A compiled Power point presentation on "Antipsychotic drugs" suitable for Undergraduate level medical students and also PG students in the subject of Pharmacology.
a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.
antipsychotics history, managment of psychosis,side effect of antipsychotics, mechanism of antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics,2nd generation antipsychotics.
Presentation is about different types of dopaminergic receptors, dopamiergic pathway, its different functions, agonists, antagonists and various disorders associated with it along with its treatment.
Depression is a mental health disorder.
Characterized by symptoms like sad mood, loss of interest and pleasure, low energy, worthlessness, guilt, psychomotor retardation or agitation, change in appetite and/ or sleep, melancholia, suicidal thoughts, etc.
It may be unipolar (only depression) or bipolar (cycle of mood swings from mania to depression).
It is the leading psychiatric disorder.
The mood change may have a psychotic basis with delusional thinking or occur in isolation.
Antidepresants are the drugs which can elevate mood in depressive illness.
A compiled Power point presentation on "Antipsychotic drugs" suitable for Undergraduate level medical students and also PG students in the subject of Pharmacology.
a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.
antipsychotics history, managment of psychosis,side effect of antipsychotics, mechanism of antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics,2nd generation antipsychotics.
Presentation is about different types of dopaminergic receptors, dopamiergic pathway, its different functions, agonists, antagonists and various disorders associated with it along with its treatment.
Depression is a mental health disorder.
Characterized by symptoms like sad mood, loss of interest and pleasure, low energy, worthlessness, guilt, psychomotor retardation or agitation, change in appetite and/ or sleep, melancholia, suicidal thoughts, etc.
It may be unipolar (only depression) or bipolar (cycle of mood swings from mania to depression).
It is the leading psychiatric disorder.
The mood change may have a psychotic basis with delusional thinking or occur in isolation.
Antidepresants are the drugs which can elevate mood in depressive illness.
Major depression and mania are two extremes of affective disorders which refer to a pathological change in mood state
Major depressions characterized by symptoms like sad mood, loss of interest and pleasure, low energy, worthlessness, guilt, psychomotor retardation or agitation, change in appetite and/or sleep, melancholia, suicidal thoughts, etc
3. The mood change may have a psychotic basis with delusional thinking or occur in isolation and induce anxiety. On the other hand, pathological anxiety may lead to depression.
Major depressive disorder and its treatmentAmruta Vaidya
A concise presentation on major depressive disorder, the drug treatment options available i.e. conventional and emerging therapies which are available.
complete explanation with amicable pictures regarding CNS stimulants and cognitive enhancers.useful for both UG and PG students.references from different books and authors
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. DEPRESSION
• Definition:
• AFFECTIVE DISORDER
• A serious medical condition in which a
person feels very sad ,hopeless, and
unimportant and often is unable to live in a
normal way
3. CRITERIA FOR DEPRESSION
3
AT LEAST 5 OF THESE 9 SYMPTOMS ,
PRESENT NEARLY EVERY DAY:
1.DEPRESSED MOOD OR IRRITABLE MOST OF THE DAY
2.DECREASED INTEREST OR PLEASURE IN ACTIVITIES
3.SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT LOSS (5%) OR CHANGE IN
APPETITE
4.CHANGE IN SLEEP : INSOMNIA OR HYPERSOMNIA
5.CHANGE IN ACTIVITY : PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION
OR RETARDATION
6.FATIGUE OR LOSS OF ENERGY
7.GUILT/WORTHLESSNESS
8.CONCENTRATION - DIMINISHED , INDECISIVENESS
9.SUICIDALITY: THOUGHTS OF DEATH OR SUICIDE, OR
HAS SUICIDE PLAN
4. TYPES OF DEPRESSION
¬ Depression are of Following types :
a.Uni-polar - Mind of subject swing in some direction
b.Bi-polar - Depression associated with mania some
times called as a manic depression
c.Endogenous – Depression due to shock or
stressful life events
10. 01/02/19
Amine hypothesis of mood
•Psychic depression: Decrease
concentration of noradrenaline &
serotonin in the brain.
•Elevated mood: Increase of
noradrenaline and serotonin in the
brain.
•Schizophrenia: increased
dopamine in the brain
12. Neuro endocrine factors:
Abnormalities of the HPA axis: increased CORTISOL,
increased ACTH & CRH.
When dexa give no dec in cortisol levels.
Most depressed patients are Euthyroid, some have
subclinical hypothyroidism.
When TSH given no response to induce TRH.
Decreased GROWTH HORMONE.
Increased PROLACTIN levels.
12
20. St. John’s wort
(Active principle:Hyperforin)
ANTIDEPRESSANTS OF
NATURAL ORIGIN
21. 1.Drugs that block NE and 5HT reuptake:
• Examples: Imipramine, clomipramine,
Amitryptyline, Doxepin
• Chemically these are tri cyclic
antidepressants.
• These block reuptake of NA and 5HT
transporters.
• These permit more availability and longer stay of
NE and 5HT in synaptic cleft.
• In addition they bind to α-adrenergic ,histaminic,
and cholinergic receptors which account for side
effects.
24. IMIPRAMINE - PHARMACOKINETICS
• Good oral absorption but undergo 1st pass
effect –variable bioavailablity.
• Highly bound to plasma protein and high Vd
• Metabolized in Liver: Active metabolites:
• Imipramine– desipramine and
• amitriptyline – nortriptyline
• Excreted via urine, t 1/2 – 16 to 24 Hrs.
One daily dose – because of active
metabolites
• Therapeutic window phenomenon: Optimal
effect at 50-200 ng/ml.
24
25. DRUG INTERACTIONS:
TCA’s potentiate the effects of directly acting
sympathomimetics -- BP, Arrythmias.
Anticholinergics aggravates the toxicity of TCA
T3, T4 Potentiate CNS stimulant effect of TCA’s.
MAO I’s with TCA’s show synergistic action.
TCA’s block the uptake of Guanethidine along with NE.
TCA’s reverse the antihypertensive action of clonidine.
25
26. DRAWBACKS:
• Low safety margin.
• Anticholinergic, CVS and neurological side
effects.
• Therapeutic lag (2-4 wks).
• The TCAs may exacerbate certain medical
conditions, such as unstable angina, benign
prostatic hyperplasia, epilepsy, and preexisting
arrhythmias 26
27. THERAPEUTIC USES:
• 2nd
or 3rd
line agents for MDD.
• OCD (Clomipramine)
• PANIC DISORDERS
• SCHOOL PHOBIA,PTSD.
• ADHD (ATOMOXETINE NERI)
• Nocturnal enuresis in children(Doc desmopressin)
• Neuropathic pain.
• Migraine.
• Low doses of TCAs, especially doxepin, can be
used to treat insomnia
27
29. 2.Selective Serotonin-Nor adrenaline
reuptake inhibitors(SNRIs):
• Examples :Duloxetine, Venlafaxine, Milnacipram
• SNRIs block the reuptake of NA and 5HT like TCAs
• They differ from TCAs and are more selective and
lack α1-adrenergic ,H1 and cholinergic receptor
blocking property.
• So fewer side effects than TCA.
• NOTE: VENlafaxiNE causEs cardiO TOxiciTy
• aT high dOsEs.
30. 3.Drugs which predominantly block NE reuptake
• TCAs: Despiramine , Nortryptaline,
protryptaline
• Newer: Amoxapine, Reboxetine,Maprotiline.
These predominantly inhibit NA reuptake
resulting in increased concentration of NA in
synaptic cleft.
Note : Amoxapine blocks post synaptic
D2 receptors also and hence possess
antipyschotic action.
31. 4.Drugs which selectively inhibits
Seratonin (SSRIs)
• Examples : Sertraline,Fluoxetine,Fluvoxamine,
paroxetine, Citalopram, Escitalopram.
• SSRIs selectively blocks seratonin reuptake
and increases seratonin levels in the synaptic
cleft.
NOTE:
Most prescribed
Escitalopram is 100 times more potent than
Citalopram
Citalopram is prefered SSRI in Premenstrual
syndrome.
33. MaO (MONOaMiNE OxidasE ):
MAO is an mitochondrial enzyme involved in the oxidative
deamination of biogenic amines.
Two forms: MAO-A
MAO-B
MAO-A MAO-B
Deaminates 5HT, NA, DA Phenylethylamine,
DA
Distribution Adrenergic neurons,
intestine,liver,kidney
, placenta.
Dopamanergic
neurons,
brain,platelets,liver.
Inhibited by Clorgyline,
Moclobemide.
Seligiline.
35. Mechanism of action:
• Inhibition of MAO-A decreases the deamination
of 5HT, NA in the nerve endings.
This causes local increase of 5HT,NA which is
associated with both antidepressant action and
hypertensive interactions .
EXAMPLE:
Meclobemide: Reversible inhibitor of MAO-A
Full MAO activity restored within 1-2 days
36. • Selective inhibition of MAO-B decreases
deamination of dopamine, is not associated with
antidepressant action and hypertensive reactions
• These are useful in the treatment of
parkinsonism.
Selegiline (Emsam) is the first and only once-
daily skin patch approved to treat major
depressive disorder (MDD)
37. Non selective MAO inhibitors:
•The active metabolites of non selective MAO
inhibitors inactivate the enzyme irreversibly.
•These are “hit and run” drugs ,takes 2-3
weeks and its effects last for 2-3 weeks.
•Return of MAO activity depends on synthesis of
fresh enzyme.
38. THERAPEUTIC USES:
Indicated for depressed patients who are unresponsive
or allergic to TCAs or who experience strong anxiety.
Treatment of phobic states.
Treatment of atypical depression (labile mood, rejection
sensitivity, and appetite disorders).
Parkinson's disease.
School phobia, PTSD.
38
43. 2. Maoi + tCas:
shows synergistic effects
leads to hypertension, arrhythmia, seizures
3.Maoi inhibits Da DegraDation
more DA levels forms precursor for NE synthesis
and release
resulting in hypertensive crisis
4.Maoi inhibits liver MiCrosoMal enzyMes,
precipitating toxicity
>MAOI + Morphine: severe respiratory distress
>MAOI + Sulphonyl ureas: hypoglycemic coma
(tolbutamide)
>MAOI + Chloroquine : increased toxicity
44. Moclobomide : Advantages
• Reversible action (1-2 days after stoppage)
(restoration of normal MAO activity)
• Dietary restriction not required.
• Lack of anti cholinergic, sedative, cognitive
and CVS adverse effects.
• Used in elderly patients and with heart
diseases.
• Mild to moderate depression - alternative to
TCAs. 44
47. • Nafazodone more safe than trazodone.
(hepatotoxicity) but less alpha blocking side effects
• Mianserin blocks H1 & presynaptic alpha 2
• Mirtazapine- block presynaptic alpha 2 auto
receptors and 5 HT1 receptors not 5 HT 2 & 5HT 3
receptors. (No side effects of SSRI)
• Block H1 and 5 HT 2c receptors which lead to
sedation and increased appetite.
• Bupropion – weak inhibitor of reuptake of 5 HT ,NE
&DA
01/02/19
48. BUPROPION:
• Weak dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
• Bupropion also assists in decreasing the craving and
attenuating the withdrawal symptoms for nicotine in
tobacco users trying to quit smoking.
• Can help with cocaine withdrawal.
• Cause agitation, insomnia so avoid at bed time.
• Side effects
◦ Dry mouth
◦ Nervousness
◦ Tremor
◦ Increased risk for seizures at high doses. 48
49. MIRTAZAPINE:
• Enhances serotonin and norepinephrine
neurotransmission by blocking presynaptic α2
receptors and 5-HT1receptors.
• It is a sedative because of its potent
antihistaminic activity.
• No anti muscarinic side effects
• No interference with sexual functioning
• Sideeffects:
◦ Increased appetite and weight gain
◦ Marked sedation 49
52. Pharmacokinetics: (ssri’s)
• All SSRI’s well absorbed after oral administration.
• Peak levels are seen in ~2-8 hours.
• Food has little effect on absorption.
◦ except with sertraline, food increases its absorption
• t1/2:-16-36 hours
◦ Fluoxetine t1/2 :-50 hours.
• It is available as a sustained-release preparation allowing
once-weekly dosing. 52
53. Pharmacological actions:
Behavioural effects:
Elevates the depressed mood.
Subject feels more energetic, less sleepy, and more
fresh
Tendency for suicide decreases.
CVS effects: no specific action on heart and
coronary arteries
Potentiation of action of sympathomimetic amines.
55. .• Overdose: Large intakes of SSRIs do not usually
cause cardiac arrhythmias (compared to the
arrhythmia risk for the TCAs).
• An exception is citalopram, it may cause QT
prolongation.
• Seizures can occur in over dose.
• All SSRIs have the potential to cause serotonin
syndrome when used in the presence of a MAOI or
other highly serotonergic drug.
• Serotonin syndrome include the symptoms of
hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, sweating,
myoclonus, and changes in mental status and vital
signs 55
60. SSRI’s in children and teenagers:
• Should be used cautiously in children and teenagers.
• ~ 2% children report suicidal ideation with SSRI.
• Pediatric patients should be observed for worsening
depression and suicidal thinking with initiation or
dosage change of any antidepressant.
• Fluoxetine and escitalopram are approved for
childhood depression.
• Fluoxetine, sertraline, and fluvoxamine are approved
for OCD in children.
60
61. SSRI’s:
• Discontinuation syndrome:
All of the SSRIs have the potential to cause a
discontinuation syndrome after abrupt withdrawal.
• Fluoxetine has the lowest risk of causing an SSRI
discontinuation
• Signs and symptoms of SSRI discontinuation
syndrome
◦ Headache, malaise, flu-like symptoms, agitation and
irritability, nervousness, and changes in sleep pattern
61
62. SSRIs
• ADVANTAGES
less sedation
less marked antimuscarinic action
safer than TCAs in elderly
They are more effective in moderate
depression.
They are well absorbed orally.
64. Management of overdosage
Treat in ICU.
1. Supportive Treatment
Gastric lavage with activated charcoal.
Dialysis ineffective
Endotracheal intubation & assistant ventilation may be
required.
2. Specific Treatment: Phenytoin, Lidocaine
Sod. Bicarbonate
Diazepam
Do not use physostigmine as it worsens arrhythmias