This document summarizes major management approaches including historical, classical, behavioral, quantitative, and contemporary approaches. The historical approach discusses organized endeavors dating back thousands of years. The classical approach covers scientific management by Taylor and general administrative theory by Fayol. The behavioral approach was pioneered by researchers examining how organizations are social and require cooperation. Quantitative approaches focused on concepts like total quality management and process improvement. Contemporary approaches include systems theory analyzing organizations as interconnected parts and the contingency approach stating there is no universal best way to manage due to different organizational situations.

1. Course: Introduction to Management
Assignment Title : Major Management
Approaches
Course Instructor : Miss Afshan Rauf
Deadline: 19 Aug 2014
Name :Fahad Tariq
ID:FA14-BB-0036

3. Historical Approaches
• Organized Endeavors have existed for
thousand of years.
• The Egyptians Pyramids and The Great Wall Of
China.
• Adam Smith: Proposed Division of Labor
• Industrial Revolution: Guided the requirement
of managing large organizations.

4. Classical Approach
Scientific Management
F.W Taylor
1) To develop a science for each element
of an individual’s work to replace the old
rule-of-thumb.
2)Scientifically select and then train,
teach and develop the worker.
General
Administrative
Henry Fayol
1)Focused more on what managers and what
constituted good management practice.

5. Behavioral Approach
Early
Advocates
Robert
Owens
1700s
Hugo
Munsterberg
Early 1900s
Mary Parker
Follet
Earlyv1900s
Chester
Bernard
1930s
Actual
Managers who
thought
organizations
were social
required
cooperation.
Pioneer in field of
industrial psychology
Concerned about deplorable
working conditions.
One of the first to believe
that organizations could
be viewed from
perspective of an
individual

6. Behavioral Approach (contd)
To examine the effect of
various lighting levels on
workers.
As the level of light is
increased so do the
output
The decrease in the level
of light also caused the
output to increase.
Hawthorne
Studies

7. Quantitative Approach
Total Quality
Management
Intense focus on
customer
Process
focused
Empowerment of
employees
Concern for
continuous
improvement

8. Contemporary Approach
• System Approach :
• A set of unrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces an unified
whole.
• There are 2 types of systems closed and open
systems.
• Closed system doesn’t interacts with the
environment nor is influenced by anything. While
open system are influenced by and also interact
with the environment.

9. Contemporary Approach (contd.)
• Contingency Approach:
• Sometimes referred to as situational approach
says that organizations are different and they
face different problems and they therefore
require different ways of managing.