment procedures are preliminary , primary , secondary and
tertiary treatments.
After the effluent treatment wastewater should be evaluated with
different paramenters of temperature , pH , total dissolved solids
(TDS),COD , BOD , ammonical nitrogen .
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28. Reference
1) Vivek N. Upasani (2008) Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
Nirav Prakashan.
2) Millind R. Gidde, Ravi k. Lad (2010) Environmental Engineering,
eighth edition, Nirali Prakashan.
3) Ankley, G.T., Brooks, B.W., Huggett, D.B. and Sumpter, J.P. 2007.
Repeating history: pharmaceuticals in the environment. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 41 (24): 8211-8217
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