The document traces the origins and development of management practices from ancient civilizations to modern times. It discusses how Sumerian priests managed estates and recorded transactions, while Egyptian slave owners directed slave labor. It also references influential early works on strategy, governance and economics from Sun Tzu, Kautilya, Machiavelli and Adam Smith that incorporated elements of management. Finally, it lists six modern approaches to management and a quote about management science progressing similar to natural sciences.

2.  In Sumerian civilization,
temple priests collected
taxes and managed
estates.
 The priests recorded the
transactions on clay
tablets.

3.  In Ancient Egyptian
civilization, the
management-like
thought was developed
by the builders and the
slave owners of the time,
to manage the slaves
and also to direct then
accordingly.

4.  Sun Tzu was a Chinese
military strategist, and
philosopher during
the Zhou dynasty.
 The Art of War,
recommends being aware
of and acting on strengths
and weaknesses of both a
manager's organization
and a foe's.

5.  Arthashastra, the treatise
on Economic
Administration was written
by Kautilya in the 4th
century before Christ.
 In all probability, this
treatise is the first ever
book written on Practice of
Management. It is
essentially on the art of
governance and has an
instructional tone.

6.  The Prince, political treatise
was written by Niccolò
Machiavelli.
 The general theme of
accepting that the aims of
princes—such as glory and
survival—can justify the use
of immoral means to
achieve those ends.

7.  The Wealth of Nations
discussed efficient organization
of work through division of
labour.
 Smith described how changes
in processes could boost
productivity in the
manufacture of pins.
 While individuals could
produce 200 pins per day,
Smith analyzed the steps
involved in manufacture and,
with 10 specialists, enabled
production of 48,000 pins per
day.

8.  There are basically six approaches to
management:
a) The Scientific Management
b) General Administrative theories
c) Quantitative Approach to Management
d) Organizational Behavior
e) The Systems Approach
f) The Contingency Approach

9.  “The science of management is today where
the natural sciences were before the
discovery of circulation of blood.”