Malaria is a major public health problem that disproportionately affects pregnant women and their babies. During pregnancy, a woman's risk of malaria infection increases due to immunosuppression. Malaria can cause severe complications for both mother and baby like abortion, stillbirth, low birth weight, maternal mortality. It is important to differentiate between uncomplicated and complicated malaria to ensure proper treatment. Management of malaria in pregnancy involves treatment, prevention of recurrence through intermittent preventive treatment and insecticide treated bed nets. Preventing malaria helps support healthy fetal growth and development.
For pregnant women diagnosed with uncomplicated malaria caused by chloroquine-resistant P. vivax infection, prompt treatment with artemether-lumfantrine (second and third trimesters) or mefloquine (all trimesters) is recommended. Doxycycline and tetracycline are generally not indicated for use in pregnant women
Sexually transmitted disease in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
An STI during pregnancy can pose serious health risks for you and your baby. As a result, screening for STIs , such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis, generally takes place at the first prenatal visit for all pregnant women.
For pregnant women diagnosed with uncomplicated malaria caused by chloroquine-resistant P. vivax infection, prompt treatment with artemether-lumfantrine (second and third trimesters) or mefloquine (all trimesters) is recommended. Doxycycline and tetracycline are generally not indicated for use in pregnant women
Sexually transmitted disease in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
An STI during pregnancy can pose serious health risks for you and your baby. As a result, screening for STIs , such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis, generally takes place at the first prenatal visit for all pregnant women.
Malaria in pregnancy is an obstetric, social and medical problem requiring multidisciplinary and multidimensional solution. Pregnant women constitute the main adult risk group for malaria and 80% of deaths due to malaria in Africa occur in pregnant women and children below 5 years. Malaria and pregnancy are mutually aggravating conditions. The physiological changes of pregnancy and the pathological changes due to malaria have a synergistic effect on the course of each other, thus making the life difficult for the mother, the child and the treating physician. P. falciparum malaria can run a turbulent and dramatic course in pregnant women. The non- immune, primi-gravidae are usually the most affected. In pregnant women the morbidity due to malaria includes anemia, fever illness, hypoglycemia, cerebral malaria, pulmonary edema, puerperal sepsis and mortality can occur from severe malaria and haemorrhage. The problems in the new born include low birth weight, prematurity, malaria illness and mortality.
Malaria in pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity worldwide and leads to poor birth outcomes. Pregnant women are more prone to complications of malaria infection than non-gravid women. Pregnant women are more susceptible than the general population to malaria: they are more likely to become infected, suffer a recurrence, develop severe complications and to die from the disease.
The role of a Nurse in the prevention and care of malaria in pregnancy starts in the ante natal clinic. Ante natal care is a critical service delivery point through which control /prevention of malaria in pregnancy takes place. The four (4) key Nursing roles in malaria interventions that are delivered through the ANC are;
1. Focused Antenatal Care & Health Education.
II. Early diagnosis &treatment of symptomatic women.
III. Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT).
IV. Regular& appropriate use of long lasting insecticide treated nets
(LLINs).SSS
Others are --
Evidence-based, goal-directed actions
Individualized, woman-centered care
Early detection and treatment of problems and complications
Prevention of complications and disease
Quality vs. quantity of visits
Care by skilled Nurses and health promotion
Birth preparedness & complication readiness
Please find the power point on Hyperemesis gravidarum and its managemen. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Malaria in pregnancy is an obstetric, social and medical problem requiring multidisciplinary and multidimensional solution. Pregnant women constitute the main adult risk group for malaria and 80% of deaths due to malaria in Africa occur in pregnant women and children below 5 years. Malaria and pregnancy are mutually aggravating conditions. The physiological changes of pregnancy and the pathological changes due to malaria have a synergistic effect on the course of each other, thus making the life difficult for the mother, the child and the treating physician. P. falciparum malaria can run a turbulent and dramatic course in pregnant women. The non- immune, primi-gravidae are usually the most affected. In pregnant women the morbidity due to malaria includes anemia, fever illness, hypoglycemia, cerebral malaria, pulmonary edema, puerperal sepsis and mortality can occur from severe malaria and haemorrhage. The problems in the new born include low birth weight, prematurity, malaria illness and mortality.
Malaria in pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity worldwide and leads to poor birth outcomes. Pregnant women are more prone to complications of malaria infection than non-gravid women. Pregnant women are more susceptible than the general population to malaria: they are more likely to become infected, suffer a recurrence, develop severe complications and to die from the disease.
The role of a Nurse in the prevention and care of malaria in pregnancy starts in the ante natal clinic. Ante natal care is a critical service delivery point through which control /prevention of malaria in pregnancy takes place. The four (4) key Nursing roles in malaria interventions that are delivered through the ANC are;
1. Focused Antenatal Care & Health Education.
II. Early diagnosis &treatment of symptomatic women.
III. Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT).
IV. Regular& appropriate use of long lasting insecticide treated nets
(LLINs).SSS
Others are --
Evidence-based, goal-directed actions
Individualized, woman-centered care
Early detection and treatment of problems and complications
Prevention of complications and disease
Quality vs. quantity of visits
Care by skilled Nurses and health promotion
Birth preparedness & complication readiness
Please find the power point on Hyperemesis gravidarum and its managemen. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
An Obstetrics and gynecology presentation: A 20 years old single female undergraduate presents to the emergency unit with fever, lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge of 5 days duration. Discuss her management
Menopause: Symptoms, Concerns, and Management StrategiesSummit Health
Presentation about menopause, including information about common symptoms such as hot flashes, sleeplessness, and weight gain as well as other physiologic changes such as bone loss and cardiovascular risks. Dr. Gibbons and Dr. Cummings will offer recommendations on treatment and management options that can help you navigate this important life transition.
A comprehensive guide to the management of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy aimed at the primary care physician and based on latest evidenced based criteria. Includes information from latest studies such as HAPO study and ACHOIS, and involves guidelines from the IADPSG, ADA, WHO and Malaysia.
Tuberculosis in prenancy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur ms i...alka mukherjee
Prevention of Tuberculosis
The BCG vaccine has been incorporated into the National immunization policy of many countries, especially the high burden countries, thereby conferring active immunity from childhood. Nonimmune women travelling to tuberculosis endemic countries should also be vaccinated. It must, however, be noted that the vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy [72].
The prevention, however, goes beyond this as it is essentially a disease of poverty. Improved living condition is, therefore, encouraged with good ventilation, while overcrowding should be avoided. Improvement in nutritional status is another important aspect of the prevention.
Pregnant women living with HIV are at higher risk for TB, which can adversely influence maternal and perinatal outcomes [73]. As much as 1.1 million people were diagnosed with the co-infection in 2009 alone [2]. Primary prevention of HIV/AIDS is, therefore, another major step in the prevention of tuberculosis in pregnancy. Screening of all pregnant women living with HIV for active tuberculosis is recommended even in the absence of overt clinical signs of the disease.
Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is another innovation of the World Health Organisation that is aimed at reducing the infection in HIV positive pregnant women based on evidence and experience and it has been concluded that pregnancy should not be a contraindication to receiving IPT. However, patient's individualisation and rational clinical judgement is required for decisions such as the best time to provide IPT to pregnant women
Influenza in Pregnancy : Recommendations of Treatment & Prevention ,Dr. Shar...Lifecare Centre
MANAGEMENT OF INFLUENZA IN PREGNANCY
Implementation of infection control measures.
Preferably isolation room should be there, if not available then patients can be kept in well-ventilated isolation ward with beds kept one meter apart.
All those entering the room must use high efficiency masks, gowns, goggles, gloves, cap and shoe cover.
Restrict number of visitors.
Provide antiviral prophylaxis to health care personnel
Dispose waste properly by placing it in sealed impermeable bags labeled as biohazard.
Torch infections during pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee nagpur ms indiaalka mukherjee
TORCH Syndrome refers to infection of a developing fetus or newborn by any of a group of infectious agents. "TORCH" is an acronym meaning (T)oxoplasmosis, (O)ther Agents, (R)ubella (also known as German Measles), (C)ytomegalovirus, and (H)erpes Simplex. Infection with any of these agents (i.e., Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses) may cause a constellation of similar symptoms in affected newborns. These may include fever; difficulties feeding; small areas of bleeding under the skin, causing the appearance of small reddish or purplish spots; enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly); yellowish discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes (jaundice); hearing impairment; abnormalities of the eyes; and/or other symptoms and findings. Each infectious agent may also result in additional abnormalities that may be variable, depending upon a number of factors (e.g., stage of fetal development
WOMEN AND IMMUNISATION PROMOTING ADOLESCENT / ADULT WOMEN IMMUNIZATION DR....Lifecare Centre
WHO Immunisation programs are amongst the most cost-beneficial health interventions
WHO COMMISSIONED GLOBAL REVIEW PUBLISHED IN 1993 MISSED OPPORTUNITIES
to vaccinate an estimated 30% of children and women
Please find the power point on HIV and its managment. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Malaria Facts
• 300 million malaria cases each year
worldwide
• 9 out of 10 cases occur in Africa
• An African dies of malaria every 10
seconds
• Affects 5 times as many as TB, AIDS,
measles and leprosy combined
2
3. Malaria and the Obstetric patient
•
Every minute
– About 12 Nigerian women become pregnant
(WHO)
• All are predisposed to dangers of Mal in Preg
– Asymptomatic / Undetected / Untreated
* Agboghoroma (31%), Isah (3.1%)
•
11% of Maternal death is due to Malaria
Nigeria)
(NPC/UNICEF -
• There are also untoward effects on the unborn child
3
4. MALARIA
Malaria is caused by one of 4 protozoan parasites:
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected
female Anopheles mosquito
4
6. Effects of Pregnancy on Malaria
More common.
Malaria is more common in pregnancy compared to the
general population probably due to Immuno
suppression and loss of acquired immunity to malaria.
More atypical.
In pregnancy, malaria tends to be more atypical in
presentation probably due to the hormonal ,
immunological and haematological changes of
pregnancy.
More severe.
Probably for the same reason, the parasitemia tends to
be 10 times higher and as a result, all the complications
of falciparum malaria are more common in pregnancy
compared to the non-pregnant population.
6
7. Effects of Pregnancy on Malaria
More fatal
P. falciparum malaria in pregnancy is more severe,
the mortality is also double (13 % ) compared to
the non-pregnant population (6.5%).
Selective treatment
Some anti malarials are contra indicated in
pregnancy and therefore the treatment may
become difficult, particularly in cases of severe P.
falciparum malaria.
Other problems
Management of complications of malaria may be
difficult due to the various physiological changes
of pregnancy.
7
10. Management of malaria in pregnancy
involves three aspects that are of equal
importance
1. Treatment of the malaria
2. Management of complications
3. Prevention of recurrence
10
11. TREATMENT OF MALARIA IN PREGNANCY
•
Depends on severity of the disease
- Simple / Uncomplicated
- Complicated
• Gestational age
- First trimester
- Second trimester
- Third trimester
• Aims at bringing attack/pyrexia to an end.
11
17. Supportive Treatment in Management
of Malaria in Pregnancy
Adequate calories
Correction of electrolyte imbalance
Blood transfusion / EBT in acute and severe cases
Oxygen + Diuretics in pulmonary oedema
Anticonvulsants
ICU for CM
Dialysis for ARF
Monitoring of the fetal growth & health
Deceleration & death (Opare Addo)
17
18. PREVENTION & CONTROL PROGRAMS
Available options are:
Vector control
Drug prophylaxis
Vaccination
18
19. VECTOR CONTROL
• Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs)
- Promote growth and development of fetus and newborn
- Shulman et al(2000), Isah/Ekele’2006 (?enough)
• Residual house hold spraying
• Environmental management
- Cleanliness is next to Godliness
- Drainage and water flow control
19
20. •All pregnant women should receive at least two doses of IPT
after quickening at ANC visits (WHO recommends a schedule of
four visits, three after quickening)
•Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) given 3 times during
pregnancy is effective for women with HIV/AIDS
•Presently, the most effective drug for IPT is sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) combination
20
22. • A single dose is three tablets of sulfadoxine
500 mg + pyrimethamine 25 mg.
(Daraprim, the ‘Sunday-Sunday tablet’ is no longer effective)
• Healthcare provider should dispense dose and
directly observe client taking dose
22
23. CANDIDATE VACCINE
I.
PRE- ERYTHROCYTIC VACCINE (SPOROZOITE)
1.
Irradiation Attenuated Sporozoite (IAS)
2.
Circumsporozoite protein (CSP)
Escape of even a single sporozoite leads to failure of
anti-sporozoite vaccine
II. ASEXUAL BLOOD STAGE VACCINE
1.
Merozoite specific antigen (MSA-1)
2.
Erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA)
III INFECTED RED CELLS
Schizont infected cell surface antigen (SICA)
23
24. CANDIDATE VACCINE
IV TRNSMISSION-BLOCKING VACCINES
1. Antigametocyte: Pfs 25; Pfs 230; Pfs 48/45
2.
-
Antiookinete
Interferes with fertilization
Prevent maturation of gametocytes
Prevent mosquitoes from being infected
But no effect on those already infected
However even if infection occurs transmission to
another individual is prevented
Hence: Reduce incidence of malaria & prevent
transmission of resistant strains.
24
25. CANDIDATE VACCINE
V. MULTIVALENT/MULTISTAGE VACCINE
1. SPf66
-
Developed in Colombia
Made of synthetic peptide from 3 sexual blood stage
MSA
Highly immunogenic & probably predominantly act
by cellular mechanism
Clinical Trials:
Colombia (All age groups): 33.6% efficacy
Tanzania (Age 1-5 years): 31% efficacy
Gambia (Age 6-11 Months): 0%
25
26. Conclusion
• Malaria during pregnancy has adverse consequences
for both mother and the baby
• Malaria preventive package includes:
– Intermittent preventive treatment with SP during
antenatal clinic visits
– Use of ITNs throughout pregnancy and in the
postpartum period
26
27. Conclusion
• Prevention must be complemented by effective case
management of malaria for all women of reproductive
age
27