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ELISA- Principle, Types and
Applications
ELISA- கைொள்கைைள், வகைைள் மற்றும்
பயன்பொடுைள்
• ELISA stands for Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent Assay
(ந ொதி-இணைக்கப்பட்ட ந ொய் தடுப்பொற்றல் ஆய்வி)
• Immunology - தடுப்பொற்றலியல்; தடுப்பொற்றியல்;
தடுப்புத்திறனியல்
• Immune system - ந ொய் எதிர்ப்பு மண்டலம்;ந ொய்
எதிர்புத் நதொகுதி
• Antigen - உடற்கொப்பு ஊக்கி; எதிர்ச்நெனி;
பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி; எதிரியொக்கி
• Antibody - உடற்கொப்பு மூலம்; எதிர்ப்நபொருள்;
பிறநபொருநெதிரி
• Immunity - ந ொய் எதிர்ப்புத் திறன்; ந ொய்த்
தடுதிறன்; ந ொய்த் தணடக் கொப்பு
• ஒவ்ந ொரு ந ொதியிலும் சில குறிப்பிட்ட அமிந ொ அமிலத்
நதொடொா்கள் நெொா்ந்து விண படுநபொருள் (கீழ்ப்பணட) ந்து
பிணை தற்கு ஏற்றொற்நபொல் ஒரு முப்பரிமொை அணமப்ணப
உரு ொக்குகின்ற .
• இவ்விடநம இயங்கிடம் அல்லது உயிர்ப்பு நிணலயம் (Active
Site) எ ப்படும்.
• இது தொன் ஒரு ந ொதியின் தனித்தன்ணமணய (specificity)
/துல்லியத்தன்ணமணய முடிவு நெய்கின்ற .
• ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction
• It is a common laboratory technique which is
usually used to measure the concentration of
antibodies or antigens in blood.
• ELISA என்பது பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி(Antigen) –
பிறநபொருநெதிரி(Antibody) எதிர்விண ஆகும்.
• இது ழக்கமொக இரத்தத்தில் பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள்
அல்லது பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கிகளின் நெறிண
அெவிடு தற்கு பயன்படுத்தப்படும் ஒரு நபொது ொ
ஆய் க நுட்பமொகும்.
• ELISA is a plate based assay technique which is used
for detecting and quantifying substances such as
peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones.
• ELISA என்பது ஒரு தட்டு அடிப்பணடயிலொ மதிப்பீட்டு
நுட்பமொகும், இது நபப்ணடட்ஸ், புரதங்கள்,
பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள் மற்றும் ஹொர்நமொன்கள் நபொன்ற
நபொருட்கணெ கண்டறிய மற்றும் அெவிடு தற்குப்
பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.
• An enzyme conjugated with an antibody
reacts with colorless substrate to generate a
colored product.
• Such substrate is called chromogenic
substrate.
• ஒரு பிறநபொருநெதிரியுடன் இணைந்த ஒரு
ந ொதி,நிறப்நபொருள் ஒன்றிண உரு ொக்க
நிறமற்ற கீழ்ப்பணடயுடன் நெயல்படுகிறது.
• இத்தணகய கீழ்ப்பணட, குநரொமநெனிக்
கீழ்ப்பணட எ அணழக்கப்படுகிறது.
• A number of enzymes have been used for ELISA
such as alkaline phosphatase, horse radish
peroxidase and beta galactosidase.
• Specific substrates such as
 ortho-phenyldiamine dihydrochloride (for
peroxidase),
 paranitrophenyl phosphate (for alkaline
phosphatase) are used which are hydrolysed by
above enzymes to give colored end product.
Principle
• ELISAs are typically performed in 96-well polystyrene
plates.
• ELISAகள் நபொது ொக 96 துணெகள் நகொண்ட
பொலீட்டிரியரின் தகடுகளில் நிகழ்த்தப்படுகின்ற .
• The serum is incubated in a well, and each well
contains a different serum.
• A positive control serum and a negative control
serum would be included among the 96
samples being tested.
• ஒரு ந ர்மணறயொ கட்டுப்பொட்டு சீரம் மற்றும்
ஒரு எதிர்மணற கட்டுப்பொட்டு சீரம் ஆகியண 96
மொதிரிகளில் உள்ெடங்கும்.
• Antibodies or antigens present in serum are
captured by corresponding antigen or antibody
coated on to the solid surface.
• After some time, the plate is washed to remove
serum and unbound antibodies or antigens.
• To detect the bound antibodies or antigens, a
secondary antibodies that are attached to an
enzyme are added to each well.
• பிணைக்கப்பட்ட பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள் அல்லது
பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கிகணெ கண்டறிய, ஒரு
ந ொதிக்கு இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ெ இரண்டொம் நிணல
பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள் ஒவ்ந ொன்றிலும்
நெர்க்கப்படுகின்ற
• After an incubation period (அணடகொக்கும் கொலம்),
the unbound secondary antibodies are washed off.
• When a suitable substrate (கீழ்ப்பணட) is added,
the enzyme (ந ொதியம்) reacts with it to produce a
color.
• This color produced is measurable as a function or
quantity of antigens or antibodies present in the
given sample.
Types of ELISA
• Frequently there are 3 types of ELISA on the
basis of binding structure between the
Antibody and Antigen.
Indirect ELISA (மறைமுக ELISA)
Sandwich ELISA (சாண்ட்விச் ELISA)
Competitive ELISA (ப ாட்டி ELISA)
Indirect ELISA (மணறமுக ELISA)
• In this technique, antigen is coated on the
microtiter well.
• Serum or some other sample containing primary
antibody is added to the microtiter well and
allowed to react with the coated antigen.
• Any free primary antibody is washed away and
the bound antibody to the antigen is detected by
adding an enzyme conjugated secondary
antibody that binds to the primary antibody.
• Unbound secondary antibody is then washed away
and a specific substrate for the enzyme is added.
• Enzyme hydrolyzes the substrate to form colored
products.
• The amount of colored end product is measured by
spectrophotometric plate readers that can
measure the absorbance of all the wells of 96-well
plate.
Sandwich ELISA (ெொண்ட்விச் ELISA)
• In this technique, antibody is coated on the
microtiter well.
• A sample containing antigen is added to the
well and allowed to react with the antibody
attached to the well.
• After the well is washed, a second enzyme-
linked antibody is allowed to react with the
bound antigen.
• Then after unbound secondary antibody
(இரண்டொம்நிணல பிறநபொருநெதிரி) is removed
by washing.
• Finally substrate (கீழ்ப்பணட) is added to the
plate which is hydrolyzed(நீர்ப்பகுப்பு) by
enzyme to form colored products.
Competitive ELISA (நபொட்டி ELISA)
• Antibody (பிறநபொருநெதிரி) is first incubated in solution with
a sample containing antigen (பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி)
• The antigen-antibody (பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி -
பிறநபொருநெதிரி )mixture is then added to the microtitre we
which is coated with antigen.
• The more the antigen present in the sample, the less
free antibody will be available to bind to the antigen-
coated well.
• பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கிகள் அெவு அதிகமொக
கொைப்படும் நபொது ,அ ற்றுடன் இணையொத பிற
நபொருள் எதிரிகளின் அெவு குணற ொக கொைப்படும்
• After the well is washed, enzyme conjugated secondary
antibody specific the primary antibody is added to
determine the amount of primary antibody bound to
the well.
• For competitive ELISA, the higher the sample antigen
concentration, the weaker the eventual signal.
Application
• Presence of antigen or the presence of antibody in a
sample can be evaluated.
• Determination of serum (குருதிநீர்ப்பொயம்) antibody
concentrations in a virus test.
• Used in food industry when detecting potential
food allergens .
• Applied in disease outbreaks- tracking the spread of
disease e.g. HIV, bird flu, common, colds, cholera,
STD etc.
Adavantages and Disadvantages
ELISA

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ELISA

  • 1. ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications ELISA- கைொள்கைைள், வகைைள் மற்றும் பயன்பொடுைள்
  • 2. • ELISA stands for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ந ொதி-இணைக்கப்பட்ட ந ொய் தடுப்பொற்றல் ஆய்வி)
  • 3. • Immunology - தடுப்பொற்றலியல்; தடுப்பொற்றியல்; தடுப்புத்திறனியல் • Immune system - ந ொய் எதிர்ப்பு மண்டலம்;ந ொய் எதிர்புத் நதொகுதி • Antigen - உடற்கொப்பு ஊக்கி; எதிர்ச்நெனி; பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி; எதிரியொக்கி • Antibody - உடற்கொப்பு மூலம்; எதிர்ப்நபொருள்; பிறநபொருநெதிரி • Immunity - ந ொய் எதிர்ப்புத் திறன்; ந ொய்த் தடுதிறன்; ந ொய்த் தணடக் கொப்பு
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. • ஒவ்ந ொரு ந ொதியிலும் சில குறிப்பிட்ட அமிந ொ அமிலத் நதொடொா்கள் நெொா்ந்து விண படுநபொருள் (கீழ்ப்பணட) ந்து பிணை தற்கு ஏற்றொற்நபொல் ஒரு முப்பரிமொை அணமப்ணப உரு ொக்குகின்ற . • இவ்விடநம இயங்கிடம் அல்லது உயிர்ப்பு நிணலயம் (Active Site) எ ப்படும். • இது தொன் ஒரு ந ொதியின் தனித்தன்ணமணய (specificity) /துல்லியத்தன்ணமணய முடிவு நெய்கின்ற .
  • 7. • ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction • It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in blood.
  • 8. • ELISA என்பது பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி(Antigen) – பிறநபொருநெதிரி(Antibody) எதிர்விண ஆகும். • இது ழக்கமொக இரத்தத்தில் பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள் அல்லது பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கிகளின் நெறிண அெவிடு தற்கு பயன்படுத்தப்படும் ஒரு நபொது ொ ஆய் க நுட்பமொகும்.
  • 9. • ELISA is a plate based assay technique which is used for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones. • ELISA என்பது ஒரு தட்டு அடிப்பணடயிலொ மதிப்பீட்டு நுட்பமொகும், இது நபப்ணடட்ஸ், புரதங்கள், பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள் மற்றும் ஹொர்நமொன்கள் நபொன்ற நபொருட்கணெ கண்டறிய மற்றும் அெவிடு தற்குப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.
  • 10. • An enzyme conjugated with an antibody reacts with colorless substrate to generate a colored product. • Such substrate is called chromogenic substrate. • ஒரு பிறநபொருநெதிரியுடன் இணைந்த ஒரு ந ொதி,நிறப்நபொருள் ஒன்றிண உரு ொக்க நிறமற்ற கீழ்ப்பணடயுடன் நெயல்படுகிறது. • இத்தணகய கீழ்ப்பணட, குநரொமநெனிக் கீழ்ப்பணட எ அணழக்கப்படுகிறது.
  • 11. • A number of enzymes have been used for ELISA such as alkaline phosphatase, horse radish peroxidase and beta galactosidase. • Specific substrates such as  ortho-phenyldiamine dihydrochloride (for peroxidase),  paranitrophenyl phosphate (for alkaline phosphatase) are used which are hydrolysed by above enzymes to give colored end product.
  • 12. Principle • ELISAs are typically performed in 96-well polystyrene plates. • ELISAகள் நபொது ொக 96 துணெகள் நகொண்ட பொலீட்டிரியரின் தகடுகளில் நிகழ்த்தப்படுகின்ற . • The serum is incubated in a well, and each well contains a different serum.
  • 13. • A positive control serum and a negative control serum would be included among the 96 samples being tested. • ஒரு ந ர்மணறயொ கட்டுப்பொட்டு சீரம் மற்றும் ஒரு எதிர்மணற கட்டுப்பொட்டு சீரம் ஆகியண 96 மொதிரிகளில் உள்ெடங்கும். • Antibodies or antigens present in serum are captured by corresponding antigen or antibody coated on to the solid surface.
  • 14. • After some time, the plate is washed to remove serum and unbound antibodies or antigens. • To detect the bound antibodies or antigens, a secondary antibodies that are attached to an enzyme are added to each well. • பிணைக்கப்பட்ட பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள் அல்லது பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கிகணெ கண்டறிய, ஒரு ந ொதிக்கு இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ெ இரண்டொம் நிணல பிறநபொருநெதிரிகள் ஒவ்ந ொன்றிலும் நெர்க்கப்படுகின்ற
  • 15. • After an incubation period (அணடகொக்கும் கொலம்), the unbound secondary antibodies are washed off. • When a suitable substrate (கீழ்ப்பணட) is added, the enzyme (ந ொதியம்) reacts with it to produce a color. • This color produced is measurable as a function or quantity of antigens or antibodies present in the given sample.
  • 16. Types of ELISA • Frequently there are 3 types of ELISA on the basis of binding structure between the Antibody and Antigen. Indirect ELISA (மறைமுக ELISA) Sandwich ELISA (சாண்ட்விச் ELISA) Competitive ELISA (ப ாட்டி ELISA)
  • 18. • In this technique, antigen is coated on the microtiter well. • Serum or some other sample containing primary antibody is added to the microtiter well and allowed to react with the coated antigen. • Any free primary antibody is washed away and the bound antibody to the antigen is detected by adding an enzyme conjugated secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody.
  • 19. • Unbound secondary antibody is then washed away and a specific substrate for the enzyme is added. • Enzyme hydrolyzes the substrate to form colored products. • The amount of colored end product is measured by spectrophotometric plate readers that can measure the absorbance of all the wells of 96-well plate.
  • 21. • In this technique, antibody is coated on the microtiter well. • A sample containing antigen is added to the well and allowed to react with the antibody attached to the well. • After the well is washed, a second enzyme- linked antibody is allowed to react with the bound antigen.
  • 22. • Then after unbound secondary antibody (இரண்டொம்நிணல பிறநபொருநெதிரி) is removed by washing. • Finally substrate (கீழ்ப்பணட) is added to the plate which is hydrolyzed(நீர்ப்பகுப்பு) by enzyme to form colored products.
  • 23. Competitive ELISA (நபொட்டி ELISA) • Antibody (பிறநபொருநெதிரி) is first incubated in solution with a sample containing antigen (பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி) • The antigen-antibody (பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கி - பிறநபொருநெதிரி )mixture is then added to the microtitre we which is coated with antigen.
  • 24. • The more the antigen present in the sample, the less free antibody will be available to bind to the antigen- coated well. • பிறநபொருநெதிரியொக்கிகள் அெவு அதிகமொக கொைப்படும் நபொது ,அ ற்றுடன் இணையொத பிற நபொருள் எதிரிகளின் அெவு குணற ொக கொைப்படும் • After the well is washed, enzyme conjugated secondary antibody specific the primary antibody is added to determine the amount of primary antibody bound to the well. • For competitive ELISA, the higher the sample antigen concentration, the weaker the eventual signal.
  • 25.
  • 26. Application • Presence of antigen or the presence of antibody in a sample can be evaluated. • Determination of serum (குருதிநீர்ப்பொயம்) antibody concentrations in a virus test. • Used in food industry when detecting potential food allergens . • Applied in disease outbreaks- tracking the spread of disease e.g. HIV, bird flu, common, colds, cholera, STD etc.