The document is a seminar presentation by Vivek Shukla and Ritesh on the phylum Vertebrata, specifically focusing on the class Mammalia. It discusses the key characteristics of mammals including being warm-blooded, having hair and mammary glands, and giving live birth. The presentation covers the classification, anatomy and physiology of mammals such as their organ systems, diet, and evolutionary history from early apes to humans.
Unlike other animals, mammals have body hair, have 3 middle ear bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes), and nourish their young with milk that females produce in modified sweat glands that are called mammary glands.
Unlike other animals, mammals have body hair, have 3 middle ear bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes), and nourish their young with milk that females produce in modified sweat glands that are called mammary glands.
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Introduction
Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates.
They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. They were quite abundant during the upper Silurian and Devonian periods. Most of fossils of Ostracodermi were preserved in the bottom sediments of freshwater streams.
However, the opinion is sharply divided as to whether their habitat was freshwater or marine.
The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms.
The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s.
The ostracoderms resembled the present day cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) in many respects and together with them constitute a special group of jawless vertebrates, the Agnatha.
Characteristics: They use gills exclusively for respiration but not for feeding . Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. mostly small to medium-sized fishes, protected by a heavy, bony dermal (derived from skin) armor. bottom-dwellers; filter-feeders or grazers. no paired fins, but many with stabilizing paired flaps on either side of head.
(1) Ostracoderms were the first vertebrates.
(2) They were popularly called armoured fishes.
(4) They lived in freshwater.
(5) They were bottom dwellers.
(6) Their body was fish-like and did not exceed 30 cm in size.
(7) Paired fins were absent.
(8) Median and caudal fins were present.
(9) The caudal fin was of heterocercal type.
(10) The head and thorax were covered by heavy armour of bones. It protected ostracoderms from the giant scorpion like arthropods, eurypterids.
(11) Bony skull was well developed.
(12) Mouth was mostly present on the ventral side.
(13) They were having large number of gill slits.
(14) The nervous system had 10 pairs of cranial nerves.
(15) The head had a pair of lateral eyes, and a median pineal eye.
(16) They were filter feeders, feeding like a vacuum cleaner.
(17) The endoskeleton was either bony or cartilaginous.
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Owl pellet is used for educational purposes. When you dissect the pellet, you will find skeletons of mice, voles, birds and more. This is not just fascinating but also helps the kids to gain knowledge about the bird’s eating habits.
Wouldn’t you want to introduce your kids/students to something that would help them learn about the nature of the food chain and ecosystem?
Reference: https://www.educationalscience.com/owl-pellets-kits
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Introduction
Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates.
They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. They were quite abundant during the upper Silurian and Devonian periods. Most of fossils of Ostracodermi were preserved in the bottom sediments of freshwater streams.
However, the opinion is sharply divided as to whether their habitat was freshwater or marine.
The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms.
The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s.
The ostracoderms resembled the present day cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) in many respects and together with them constitute a special group of jawless vertebrates, the Agnatha.
Characteristics: They use gills exclusively for respiration but not for feeding . Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. mostly small to medium-sized fishes, protected by a heavy, bony dermal (derived from skin) armor. bottom-dwellers; filter-feeders or grazers. no paired fins, but many with stabilizing paired flaps on either side of head.
(1) Ostracoderms were the first vertebrates.
(2) They were popularly called armoured fishes.
(4) They lived in freshwater.
(5) They were bottom dwellers.
(6) Their body was fish-like and did not exceed 30 cm in size.
(7) Paired fins were absent.
(8) Median and caudal fins were present.
(9) The caudal fin was of heterocercal type.
(10) The head and thorax were covered by heavy armour of bones. It protected ostracoderms from the giant scorpion like arthropods, eurypterids.
(11) Bony skull was well developed.
(12) Mouth was mostly present on the ventral side.
(13) They were having large number of gill slits.
(14) The nervous system had 10 pairs of cranial nerves.
(15) The head had a pair of lateral eyes, and a median pineal eye.
(16) They were filter feeders, feeding like a vacuum cleaner.
(17) The endoskeleton was either bony or cartilaginous.
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Owl pellet is used for educational purposes. When you dissect the pellet, you will find skeletons of mice, voles, birds and more. This is not just fascinating but also helps the kids to gain knowledge about the bird’s eating habits.
Wouldn’t you want to introduce your kids/students to something that would help them learn about the nature of the food chain and ecosystem?
Reference: https://www.educationalscience.com/owl-pellets-kits
fish ecology and feed chain in aquatic enviromentwaleedelhawarry2
describe the aquatic ecosystem and different natural food and feeding habits of fish species, thus helping to quite clearly understand the requirements for successful fish farming
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This is not my own creation, but I really liked it. I added several videos which probably will not show up through slide share. The videos were my own addition.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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7. General Characters
7
They are warm blooded and most evolved animals of Animal
Kingdom.
Skin is provided with Hairs, Sweat glands & Sebaceous glands.
The forelimbs and hind limbs are variously adapted for walking,
running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying.
Wings are absent (except in bats).
The teeth are present within the socket of jaws (thecodont
dentition) & are differentiated into incisors, canines, premolars
and molars (heterodont).
They have bone marrow.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
9. Respiration is through lungs only.
The heart is four - chambered with two auricles and two
ventricles,
They are viviparous forms of life, i.e., the young ones
are born directly (except platypus & echidna) (& some
give birth to very poorly developed young ones like
kangaroo).
A muscular diaphragm is present that separates thoracic
cavity from the abdominal cavity.
The females are provided with milk producing
mammary glands that secrete milk for the nourishment
of the young. In males, they become vestigeal.
Body is divisible into head, neck, trunk and tail.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
9
1/2/2014
13. The
red blood corpuscles are non- nucleated
biconcave (except in camel).
External ear (pinnae) present. Middle ear with three
ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes).
The developing embryo gets the nutrition and oxygen
through the placenta.
Excrete urea (ureotelic animals).
They live in all kind of habitats from equator to poles.
They are primarily terrestrial animals.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
13
1/2/2014
16. Urinary bladder – need more water per day.
Advanced kidneys – filter more blood.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
16
1/2/2014
17. Phylogeny
17
• Separated into three groups
•
Prototheria (before gestation) – egg
laying mammals
•
Metatheria (middle gestation) –
pouched mammals
•
Eutheria (true gestation) – live birth
from uterus
Phylogeny – Evolutionary history of organisms
Gestation – the time period between fertillisation and parturition
(delivery ).
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
18. Milk
18
Produced in mammary glands
May have been sweat glands
Feed young, increase success
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
19. Types of teeth
Incisors – cutting
Canines – can be enlarged, piercing
Carnassal – shearing, remove meat from bones
Molars - grinding
1/2/2014
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
19
20. Cardiovascular System
20
Body temperature is internally regulated
(endothermic)
Heart is 4-chambered
High metabolism
Heart rate – depends
on size of animal
(smaller = faster rate)
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
22. Reproductive System
22
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live
young. However, the five species of monotreme,
the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The
monotremes
have
a
sex
determination
system different from that of most other mammals.
In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are
more like those of a chicken than those of a therian
mammal.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
23. Digestive System
23
Length differs based on diet
Predators
short
Herbivores very long
Omnivores medium length
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
24. Skeletal system
24
The majority of mammals have seven cervical
vertebrae (bones in the neck),
including bats, giraffes, whales, and humans. The
exceptions are the manatee and the two-toed sloth,
which have only six cervical vertebrae, and the threetoed sloth with nine cervical vertebrae.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
25. Nervous System
25
All mammalian brains possess a neocortex, a brain
region unique to mammals. Placental mammals have
a corpus callosum, unlike monotremes and
marsupials. The size and number of cortical areas
(Brodmann's areas) is least in monotremes (about 810) and most in placentals (up to 50).
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
26. Feeding
26
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy
expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and
plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably
predators, different species have since adapted to meet their
dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other
animals
–
this
is
a
carnivorous
diet
(and
includes
insectivorous
diets).
Other
mammals,
called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes
subtypes
such
as
fruit-eating
and
grass-eating.
An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous
mammals have a simple digestive tract, because
the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little
in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand,
contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
27. 27
The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host
to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make
them available for digestion. The bacteria are either
housed in the multichambered stomach or in a
large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in
determining diet type. Since small mammals have a
high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heatgenerating volume, they tend to have high energy
requirements and a high metabolic rate.
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
28. 28
Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are
mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the
slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger
animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less
of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a
slower collection process (those that prey on larger
vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores).
Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500
g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their
waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large
insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge
colonies of insects (ants or termites).
By : Vivek Shukla and Ritesh
1/2/2014
