Magnetogama is an open schematic handassembled fluxgate magnetometer. Compared to another magnetometer, Magnetogama has more benefit concerning its price and its ease of use. Practically Magnetogama can be utilized either in land or attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Magnetogama was designed to give open access to a cheap and accurate alternative to magnetometer sensor. Therefore it can be used as a standard design which is directly applicable to the low-budget company or education purposes. Schematic, code and several verification tests were presented in this article ensuring its reproducibility. Magnetogama has been tested with two kind of tests: a comparison with two nearest observatories at Learmonth (LRM) and Kakadu (KDU) and the response of magnetic substance.
Low cost low speed oscilloscope using graphical lcd and a tmega128 microcontr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract In this paper, localization of the robot is achieved by considering two Global Positioning Systems (GPS) or DGPS. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is interfaced with MBED with the help of Zigbee protocol. For accurate localization of mobile robot DGPS is preferred. Filters are used to remove the erroneous noise from the data obtained from GPS. Low pass IIR filter for DGPS is realized. The project work discusses each of these approaches for localization in Outdoor environment. The above algorithm is implemented on MBED Platform. Simulation results are extracted using Matlab. Keywords—localization, Outdoor environment, Low pass IIR filter, DGPS, MBED
Osmium MIMU22BT: A Micro Wireless Multi-IMU (MIMU) Inertial Navigation Moduleoblu.io
The Osmium MIMU22BT is a miniaturized MIMU based wireless inertial navigation module suitable for foot mounted indoor positioning and other applications based on wearable sensors. An on-board Bluetooth module provides a wireless data link. Presence of on-board floating point processing capability, along with four IMUs, makes navigational computation possible inside the module itself, which in turn results in very accurate tracking of wearer.
The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic response of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The DFIG rotor is connected to the grid via a converter. The active and reactive power control is realized by the DFIG rotor variables control, using the field oriented control (FOC). The vector control of DFIG is applied by the use of tow regulators PI and the neural network regulator (NN). The generator mathematical model is implemented in Matlab/ Simulink software to simulate a DFIG of 1.5 MW in order to show the efficiency of the performances and robustness of the studied control systems. The simulation obtained results shows that the robustness and response time of the neural network regulator is better than those obtained by the PI classical regulator.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
The document describes a technique for automated data acquisition from an X-band microwave bench. A personal computer uses a stepper motor to move a plunger in a liquid cell, and an analog-to-digital converter card interfaces with the microwave bench detector to measure the reflected power at different plunger positions. Software controls the stepper motor and records the measurements, allowing accurate determination of dielectric properties without manual operation. Table 1 shows example data collected, listing the plunger position in mm and corresponding detected microwave power for an air-filled liquid cell. This automated process provides more precise measurements than the traditional manual method.
This document describes a wireless sensor network system for remotely monitoring solar panels. Sensor nodes attached to each solar panel measure electrical parameters like voltage, current, light intensity, temperature, and dust. The nodes send this data via XBee modules to a central HUB computer. The HUB displays the data in real-time using a Python GUI and stores it in an Excel file. It also forwards the data to a server via Ethernet. This system allows continuous monitoring of each individual solar panel's performance and condition from a remote location.
Voltage stability Analysis using GridCalAnmol Dwivedi
Power system voltage stability is characterized as being capable of maintaining load voltage magnitudes within specified operating limits under steady state conditions. This presentation deals with the modeling of two standard power systems test cases i.e the Nordic-32 and the Nordic-68, comparing the power flows results obtained from GridCal against PSS/E, finding the respective P-V curves for the two test cases using the continuation power flow under contingencies, and finally proposing a graph-based test statistic which can be used for an imminent voltage instability. The simulations are carried out using an open-source power system software called GridCal and the scripts for this project are written in python.
Time Based Smart Speed Breaker using Embedded Systemsijtsrd
This document describes a time-based smart speed breaker system using embedded systems. The system uses an iron half-cylindrical pipe speed breaker that can rotate up from the ground using a control circuit. A real-time clock is connected to the control circuit to determine when the speed breaker should appear on the road for a set time period before disappearing. The system aims to automatically control speed breakers to reduce speeds as needed while also giving priority to emergency vehicles through an RF receiver.
Low cost low speed oscilloscope using graphical lcd and a tmega128 microcontr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract In this paper, localization of the robot is achieved by considering two Global Positioning Systems (GPS) or DGPS. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is interfaced with MBED with the help of Zigbee protocol. For accurate localization of mobile robot DGPS is preferred. Filters are used to remove the erroneous noise from the data obtained from GPS. Low pass IIR filter for DGPS is realized. The project work discusses each of these approaches for localization in Outdoor environment. The above algorithm is implemented on MBED Platform. Simulation results are extracted using Matlab. Keywords—localization, Outdoor environment, Low pass IIR filter, DGPS, MBED
Osmium MIMU22BT: A Micro Wireless Multi-IMU (MIMU) Inertial Navigation Moduleoblu.io
The Osmium MIMU22BT is a miniaturized MIMU based wireless inertial navigation module suitable for foot mounted indoor positioning and other applications based on wearable sensors. An on-board Bluetooth module provides a wireless data link. Presence of on-board floating point processing capability, along with four IMUs, makes navigational computation possible inside the module itself, which in turn results in very accurate tracking of wearer.
The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic response of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The DFIG rotor is connected to the grid via a converter. The active and reactive power control is realized by the DFIG rotor variables control, using the field oriented control (FOC). The vector control of DFIG is applied by the use of tow regulators PI and the neural network regulator (NN). The generator mathematical model is implemented in Matlab/ Simulink software to simulate a DFIG of 1.5 MW in order to show the efficiency of the performances and robustness of the studied control systems. The simulation obtained results shows that the robustness and response time of the neural network regulator is better than those obtained by the PI classical regulator.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
The document describes a technique for automated data acquisition from an X-band microwave bench. A personal computer uses a stepper motor to move a plunger in a liquid cell, and an analog-to-digital converter card interfaces with the microwave bench detector to measure the reflected power at different plunger positions. Software controls the stepper motor and records the measurements, allowing accurate determination of dielectric properties without manual operation. Table 1 shows example data collected, listing the plunger position in mm and corresponding detected microwave power for an air-filled liquid cell. This automated process provides more precise measurements than the traditional manual method.
This document describes a wireless sensor network system for remotely monitoring solar panels. Sensor nodes attached to each solar panel measure electrical parameters like voltage, current, light intensity, temperature, and dust. The nodes send this data via XBee modules to a central HUB computer. The HUB displays the data in real-time using a Python GUI and stores it in an Excel file. It also forwards the data to a server via Ethernet. This system allows continuous monitoring of each individual solar panel's performance and condition from a remote location.
Voltage stability Analysis using GridCalAnmol Dwivedi
Power system voltage stability is characterized as being capable of maintaining load voltage magnitudes within specified operating limits under steady state conditions. This presentation deals with the modeling of two standard power systems test cases i.e the Nordic-32 and the Nordic-68, comparing the power flows results obtained from GridCal against PSS/E, finding the respective P-V curves for the two test cases using the continuation power flow under contingencies, and finally proposing a graph-based test statistic which can be used for an imminent voltage instability. The simulations are carried out using an open-source power system software called GridCal and the scripts for this project are written in python.
Time Based Smart Speed Breaker using Embedded Systemsijtsrd
This document describes a time-based smart speed breaker system using embedded systems. The system uses an iron half-cylindrical pipe speed breaker that can rotate up from the ground using a control circuit. A real-time clock is connected to the control circuit to determine when the speed breaker should appear on the road for a set time period before disappearing. The system aims to automatically control speed breakers to reduce speeds as needed while also giving priority to emergency vehicles through an RF receiver.
Travsafe-An Electronic Security Monitoring System Using GPS-GSM and RF Commun...IJLT EMAS
Nowadays Travel baggage safety has become the need
of the hour. Monitoring and tracking are the two key parameter
for any safety mechanism . Loosing the baggage in the absence of
passenger’s attention is increasing day-by-day. This study
considers receiver’s ability to act in the absence of signal from
transmitter using RF communications . A micro-controller is
used to process the signals from receiver. Accordingly an SMS
will be send to the owner using Global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The proposed methodology produced
significantly favourable results.
Solar panel monitoring solution using IoT-Faststream TechnologiesSudipta Maity
Faststream Technologies offers an automated IOT based solar panel monitoring/troubleshooting system that allows for automated solar panel monitoring from anywhere over the internet. As part of our solution, we make use of several IoT gateways suitable for different needs, based on SoCs like STM32, ESP32, ublox, CC3200, SiliconLabs, to monitor the solar panel parameters, in turn, providing Solar Plant Insights.
Our system constantly monitors the solar panel and transmits various parameters to the Cloud over the IoT system. Here we make use of the IoT platform to transmit solar power parameters to Amazon/ Azure cloud /IOT server via the gateway (over WiFi and Ethernet). A powerful web interface allows viewing of data in meaningful formats, enabling users to make decisions.
IRJET- Design and Development of IoT based Geiger Muller CounterIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of an Internet of Things (IoT) based portable Geiger-Muller counter. The system consists of a Sparkfun Geiger counter board, NodeMCU microcontroller, and Blynk app for cloud services. Radiation levels are measured by the Geiger counter and sent via WiFi to the Blynk cloud server. The Blynk app stores and visualizes the radiation data in real-time on an Android mobile device. The system was tested in the laboratory and found to accurately measure radiation levels in agreement with standards.
This document describes an automatic object sorting system that uses image processing and a conveyor belt. The system uses a camera to capture images of objects on the belt and detects the color and shape of each object using MATLAB image processing algorithms. It then sends signals to a microcontroller to control the conveyor belt and sort the objects by moving colored objects to the left or right sides and shaped objects to the left or right based on predetermined criteria. The system is intended to automate sorting in industries to reduce costs and improve efficiency compared to manual sorting.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SCALABLE HEIRARCHIAL PROTOCOL FOR HO...IAEME Publication
Wireless Sensor nodes connect the physical world to the digital world using smart,
tiny and self configured stand alone devices. These small devices offer pack of
brilliant opportunities to the digital world by capturing and revealing real time events
which later used as data cloud in numerous applications. With impressive
improvements in protocols, node level programming, simulation platforms and
middleware developments sensor nodes have become promising options in the
development of smart cities, gas and chemical industry, precision agriculture etc.
However, these industrial application demands more lifetime and faster-secure data
transmissions. In many applications it is recorded that with increase in network size
LEACH routing protocol functioning degenerate. Further, designing of a promising
routing protocol that can maintain less energy consumption during data gathering
and propagation leads to use of variety of approaches. This work is based on the
abstraction of equal distribution of energy among nodes with scalability.
Experimental results show commendable improvement in network lifespan with
residual energy of nodes to last for longer period. Throughput is also monitored
considering scalability.
The document summarizes a research project on multi-resolution data fusion using agent-based sensors. The project aims to develop collaborative signal processing techniques that are energy-aware, fault-tolerant, and progressively improve accuracy. Key accomplishments include developing mobile agent-based collaborative signal processing, energy-aware task scheduling algorithms, analytical battery modeling, and sensor deployment algorithms. The project has resulted in several publications and integrated some techniques successfully, while other integration efforts faced challenges.
REMOTE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM GROUND SHIFT WITH GSMijmnct
This document describes a remote measurement system for early detection of landslides in Indonesia using soil displacement sensors, a microcontroller, and GSM communication. The system monitors soil shear values and transmits data via SMS when thresholds of 4cm, 50mm, 100mm, or 150mm are exceeded. It sends alerts containing the date, time, and measured displacement. Testing showed the system can successfully transmit sensor readings and warnings in real-time over the GSM network to notify authorities of potential landslides. The aim is to provide early warnings to evacuate communities threatened by landslides.
Open Source Software Tools for Synchrophasor ApplicationsLuigi Vanfretti
This document summarizes Luigi Vanfretti's work on developing open source software tools for synchrophasor applications. It discusses tools developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology's SmarTS Lab for real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation and prototyping of synchrophasor software and hardware. It also describes tools like S3DK and Khorjin that were created to help with synchrophasor application development by handling communication protocols and data management. The document outlines Vanfretti's motivation and the evolution of the SmarTS Lab's open source tools to support synchrophasor applications.
Monitoring solar with internet of thingsBrian Raafiu
This document describes a smart monitoring system for solar panel systems using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. It discusses:
- The need to monitor solar panel electricity output and efficiency to optimize renewable energy use.
- A methodology using current sensors and an Android app to remotely monitor current and power output from solar panels and a grid-tie inverter in real-time.
- Test results found the sensor measurements were accurate to within 1.88% for a power line and 5.62% for a grid-tie inverter cable.
- The successful IoT monitoring system provides a low-cost solution to help optimize solar power use and savings by automatically using grid power when solar output is insufficient to
This paper proposes an automatic railway crack locator system that uses infrared (IR) and ultrasonic sensors to detect cracks in railway tracks. The system is intended to improve railway safety by automatically detecting defects in tracks and sending the location information to maintenance crews via GSM. Key components of the system include an Arduino microcontroller, IR and ultrasonic sensors to detect cracks and measure distances, a GSM module to communicate crack locations, and a GPS module to provide precise location of cracks.
IRJET- IoT based Solar Power Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes an IOT-based solar power monitoring system that can monitor and control a solar photovoltaic system remotely. The system uses sensors to monitor the voltage, current, and power output of solar panels. A microcontroller connects the sensors to the internet via WiFi to upload the data to a cloud server. The system also includes a sun tracking mechanism using an LDR sensor and DC motor to automatically rotate the solar panels and maximize sunlight exposure for increased efficiency. The remote monitoring capabilities allow users to view the solar panel performance from anywhere via a web interface.
Distance relay is mainly used for fault detection in the power system. But it cannot be used below 11kV. Hence an electronic smart energy meter is developed for the detection of the fault in the distribution system. It consists of a fault detection circuit and an IoT module. The fault detector senses the presence of a fault and give a command signal to the circuit breaker and also passes these fault signal to the operator. This proposed system will be a perfect solution for three major challenges faced in the distribution sector such as automatic fault isolation, information about the fault to the operator and exact location of the fault. The energy meter is capable of displaying the cost of the unit consumed according to their tariff. The variation in tariff can be controlled by an operator using IoT. The initial cost of the proposed system is comparatively higher than the traditional system. As a long term consideration, the cost of installation can be compensated by reducing the wastage of energy by making the consumer aware of the consumption details.
IEEE MMSP'21: INCEPT: Intra CU Depth Prediction for HEVCVignesh V Menon
The document presents the INCEPT algorithm for intra coding unit (CU) depth prediction in HEVC video encoding. INCEPT uses features like texture energy and neighboring CU statistics to predict the minimum and maximum depth for each CU. It achieved an average encoding time savings of 23.34% over benchmark algorithms with only a 1.28% increase in bitrate. The algorithm works well across different video types and quality levels. Future work could reduce PU mode decision time and extend the approach to the VVC standard.
PC Based DC Motor Speed Control using PID for Laboratoryijtsrd
1) The document describes a PC-based system for controlling the speed of a DC motor using a PID controller. An Arduino microcontroller implements the PID algorithm and drives the motor via an L298N motor driver. A C# Windows application allows setting the target speed and tuning the PID gains.
2) An experiment was conducted where the target and actual motor speeds were monitored on the GUI as the PID gains were adjusted. The system provides a way for students to learn about PID control and gain tuning for DC motor speed control.
3) Key hardware components include an Arduino Uno, L298N motor driver, encoder-equipped DC motor, and C# software for the PID GUI interface. The PID
IEEE ICIP'22:Efficient Content-Adaptive Feature-based Shot Detection for HTTP...Vignesh V Menon
Abstract: Video delivery over the Internet has been becoming a commodity in recent years, owing to the widespread use of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). The DASH specification defines a hierarchical data model for Media Presentation Descriptions (MPDs) in terms of segments. This paper focuses on segmenting video into multiple shots for encoding in Video on Demand (VoD) HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) applications. Therefore, we propose a novel Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) feature-based shot detection and successive elimination algorithm for shot detection and compare it against the default shot detection algorithm of the x265 implementation of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed feature-based pre-processor has a recall rate of 25% and an F-measure of 20% greater than the benchmark algorithm for shot detection.
Synchrophasor Applications Facilitating Interactions between Transmission and...Luigi Vanfretti
Distribution grid dynamics will become increasingly complex due to the transition from passive to active networks arising from the increase of renewable energy sources at medium and voltage level. A successful transition requires to increase the observability and awareness of the interactions between Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grids, particularly to guarantee adequate operational security.
This presentation explores how different technical means can facilitate interactions between TSOs and DSOs with the utilization of GPS-time-synchronized phasor measurements (aka Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)) with millisecond resolution. If made available in actual T&D networks, such high-sampled data across operational boundaries allows an opportunity to extract information related to different time-scales.
As part of the work carried out in the EU-funded FP7 IDE4L project (http://ide4l.eu/), a specific use case, containing PMU-based monitoring functions, has been defined to support the architecture design of future distribution grid automation systems. As a result, the architecture can accommodate for key dynamic information extraction and exchange between DSO and TSO.
This presentation presents the use case and focuses on the technical aspects related to the development and implementation of the PMU-based monitoring functionalities that can provide means to facilitate technical co-operation between transmission and distribution operations.
This document discusses hardware co-simulation of BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes. It begins with an introduction to digital modulation techniques, specifically phase shift keying. It then provides details on implementing BPSK and QPSK modulation in MATLAB Simulink and System Generator. The BPSK and QPSK modulators are modeled in VHDL and hardware co-simulation is performed. Waveforms are verified between MATLAB and FPGA simulation tools. The document concludes the BPSK and QPSK modulators provide efficient and robust techniques for software defined radio applications.
IRJET- Land Mine Data Collection System using Long Range WiFi and P2P Com...IRJET Journal
This system collects data from sensors in landmines including time of blast, weight, temperature, climate factors like rainfall, and direction of movement. This data helps determine the cause of mine blasts and informs soldiers of conditions. Sensors transmit data via long range WiFi to a base station where the information is displayed. Collecting this critical data enhances military investigations and situational awareness for troops.
1) The document discusses various strategies for monitoring solar panels using Internet of Things (IoT) technology to effectively convert solar energy to electrical energy.
2) It describes approaches using photovoltaic panels connected to sensors, microcontrollers, and IoT modules to track performance metrics like voltage and current. The data is transmitted to the cloud for remote monitoring and analysis.
3) Strategies discussed include using Arduino and Raspberry Pi boards to send sensor readings via APIs to cloud services like ThingSpeak. This allows real-time monitoring of solar panel output from any location.
Real Time Monitoring and Electro Magnetic Interference causing Data corruptionRekaNext Capital
On site, where there are motors and generators, the sensor reading are affected by Electro-Magnetic Interference. The presentation shares some Good Engineering Practices to minimize Data Corruption. Real Time Monitoring Data Quality is even more sensitive to Data Corruption as there is a huge amount of sensors per hour.
Lightning Acquisition and Processing On Sensor Node Using NI cRIOijceronline
In this paper, we propose a digital design implementation for continuous real time data acquisition in case of a lightning event. The proposed system is capable of acquiring the lightning data at the rate of 1 MS/s on the FPGA. The system is also capable of providing very accurate timestamps in microsecond’s resolution. The data logging is carried out continuously on the PC using the TDMS file format with each and every sample being timestamped. The entire acquisition design is being implemented using NI cRIO hardware. The components of this assembly consist of the cRIO-9030 chassis , which contains a Kintex-7 FPGA , NI 9223 which is a sixteen bit ADC module, along with the NI 9467 which is a GPS module with the receiver antenna, it is used for accurate timestamping. The analog front end has been already developed, it comprises of an anti aliasing filter ,Low Noise Amplifiers and level shifters which can provide the signal with necessary gain to be processed by the digital section. The output of the analog front end is then fed to the NI 9223 four channel ADC module for sampling at 1MS/s. The samples along with their respective timestamps would be processed for identifying probable lightning data chunks on a preliminary basis which would then be transmitted over an Ethernet interface to the Central Processing system using Network Streams. The proposed digital design implementation for the entire acquisition system on the FPGA is briefly discussed in this paper
IRJET- Wearable Sensor Fall Detection SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a wearable sensor fall detection system. The system uses a 3-axis accelerometer sensor worn on the waist to detect falls. When a fall is detected, the system uses GSM and GPS modules to locate the person and alert others by triggering an alarm. The objectives are to design a fall detection system for elderly people. The system includes an accelerometer, Arduino board, LCD display, transistor, buzzer, power supply, level converter, GPS modem, and GSM modem. The conclusion is that accelerometers provide accurate fall detection results and are an effective way to detect falls and summon help for the elderly.
Travsafe-An Electronic Security Monitoring System Using GPS-GSM and RF Commun...IJLT EMAS
Nowadays Travel baggage safety has become the need
of the hour. Monitoring and tracking are the two key parameter
for any safety mechanism . Loosing the baggage in the absence of
passenger’s attention is increasing day-by-day. This study
considers receiver’s ability to act in the absence of signal from
transmitter using RF communications . A micro-controller is
used to process the signals from receiver. Accordingly an SMS
will be send to the owner using Global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The proposed methodology produced
significantly favourable results.
Solar panel monitoring solution using IoT-Faststream TechnologiesSudipta Maity
Faststream Technologies offers an automated IOT based solar panel monitoring/troubleshooting system that allows for automated solar panel monitoring from anywhere over the internet. As part of our solution, we make use of several IoT gateways suitable for different needs, based on SoCs like STM32, ESP32, ublox, CC3200, SiliconLabs, to monitor the solar panel parameters, in turn, providing Solar Plant Insights.
Our system constantly monitors the solar panel and transmits various parameters to the Cloud over the IoT system. Here we make use of the IoT platform to transmit solar power parameters to Amazon/ Azure cloud /IOT server via the gateway (over WiFi and Ethernet). A powerful web interface allows viewing of data in meaningful formats, enabling users to make decisions.
IRJET- Design and Development of IoT based Geiger Muller CounterIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of an Internet of Things (IoT) based portable Geiger-Muller counter. The system consists of a Sparkfun Geiger counter board, NodeMCU microcontroller, and Blynk app for cloud services. Radiation levels are measured by the Geiger counter and sent via WiFi to the Blynk cloud server. The Blynk app stores and visualizes the radiation data in real-time on an Android mobile device. The system was tested in the laboratory and found to accurately measure radiation levels in agreement with standards.
This document describes an automatic object sorting system that uses image processing and a conveyor belt. The system uses a camera to capture images of objects on the belt and detects the color and shape of each object using MATLAB image processing algorithms. It then sends signals to a microcontroller to control the conveyor belt and sort the objects by moving colored objects to the left or right sides and shaped objects to the left or right based on predetermined criteria. The system is intended to automate sorting in industries to reduce costs and improve efficiency compared to manual sorting.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SCALABLE HEIRARCHIAL PROTOCOL FOR HO...IAEME Publication
Wireless Sensor nodes connect the physical world to the digital world using smart,
tiny and self configured stand alone devices. These small devices offer pack of
brilliant opportunities to the digital world by capturing and revealing real time events
which later used as data cloud in numerous applications. With impressive
improvements in protocols, node level programming, simulation platforms and
middleware developments sensor nodes have become promising options in the
development of smart cities, gas and chemical industry, precision agriculture etc.
However, these industrial application demands more lifetime and faster-secure data
transmissions. In many applications it is recorded that with increase in network size
LEACH routing protocol functioning degenerate. Further, designing of a promising
routing protocol that can maintain less energy consumption during data gathering
and propagation leads to use of variety of approaches. This work is based on the
abstraction of equal distribution of energy among nodes with scalability.
Experimental results show commendable improvement in network lifespan with
residual energy of nodes to last for longer period. Throughput is also monitored
considering scalability.
The document summarizes a research project on multi-resolution data fusion using agent-based sensors. The project aims to develop collaborative signal processing techniques that are energy-aware, fault-tolerant, and progressively improve accuracy. Key accomplishments include developing mobile agent-based collaborative signal processing, energy-aware task scheduling algorithms, analytical battery modeling, and sensor deployment algorithms. The project has resulted in several publications and integrated some techniques successfully, while other integration efforts faced challenges.
REMOTE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM GROUND SHIFT WITH GSMijmnct
This document describes a remote measurement system for early detection of landslides in Indonesia using soil displacement sensors, a microcontroller, and GSM communication. The system monitors soil shear values and transmits data via SMS when thresholds of 4cm, 50mm, 100mm, or 150mm are exceeded. It sends alerts containing the date, time, and measured displacement. Testing showed the system can successfully transmit sensor readings and warnings in real-time over the GSM network to notify authorities of potential landslides. The aim is to provide early warnings to evacuate communities threatened by landslides.
Open Source Software Tools for Synchrophasor ApplicationsLuigi Vanfretti
This document summarizes Luigi Vanfretti's work on developing open source software tools for synchrophasor applications. It discusses tools developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology's SmarTS Lab for real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation and prototyping of synchrophasor software and hardware. It also describes tools like S3DK and Khorjin that were created to help with synchrophasor application development by handling communication protocols and data management. The document outlines Vanfretti's motivation and the evolution of the SmarTS Lab's open source tools to support synchrophasor applications.
Monitoring solar with internet of thingsBrian Raafiu
This document describes a smart monitoring system for solar panel systems using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. It discusses:
- The need to monitor solar panel electricity output and efficiency to optimize renewable energy use.
- A methodology using current sensors and an Android app to remotely monitor current and power output from solar panels and a grid-tie inverter in real-time.
- Test results found the sensor measurements were accurate to within 1.88% for a power line and 5.62% for a grid-tie inverter cable.
- The successful IoT monitoring system provides a low-cost solution to help optimize solar power use and savings by automatically using grid power when solar output is insufficient to
This paper proposes an automatic railway crack locator system that uses infrared (IR) and ultrasonic sensors to detect cracks in railway tracks. The system is intended to improve railway safety by automatically detecting defects in tracks and sending the location information to maintenance crews via GSM. Key components of the system include an Arduino microcontroller, IR and ultrasonic sensors to detect cracks and measure distances, a GSM module to communicate crack locations, and a GPS module to provide precise location of cracks.
IRJET- IoT based Solar Power Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes an IOT-based solar power monitoring system that can monitor and control a solar photovoltaic system remotely. The system uses sensors to monitor the voltage, current, and power output of solar panels. A microcontroller connects the sensors to the internet via WiFi to upload the data to a cloud server. The system also includes a sun tracking mechanism using an LDR sensor and DC motor to automatically rotate the solar panels and maximize sunlight exposure for increased efficiency. The remote monitoring capabilities allow users to view the solar panel performance from anywhere via a web interface.
Distance relay is mainly used for fault detection in the power system. But it cannot be used below 11kV. Hence an electronic smart energy meter is developed for the detection of the fault in the distribution system. It consists of a fault detection circuit and an IoT module. The fault detector senses the presence of a fault and give a command signal to the circuit breaker and also passes these fault signal to the operator. This proposed system will be a perfect solution for three major challenges faced in the distribution sector such as automatic fault isolation, information about the fault to the operator and exact location of the fault. The energy meter is capable of displaying the cost of the unit consumed according to their tariff. The variation in tariff can be controlled by an operator using IoT. The initial cost of the proposed system is comparatively higher than the traditional system. As a long term consideration, the cost of installation can be compensated by reducing the wastage of energy by making the consumer aware of the consumption details.
IEEE MMSP'21: INCEPT: Intra CU Depth Prediction for HEVCVignesh V Menon
The document presents the INCEPT algorithm for intra coding unit (CU) depth prediction in HEVC video encoding. INCEPT uses features like texture energy and neighboring CU statistics to predict the minimum and maximum depth for each CU. It achieved an average encoding time savings of 23.34% over benchmark algorithms with only a 1.28% increase in bitrate. The algorithm works well across different video types and quality levels. Future work could reduce PU mode decision time and extend the approach to the VVC standard.
PC Based DC Motor Speed Control using PID for Laboratoryijtsrd
1) The document describes a PC-based system for controlling the speed of a DC motor using a PID controller. An Arduino microcontroller implements the PID algorithm and drives the motor via an L298N motor driver. A C# Windows application allows setting the target speed and tuning the PID gains.
2) An experiment was conducted where the target and actual motor speeds were monitored on the GUI as the PID gains were adjusted. The system provides a way for students to learn about PID control and gain tuning for DC motor speed control.
3) Key hardware components include an Arduino Uno, L298N motor driver, encoder-equipped DC motor, and C# software for the PID GUI interface. The PID
IEEE ICIP'22:Efficient Content-Adaptive Feature-based Shot Detection for HTTP...Vignesh V Menon
Abstract: Video delivery over the Internet has been becoming a commodity in recent years, owing to the widespread use of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). The DASH specification defines a hierarchical data model for Media Presentation Descriptions (MPDs) in terms of segments. This paper focuses on segmenting video into multiple shots for encoding in Video on Demand (VoD) HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) applications. Therefore, we propose a novel Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) feature-based shot detection and successive elimination algorithm for shot detection and compare it against the default shot detection algorithm of the x265 implementation of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed feature-based pre-processor has a recall rate of 25% and an F-measure of 20% greater than the benchmark algorithm for shot detection.
Synchrophasor Applications Facilitating Interactions between Transmission and...Luigi Vanfretti
Distribution grid dynamics will become increasingly complex due to the transition from passive to active networks arising from the increase of renewable energy sources at medium and voltage level. A successful transition requires to increase the observability and awareness of the interactions between Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grids, particularly to guarantee adequate operational security.
This presentation explores how different technical means can facilitate interactions between TSOs and DSOs with the utilization of GPS-time-synchronized phasor measurements (aka Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)) with millisecond resolution. If made available in actual T&D networks, such high-sampled data across operational boundaries allows an opportunity to extract information related to different time-scales.
As part of the work carried out in the EU-funded FP7 IDE4L project (http://ide4l.eu/), a specific use case, containing PMU-based monitoring functions, has been defined to support the architecture design of future distribution grid automation systems. As a result, the architecture can accommodate for key dynamic information extraction and exchange between DSO and TSO.
This presentation presents the use case and focuses on the technical aspects related to the development and implementation of the PMU-based monitoring functionalities that can provide means to facilitate technical co-operation between transmission and distribution operations.
This document discusses hardware co-simulation of BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes. It begins with an introduction to digital modulation techniques, specifically phase shift keying. It then provides details on implementing BPSK and QPSK modulation in MATLAB Simulink and System Generator. The BPSK and QPSK modulators are modeled in VHDL and hardware co-simulation is performed. Waveforms are verified between MATLAB and FPGA simulation tools. The document concludes the BPSK and QPSK modulators provide efficient and robust techniques for software defined radio applications.
IRJET- Land Mine Data Collection System using Long Range WiFi and P2P Com...IRJET Journal
This system collects data from sensors in landmines including time of blast, weight, temperature, climate factors like rainfall, and direction of movement. This data helps determine the cause of mine blasts and informs soldiers of conditions. Sensors transmit data via long range WiFi to a base station where the information is displayed. Collecting this critical data enhances military investigations and situational awareness for troops.
1) The document discusses various strategies for monitoring solar panels using Internet of Things (IoT) technology to effectively convert solar energy to electrical energy.
2) It describes approaches using photovoltaic panels connected to sensors, microcontrollers, and IoT modules to track performance metrics like voltage and current. The data is transmitted to the cloud for remote monitoring and analysis.
3) Strategies discussed include using Arduino and Raspberry Pi boards to send sensor readings via APIs to cloud services like ThingSpeak. This allows real-time monitoring of solar panel output from any location.
Real Time Monitoring and Electro Magnetic Interference causing Data corruptionRekaNext Capital
On site, where there are motors and generators, the sensor reading are affected by Electro-Magnetic Interference. The presentation shares some Good Engineering Practices to minimize Data Corruption. Real Time Monitoring Data Quality is even more sensitive to Data Corruption as there is a huge amount of sensors per hour.
Lightning Acquisition and Processing On Sensor Node Using NI cRIOijceronline
In this paper, we propose a digital design implementation for continuous real time data acquisition in case of a lightning event. The proposed system is capable of acquiring the lightning data at the rate of 1 MS/s on the FPGA. The system is also capable of providing very accurate timestamps in microsecond’s resolution. The data logging is carried out continuously on the PC using the TDMS file format with each and every sample being timestamped. The entire acquisition design is being implemented using NI cRIO hardware. The components of this assembly consist of the cRIO-9030 chassis , which contains a Kintex-7 FPGA , NI 9223 which is a sixteen bit ADC module, along with the NI 9467 which is a GPS module with the receiver antenna, it is used for accurate timestamping. The analog front end has been already developed, it comprises of an anti aliasing filter ,Low Noise Amplifiers and level shifters which can provide the signal with necessary gain to be processed by the digital section. The output of the analog front end is then fed to the NI 9223 four channel ADC module for sampling at 1MS/s. The samples along with their respective timestamps would be processed for identifying probable lightning data chunks on a preliminary basis which would then be transmitted over an Ethernet interface to the Central Processing system using Network Streams. The proposed digital design implementation for the entire acquisition system on the FPGA is briefly discussed in this paper
IRJET- Wearable Sensor Fall Detection SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a wearable sensor fall detection system. The system uses a 3-axis accelerometer sensor worn on the waist to detect falls. When a fall is detected, the system uses GSM and GPS modules to locate the person and alert others by triggering an alarm. The objectives are to design a fall detection system for elderly people. The system includes an accelerometer, Arduino board, LCD display, transistor, buzzer, power supply, level converter, GPS modem, and GSM modem. The conclusion is that accelerometers provide accurate fall detection results and are an effective way to detect falls and summon help for the elderly.
IRJET- Smart Security System for VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart security system for vehicles that uses fingerprint recognition, GPS tracking, and accident detection. The system works by storing fingerprint templates during enrollment and then verifying a user's fingerprint against the stored templates to start the vehicle. It uses an accelerometer to detect accidents and GPS to track the vehicle's location if it is stolen. The goal is to provide security against theft, track stolen vehicles, and detect accidents to alert emergency contacts. It was developed using a Raspberry Pi microcontroller along with a fingerprint scanner, GPS module, and accelerometer.
ARM based System for Monitoring Grain ConditionAM Publications
Agriculture is the backbone of any nation’s economy and there is a dependency between agricultural growth and economic prosperity. As India is an Agriculture country where 70% of the population depends on farming, the storage of grains plays a crucial role in national economy. Due to the seasonality of grain production, the storage of grain is the top priority task for restoring and reusing. In the process of grain storage, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) are major ecological factors that can influence directly on the quality of the Grain. Hence, there is a necessity to monitor the vital parameters continuously during storage and communicate the status to the manger in real time which becomes a challenging. The traditional methods are limited to simple manual temperature and humidity testing which are relatively backward since grain situation analysis are made without any effective means of processing and regulation hence there is a need for smart grain management system with automation which can also avoid hidden security risks. The Real-time monitoring of the grain storage system is designed based on ARM7 and using GSM module as lower level Control unit which improves the level of grains storage and reduce the grain losses during storage procedure and also reduce man power and labor intensity.
Real Time Smart City Garbage Collection and Monitoring System Using GSM and GPSIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart garbage collection and monitoring system for cities that uses sensors, a microcontroller, GPS, and GSM technology. The system aims to efficiently collect garbage by informing municipal officials when garbage bins reach their full capacity. Sensors placed in bins will detect when garbage levels exceed a threshold, triggering the microcontroller to send an SMS alert with the bin's location coordinates to workers. This real-time monitoring is intended to improve garbage collection and reduce health issues from overflowing bins. The system was developed using an AT89S52 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensors to detect fill levels, a GSM module for SMS alerts, and a GPS module to pinpoint bin locations.
This document describes a wireless SCADA system for industrial automation using M2M communication. The system uses various sensors to measure parameters like temperature, humidity, light, and LPG. An ADC converts the analog sensor readings to digital values, which a microcontroller processes and sends via GSM to a remote computer. The system allows monitoring and controlling industrial processes from anywhere via the internet. It aims to provide low-cost, low-power automation without distance barriers compared to traditional SCADAs. Future work may add switches/routers for networking and wireless cameras to improve security and monitoring capabilities.
IRJET- Smart Marine Boundary Identification System using GSM & GPSIRJET Journal
The document proposes a smart system to identify when fishing boats cross maritime boundaries and alert fishermen, consisting of an Arduino, GPS module to track location, GSM module to send alerts, and buzzer to sound when boundaries are approached. The system would track the boat's position via GPS and compare it to the known boundary coordinates, triggering an alarm via buzzer if the boundary is crossed and sending a message via GSM; this is meant to prevent accidental crossings and conflicts while ensuring fishermen's safety.
This document describes the design and implementation of a Railway Track Geometry Surveying System. The system uses sensors like an accelerometer, ultrasonic sensor, ESP32 microcontroller, ESP32 camera, GPS module, and GSM module to detect any cracks or issues with the track geometry in real-time. When an issue is detected, the system will immediately notify the approaching train through wireless communication using the GPS and GSM modules. This helps avoid delays and saves time by alerting trains much faster when track issues are found. The system aims to improve railway safety by detecting track problems and sending alerts with location data so the issues can be addressed promptly.
IRJET- Ad-hoc Based Outdoor Positioning SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed ad-hoc based outdoor positioning system using wireless nodes. The system would allow nodes carried by people traveling in a group to communicate with each other and a receiver to track locations. Each node acts as both a master and slave and communicates wirelessly using Zigbee. If a node moves out of range of the receiver, an alert is sent to other nodes and the receiver. Temperature sensors on the nodes can also detect surrounding temperature and detect events like wildfires. The system provides an alternative to GPS for tracking locations outdoors and in all environments using less power. It was tested with nodes on trucks communicating alert messages to the receiver when out of range.
NAVIGATION IN MINES USING RFID TECHNOLOGYIRJET Journal
The document proposes a navigation system for miners in mines using RFID technology. The system would equip each miner with a device that displays their current location on an offline map. RFID tags would be placed at certain distances and locations throughout the mines. When the device comes within range of an RFID tag, the tag's unique code would be read and the corresponding location would be highlighted on the display map, informing the miner of their position without requiring a network connection. The proposed prototype system uses an Atmega328p microcontroller, EM-18 RFID reader, passive RFID tags placed throughout the mine, and a graphical LCD for display. This allows miners to navigate the mines even if wireless network connectivity is lost,
This document proposes an IoT-based nautical tracking system to alert fishermen when they approach national borders while at sea. The system uses sensors to monitor location via GPS, temperature, humidity and other environmental data. It is intended to help avoid conflicts by notifying fishermen and coastal authorities when borders are nearing so accidents can be prevented.
GPS Based Vehicle Location using ARM 7 LPC 2148IRJET Journal
This document describes a vehicle tracking system using an ARM7 microcontroller, GPS, and GSM modules. The system tracks a vehicle's location using GPS and sends the latitude and longitude information via SMS messages using the GSM module. When an accident is detected by an accelerometer sensor, the exact location is obtained from the GPS and sent via GSM to emergency contacts along with time and date to minimize response times. The system provides low-cost vehicle security and location tracking anywhere in the world using GPS and GSM technologies.
This system is designed for reading electrical energy consumed in units and in kyats to display on an LCD screen to the user. This system becomes necessary for the consumer to know as to how much electricity is consumed to control electricity bill within user budget. In this system, the consumer will get energy consumption data on a real time basis on an LCD display. The same data is sent through GSM modem to the electricity department via SMS. AT Mega 328P microcontroller is interfaced to the voltage divider and current sensor to get the Watt Hour pulses. The microcontroller then processes these pulses according to the program written in it, to calculate the units consumed and cost involved. Further, it gives the command to the SIM loaded GSM modem for sending the data to the electricity department via SMS. Further, this system can be enhanced by to control the electrical appliances remotely via SMS. Moreover, this system can reduce human efforts needed to record the meter reading which is till now recorded by visiting every home individually. Khin Su Hlaing | Hla Yamin | Myo Su Su Theint "Electricity Meter Reading using GSM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26524.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26524/electricity-meter-reading-using-gsm/khin-su-hlaing
Development of Smart system for Monitoring WindmillIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a smart system for monitoring windmills. Sensors are used to measure parameters like voltage, current, temperature, humidity, and speed. An Arduino collects data from the sensors and can detect abnormalities. If issues are found, the system alerts users through a mobile or web dashboard using a GSM module. This allows remote monitoring of windmills to reduce maintenance costs compared to manual inspection. Future work could involve using additional sensors and artificial intelligence for self-repair capabilities.
Fpga implementation of wireless data logger systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This Project describes the design and development of hardware and software modules for wireless data logger system using ZigBee.. FPGA firmware is developed in VHDL using Xilinx ISE 14.7 and the design is simulated using ModelSim Simulator and the code is synthesized on Altera Cyclone IV FPGA.End user can change remotely the data logger settings such as date and time. The Advent of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) has made compact realization of embedded system possible. As FPGAs are high density logic devices. It is possible to realize certain software functions in hardware in an efficient way. Keywords: Data logger; FPGA; ZigBee; Real time clock; ADC.
Online monitoring of greenhouse gases leakage by using gsmIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article that proposes an online system for monitoring greenhouse gas leakage using sensors and GSM technology. The system collects data on CO2 concentration, temperature, humidity, light intensity and location from sensors. It then transmits this data via GSM to a monitoring station and server. The system is designed to help control greenhouse gas emissions and identify any leaks in greenhouse facilities. It uses an AT89S52 microcontroller along with sensors for CO2, temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Data is transmitted to monitoring stations using GSM technology. The system is intended to allow for remote, real-time monitoring of greenhouse gas levels and early detection of any leaks.
Review on crop monitoring system using GSM technologyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research journal article about a crop monitoring system using GSM technology. The system uses wireless sensor nodes equipped with sensors to monitor soil moisture, pH, and leaf wetness. The sensor nodes send SMS alerts to farmers via GSM modems if the soil moisture drops below a threshold, triggering sprinklers. It also sends soil pH sensor readings. The system aims to help farmers remotely monitor crop conditions and conserve water.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document describes a wireless sensor network system using Zigbee technology for monitoring and controlling parameters like temperature, LPG gas, and light intensity in a gas plant. The system uses a coordinator to collect sensor data from nodes and provide it to the end user. It consists of sensor nodes with an ARM7 microcontroller connected to various sensors and a Zigbee module. The nodes transmit sensor data to sub-master nodes which relay the data to the main PC master using cooperative communication to ensure the slave nodes are always in range. The master displays the real-time sensor readings and logs the data for monitoring. The system provides benefits like low cost, low power consumption, remote monitoring and control capabilities.
REAL-TIME LOCATION TRACKER FOR HEALTH PATIENT IN CRISISIRJET Journal
This document describes a real-time location tracker system for monitoring the health and location of patients in crisis situations. The system uses various IoT sensors like a GPS module, heartbeat sensor, temperature sensor connected to an Arduino microcontroller. The sensor data is sent to a server via an ESP8266 WiFi module and the patient's location is tracked on a map using Google Maps APIs. If the sensor readings indicate a health emergency, alerts are sent via SMS to doctors and hospitals so they can quickly locate and assist the patient. The system is designed to be low-cost and help improve healthcare for patients in remote or emergency situations.
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ON OPTIMALITY OF THE INDEX OF SUM, PRODUCT, MAXIMUM, AND MINIMUM OF FINITE BA...UniversitasGadjahMada
Chaatit, Mascioni, and Rosenthal de ned nite Baire index for a bounded real-valued function f on a separable metric space, denoted by i(f), and proved that for any bounded functions f and g of nite Baire index, i(h) i(f) + i(g), where h is any of the functions f + g, fg, f ˅g, f ^ g. In this paper, we prove that the result is optimal in the following sense : for each n; k < ω, there exist functions f; g such that i(f) = n, i(g) = k, and i(h) = i(f) + i(g).
Toward a framework for an undergraduate academic tourism curriculum in Indone...UniversitasGadjahMada
We analyse policy documents as well opinions of stakeholders contributing to the development of the undergraduate academic tourism curriculum, namely: The Government which develops the general framework for curriculum development in Indonesian universities; non-governmental tourism associations which assist universities with opinions and guidance; tourism academics who develop and implement the curriculum in the classroom; and tourism trade associations. Two issues characterize the development of the tourism curriculum namely: determining the appropriate balance between vocational and academic frameworks, and an aspiration to move from inter- to mono-disciplinary instruction.
Association of the HLA-B alleles with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson s...UniversitasGadjahMada
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a common cause of life-threatening cutaneous adverse drug reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Previous studies have reported a strong association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN.We investigated the association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in Javanese and Sundanese patients in Indonesia. Nine unrelated patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN and 236 healthy Javanese and Sundanese controls were genotyped for HLA-B and their allele frequencies were compared. The HLA-B*15:02 allele was found in 66.7% of the patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN, but only in 29.4% of tolerant control (p = 0.029; odds ratio [OR]: 6.5; 95% CI: 1.2–33.57) and 22.9% of healthy controls (p = 0.0021; OR: 6.78; 95% CI: 1.96– 23.38). These findings support the involvement of HLA-B*15:02 in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN reported in other Asian populations. Interestingly, we also observed the presence of the HLA-B*15:21 allele. HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-B*15:21 are members of the HLA-B75 serotype, for which a greater frequency was observed in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN (vs tolerant control [p = 0.0078; OR: 12; 95% CI: 1.90–75.72] and vs normal control [p = 0.0018; OR: 8.56; 95% CI: 1.83–40]). Our findings suggest that screening for the HLA-B75 serotype can predict the risk of CBZ-induced SJS/TEN more accurately than screening for a specific allele.
Characteristics of glucomannan isolated from fresh tuber of Porang (Amorphoph...UniversitasGadjahMada
Porang is a potential source of glucomannan. This research objective was to find a direct glucomannan isolation method from fresh porang corm to produce high purity glucomannan. Two isolation methods were performed. In first method, sample was water dissolved using Al2(SO4)3 as flocculant for 15 (AA15) or 30 (AA30) minutes with purification. In second method, sample was repeatedly milled using ethanol as solvent and filtered for 5 (EtOH5) or 7 (EtOH7) times without purification. The characteristics of obtained glucomannan were compared to those of commercial porang flour (CPF) and purified konjac glucomannan (PKG). High purity (90.98%), viscosity (27,940 cps) and transparency (57.74 %) of amorphous glucomannan were isolated by EtOH7. Ash and protein level significantly reduced to 0.57% and 0.31%, respectively, with no starch content. Water holding capacity (WHC) of EtOH7 glucomannan significantly enhanced, whereas its solubility was lower than those of PKG due to its ungrounded native granular form.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus from Indonesian Isolates Bas...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was conducted to analyze phylogenetic of Indonesian newcastle disease virus(NDV) isolates based on fusion (F) protein-encoding gene, with aim to determine which genotype group of Indonesian NDV isolates, compared to vaccine strain that circulating in Indonesia.
Land Capability for Cattle-Farming in the Merapi Volcanic Slope of Sleman Reg...UniversitasGadjahMada
This research carried out to study the cattle farming development based on the land capability in rural areas of the Merapi Volcanic slope of Sleman Regency Yogyakarta after eruption 2010. Samples taken were Glagaharjo village (Cangkringan Sub-District) as impacted area and Wonokerto village (Turi Sub-District) as unimpacted area. Survey method used were to land evaluation analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Materials used were Indonesian topographical basemap (RBI) in 1:25000 scale, IKONOS image [2015], land use map, landform map, and slope map as supple- ments. Potential analysis of land capability for cattle forage using the production unit in kg of TDN per AU. The result showed that based on the land capability class map, both villages had potential of carrying capacity for forage feed that could still be increased as much as 1,661.32 AU in Glagaharjo and 1,948.13 AU in Wonokerto.
When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: learning from the Ind...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper analyzes how and why adverse side-effects have occurred in the implementation of two articles of Indonesia’s anti-corruption law. These articles prohibit unlawful acts which may be detrimental to the finances of the state. Indeed, the lawmakers had good intentions when they drafted the two articles. They wanted to make it easier to convict corrupt individuals by lowering the standard of evidence required to prove criminal liability. The implementation of these articles has raised legal uncertainty. The loose definition of the elements of the crime enables negligence and imperfection of (public) contracts to be considered as corruption. The Constitutional Court has issued two rulings to restrict and guide the interpretation of these articles. However, law enforcement agencies (Supreme Court and public prosecutors) have been unwilling to adhere to the rulings. There are two possible reasons for this. First, as has been argued by several commentators, the law enforcement agencies have misinterpreted the concept of Bunlawfulness^. Besides, the law enforcement agencies wish to be seen to be committed to prosecuting and delivering convictions in corruption cases. To do so, they need to maintain looser definitions of the elements of the offence. This paper endorses the Constitutional Court rulings and provides additional reasons in support of their stance. The paper can be considered as a case study for other countries that may be contemplating similar legislation.
Receptor binding and antigenic site analysis of hemagglutinin gene fragments ...UniversitasGadjahMada
We reported a retrospective study on hemagglutinin (HA) gene fragments of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses recovered between 2010 to 2012, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. The results provide information about the receptor binding sites (RBS) and antigenic sites character of HA gene of AI viruses in Indonesia. Viral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluid of specific pathogen free (SPF) of chicken embryonated eggs inoculated by AI suspected samples. Amplification was performed by using H5 specific primers to produce amplification target of 544 bp. The resulting sequences were analyzed with MEGA-5 consisting of multiple alignment, deductive amino acid prediction, and phylogenetic tree analysis. The results showed that out of the 12 samples amplified using RT-PCR technique, only 7 were detected to be avian influenza serotype H5 viruses. Sequence analysis of AIV H5 positive samples, showed a binding preference towards avian type receptors. Antigenic site analysis is consistent with the previous report, however, the antigenic site B at position 189 showed that the residue had undergone mutation from arginine to methionine. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these viruses were clustered into clade 2.1.3. Our report supports the importance of the previous study of RBS and antigenic properties of HPAI H5N1 in Indonesia.
Sustaining the unsustainable? Environmental impact assessment and overdevelop...UniversitasGadjahMada
Bali faces serious environmental crises arising from overdevelopment of the tourism and real estate industry, including water shortage, rapid conversion of agricultural land, pollution, and economic and cultural displacement. This article traces continuities and discontinuities in the role of Indonesian environmental impact assessment (EIA) during and since the authoritarian ‘New Order’ period. Following the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the ‘Reform Era’ brought dramatic changes, democratizing and decentralizing Indonesia’s governing institutions. Focusing on case studies of resort development projects in Bali from the 1990s to the present, this study examines the ongoing capture of legal processes by vested interests at the expense of prospects for sustainable development. Two particularly controversial projects in Benoa Bay, proposed in the different historical and structural settings of the two eras—the Bali Turtle Island Development (BTID) at Serangan Island in the Suharto era and the Tirta Wahana Bali Internasional (TWBI) proposal for the other side of Benoa in the ‘Reform Era’—enable instructive comparison. The study finds that despite significant changes in the environmental law regime, the EIA process still finds itself a tool of powerful interests in the efforts of political and economic elites to maintain control of decision-making and to displace popular opposition forces to the margins.
Limitations in the screening of potentially anti-cryptosporidial agents using...UniversitasGadjahMada
The emergence of cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract caused by Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, triggered numerous screening studies of various compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity, the majority of which proved ineffective. Extracts of Indonesian plants, Piper betle and Diospyros sumatrana, were tested for potential anticryptosporidial activity using Mastomys coucha (Smith), experimentally inoculated with Cryptosporidium proliferans Kváč, Havrdová, Hlásková, Daňková, Kanděra, Ježková, Vítovec, Sak, Ortega, Xiao, Modrý, Chelladurai, Prantlová et McEvoy, 2016. None of the plant extracts tested showed significant activity against cryptosporidia; however, the results indicate that the following issues should be addressed in similar experimental studies. The monitoring of oocyst shedding during the entire experimental trial, supplemented with histological examination of affected gastric tissue at the time of treatment termination, revealed that similar studies are generally unreliable if evaluations of drug efficacy are based exclusively on oocyst shedding. Moreover, the reduction of oocyst shedding did not guarantee the eradication of cryptosporidia in treated individuals. For treatment trials performed on experimentally inoculated laboratory rodents, only animals in the advanced phase of cryptosporidiosis should be used for the correct interpretation of pathological alterations observed in affected tissue. All the solvents used (methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxid) were shown to be suitable for these studies, i.e. they did not exhibit negative effects on the subjects. The halofuginone lactate, routinely administered in intestinal cryptosporidiosis in calves, was shown to be ineffective against gastric cryptosporidiosis in mice caused by C. proliferans. In contrast, the control application of extract Arabidopsis thaliana, from which we had expected a neutral effect, turned out to have some positive impact on affected gastric tissue.
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of Amomum compactum essent...UniversitasGadjahMada
This document summarizes research on the development of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for Amomum compactum essential oil. Key points:
- Virgin coconut oil was selected as the carrier oil due to its high solubility of the essential oil compared to other oils tested.
- A D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the SNEDDS formulation, with emulsification time and transmittance as the response variables.
- The optimized formulation contained 10% Amomum compactum essential oil, 10% virgin coconut oil, 65.71% Tween 80 surfactant, and 14.29% PEG 400 co-surfactant.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
APPLICATION OF CLONAL SELECTION IMMUNE SYSTEM METHOD FOR OPTIMIZATION OF DIST...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper proposes an application of clonal selection immune system method for optimization of distribution network. The distribution network with high-performance is a network that has a low power loss, better voltage profile, and loading balance among feeders. The task for improving the performance of the distribution network is optimization of network configuration. The optimization has become a necessary study with the presence of DG in entire networks. In this work, optimization of network configuration is based on an AIS algorithm. The methodology has been tested in a model of 33 bus IEEE radial distribution networks with and without DG integration. The results have been showed that the optimal configuration of the distribution network is able to reduce power loss and to improve the voltage profile of the distribution network significantly.
Screening of resistant Indonesian black rice cultivars against bacterial leaf...UniversitasGadjahMada
The document summarizes a study that screened Indonesian black rice cultivars for resistance to bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Five black rice cultivars and four white rice cultivars were inoculated with the bacteria and their resistance was evaluated based on disease symptoms and gene expression. The cultivar showing the best resistance was Cempo Ireng, which had the lowest disease intensity and expressed resistance genes xa5, Xa10, Xa21, and RPP13-like after inoculation. Cempo Ireng was identified as the most resistant cultivar and potential source of resistance genes for breeding programs.
This article analyzes the life of young millennial Salafi-niqabi in Surakarta and their strategies in dealing with power relations in their everyday lives. Studies on Salafi in Indonesia have focused more on global Salafimovements, power politics, links with fundamentalist-radical movements, state security and criticism of Salafi religious doctrine. Although there are several studies that try to portray the daily life of this religious group, the majority of previous studies focused on formal institutions and male Salafi. Very few studies have addressed the lives of Salafi women. This is likely due to the difficulty of approaching this group because of their exclusivity, and their restrictions on interacting with the outside world. Using Macleod’s theory of ‘accommodating protest’ within the framework of everyday politics, agency, and power relations, this research found that young millennial Salafi-niqabi have a unique method of negotiating with the modern and globalized world. Through what Macleod calls an accommodation which is at the same time a protest, young Salafi-niqabi have experienced hijrah as a form of negotiation of their millennial identity.
Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi accelerates the growth of shoot r...UniversitasGadjahMada
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of applying different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum on shoot root growth of five sugarcane clones. The key findings are:
1) Application of 2-3 g of AMF inoculum/bud chips resulted in faster and greater root colonization compared to the control, reaching 57-100% colonization within 5 days.
2) AMF inoculation significantly increased shoot root traits like root length, surface area, and number of shoot roots, especially for clones BL, VMC, and PS864.
3) AMF application of 2-3 g/bud chips also significantly increased seedling
SHAME AS A CULTURAL INDEX OF ILLNESS AND RECOVERY FROM PSYCHOTIC ILLNESS IN JAVAUniversitasGadjahMada
Most studies of shame have focused on stigma as a form of social response and a socio-psychological consequence of mental illness. This study aims at exploring more complex Javanese meanings of shame in relation to psychotic illness. Six psychotic patients and their family members participated in this research. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Thematic analysis of the data showed that participants used shame in three different ways. First, as a cultural index of illness and recovery. Family members identified their member as being ill when they had lost their sense of shame. If a patient exhibited behavior that indicated the reemergence of shame, the family saw this as an indication of recovery. Second, as an indication of relapse. Third, as a barrier toward recovery. In conclusion, shame is used as a cultural index of illness and recovery because it associated with the moral-behavioral control. Shame may also be regarded as a form of consciousness associated with the emergence of insight. Further study with a larger group of sample is needed to explore shame as a ‘socio-cultural marker’ for psychotic illness in Java.
Frequency and Risk-Factors Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Bali-CattleUniversitasGadjahMada
Cattle are known as the main reservoir of zoonotic agents verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. These bacteria are usually isolated from calves with diarrhea and / or mucus and blood. Tolerance of these agents to the environmental conditions will strengthen of their transmission among livestock. A total of 238 cattle fecal samples from four sub-districts in Badung, Bali were used in this study. Epidemiological data observed include cattle age, sex, cattle rearing system, the source of drinking water, weather, altitude, and type of cage floor, the cleanliness of cage floor, the slope of cage floor, and the level of cattle cleanliness. The study was initiated by culturing of samples onto eosin methylene blue agar, then Gram stained, and tested for indole, methyl-red, voges proskauer, and citrate, Potential E.coli isolates were then cultured onto sorbitol MacConkey agar, and further tested using O157 latex agglutination test and H7 antisera. Molecular identification was performed by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and epidemiological data was analyzed using
STATA 12.0 software. The results showed, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle at Badung regency was 6.30% (15/238) covering four sub districts i.e. Petang, Abiansemal, Mengwi, and Kuta which their prevalence was 8.62%(5/58), 10%(6/60), 3.33%(2/60), and 3.33(2/60)%, respectively. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene confirmed of isolates as an E. coli O157:H7 strain with 99% similarities. Furthermore, the risk factors analysis showed that the slope of the cage floor has a highly significant effect (P<0.05) to the distribution of infection. Consequently, implementing this factor must be concerned in order to decrease of infection.
Classification of profit-sharing investment accounts: a survey of financial s...UniversitasGadjahMada
The purpose of this paper is to examine the classification of profit-sharing investment accounts (PSIA) under various accounting standards, and determine whether Islamic banks maintain uniform practices when the same accounting standards are applied. It also aims to determine whether Islamic banks consider investment account holders (IAH) important financial statement users by disclosing necessary information pertaining to PSIA. A sample comprised of financial statements from 63 Islamic banks from 15 countries is compared with respect to the information related to PSIA were studied. The results show heterogeneity of classification for PSIA. Applying the same standards does not lead to the uniform classification of PSIA when banks apply International Financial Reporting Standards, while financial statements applying Financial Accounting Standards by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions are more similar. The perplexity in classifying PSIA brings obscurity on the treatment for PSIArelated accounts, particularly returns attributable to IAH. The fact of fewer disclosures pertaining to PSIA in Islamic banks—which apply accounting standards not specifically tailored to Islamic finance—suggests that IAH receive less attention under those accounting standards.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
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. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
2. 320 Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama
Figure 1. FGM3D fluxgate magnetometer sensor.
2.1 Fluxgate FGM3D/100 sensor
A fluxgate magnetic sensor is the main component of this
magnetometer. Choosing a lightweight sensor with sufficient
accuracy that is low powered and less prone to error is a
key point in this consideration. The FGM3D sensor from
SENSYS GmbH (Fig. 1) has several advantages, including
its waterproof (IP65 certification) and all-weather measure-
ment condition. FGM3D is a three-axis sensor with a core
ring type, equipped with a feedback system. Receiving mag-
netic field as its input, this sensor’s output is a three-channel
analog signal. Each channel represents a vector component
from magnetic field vector input. This transfer function has
a sensitivity as small as 0.1 mV nT−1 with a range from −10
to 10 V.
2.2 Microcontroller
The microcontroller is the main processor and interconnec-
tor of the whole system. All hardware is assembled and con-
nected to this microcontroller. Software which manages ac-
quisition is also installed in this microcontroller. The Ar-
duino platform is one of the most popular and easy-to-use
programmable microcontrollers. Utilizing a programmable
microcontroller ensures easy reproducibility. Arduino Mega
2560 R3 is used here; it is a development board with the AT-
mega2560 microcontroller as its core. It is equipped with 54
digital I/O pin, 16 ADC, 4 serial gates, 16 MHz crystal oscil-
lator, USB gate, a power jack and reset button. Therefore it
has enough port to connect with other devices. ATmega2560
has 8-bit architecture and is capable of working up to 16 mil-
lion executions in 1 s.
2.3 Analog-to-digital converter
The output signal from fluxgate sensor is in the form of an
analog signal. To be recorded, processed and digitally dis-
played, an ADC is required. The output signal from sen-
sor FGM3D is three differential analog signals; therefore an
ADC that has at least three differential channels is needed.
This key factor requires an ADC with sufficient bit resolution
and differential channel support to be paired with FGM3D.
The 24-bit ADC ADS1256 from Texas Instruments was cho-
sen for its high bit resolution, differential channel support
Figure 2. Magnetogama’s block diagram.
and very low internal noise. Based on the manufacturer’s data
sheet, there are 18 bits out of a possible 24-bit output from
this ADC that are cleared of internal noise.
2.4 Data storage and positioning
Data storage is a fundamental element of an acquisition sys-
tem that stores output data from an ADC to a nonvolatile
memory; no data loss will occur when the device is turned
off. Getting and storing location data of the measured point
coordinate is also an important aspect. ITEAD GPS shield
has both capabilities regarding storage and positioning sys-
tem. It has one micro-SD slot and a GPS receiver. Digital
data from ADC and GPS are written by the shield, which
continuously parses GPS data and communicates with the
microcontroller through a serial connection into the memory
card.
2.5 Power
A compatible battery was chosen based on power consump-
tion, ensuring the time needed for acquisition. Another con-
sideration is weight. The battery is heavier than any other
part; luckily its capacity is usually proportional to its weight.
Due to the plan to mount this acquisition system to a UAV, the
battery needed to be as light as possible. A lithium polymer
battery was chosen for this device. The whole set of parts re-
quires two battery inputs; the first supplies the FGM3D sen-
sor and the second supplies the microcontroller and any parts
connected directly to the microcontroller.
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, 2017 www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/6/319/2017/
3. Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama 321
Figure 3. Magnetogama’s schematic.
The first power supply consists of two 4C 14.8V lithium
polymer batteries in a serial configuration to supply the pos-
itive and negative voltage required by FGM3D. Each battery
has a 1300 mAh capacity. The first power supply is connected
to LM7812 and LM7912 as a voltage regulator to stabilize in-
put power at ±12 V. The second power supply uses a bigger
capacity of 2200 mAh, a 7.4 V 2C lithium polymer battery
to power microcontroller along with ADC, GPS and storage
shield. No external voltage regulator is required for the sec-
ond power supply since the internal 5 V voltage regulator in
Arduino Mega 2560 can be used for this purposes.
2.6 Display and input
The display on Magnetogama is used to communicate be-
tween device and user. Previously, a simple dot matrix dis-
play which could only display numeric/character informa-
tion was sufficient, but it was not intuitive enough for the
user. LCD Nokia 5110 is now used for its simplicity and its
ability to communicate with the user with more complicated
graphics or text. It has a 84×48 pixel resolution and utilizes
the PCD8544 controller, which was also used on the previ-
ous Nokia 3310 LCD. This LCD is easy to use and suitable
www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/6/319/2017/ Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, 2017
4. 322 Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama
Figure 4. Assembled acquisition tools consist of magnetic sensor
FGM3D/100, Arduino Mega 2560 R3, keypad, lithium polymer bat-
tery and Nokia 5110 LCD.
for a simple project, as presented by Wagh et al. (2014). User
input is provided using a 3 × 4 membrane keypad.
3 Schematic and assembly
The microcontroller, magnetic sensor and all other parts
are assembled following a block diagram and electronic
schematic given in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The assembled
Magnetogama can be seen in Fig. 4. It is important to note
that an additional external case is needed to protect the de-
vice and perform magnetic survey easily. The case was made
from ABS plastic and acrylic as shown in Fig. 5. With the in-
cluded acrylic case, Magnetogama has a weight of 1 kg and a
dimension of 116 × 200 × 65 mm. With given assembly set-
ting and battery, it can be used for 10 h 20 min on full acqui-
sition time, which is sufficient for typical 1-day acquisition.
The electronic components inside the case contain mate-
rial that is prone to magnetic induction. As a consequence,
it may affect the sensor reading and cannot be neglected if
located at a close distance from the sensor. Hence, the sensor
is connected through 3 m cable from the case to the sensor. It
is important to set the sensor and the case apart at maximum
distance allowed by the cable. Figure 6 shows the relative in-
fluence of the assembled electronic components on the sen-
sor reading at different distances. The data points are fitted to
an exponential equation shown by a solid line. The magnetic
signature of electronic component starts to have significant
Figure 5. Magnetogama assembled using external plastic case and
acrylic cover.
deviation at 260 cm. Therefore, the magnetic reading should
not be affected at a minimum distance of 260 cm.
4 Remote control
Magnetogama can be controlled locally via its membrane
keypad or remotely using wireless serial interface. The wire-
less interface is switchable between Bluetooth and radio. An
Android-based device is used to control Magnetogama via
Bluetooth interface. For radio interface, a 915 MHz radio re-
ceiver and transmitter is used to control Magnetogama via
special PC software developed in this research.
5 Verification
5.1 Comparison with standard magnetometer
The first step of calibration was performed by comparing
continuous measurement recorded with Magnetogama with
continuous data from standard magnetometer near the loca-
tion of the test. Two standard magnetometer observatories
located at Learmonth (LRM) and Kakadu (KDU), Australia,
were selected as a comparison. The test were performed from
UTC 12:00 on 8 February 2016 to UTC 12:00 on 12 Febru-
ary 2016. The test used 0.2 Hz sampling frequency resulting
in 691 200 points recorded for each component. The FGM3D
sensor was attached to a nonmagnetic tripod using acrylic
mounting. The sensor orientation was then set up so the x
axis pointed northward, y axis eastward and z axis down-
ward.
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, 2017 www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/6/319/2017/
5. Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama 323
Figure 6. Relative magnetic field influence of Magnetogama to sensor reading over various distances.
Figure 7. Comparison between original and filtered Magnetogama (YOG) magnetic field record on each component.
www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/6/319/2017/ Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, 2017
6. 324 Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama
Figure 8. Comparison between Magnetogama (YOG) and magnetometer on Learmonth (LRM) and Kakadu (KDU) observatory.
Figure 9. Sketch on Magnetogama’s test toward magnetic sub-
stance.
Before direct comparison, noise reduction of the tested
Magnetogama was carried out. Noise reduction refers to the
technical reference manual of the International Geomagnetic
Observatory Organization (INTERMAGNET). It is achieved
by applying a series of coefficients of a Gaussian filter to the
data samples listed in the manual. This digital filter was ap-
plied to both standard magnetometers. Figure 7 shows a com-
parison between original and filtered Magnetogama mag-
netic field data record.
Figure 8 shows a direct comparison between data recorded
on Magnetogama (YOG) and two other reference stations
(LRM and KDU). Due to a longitude difference that causes
the difference in time and relative sun position, cross-
correlation analysis was performed to estimate diurnal vari-
ation pattern. This cross-correlation analysis was meant to
determine the signal delay between two different stations as
the effect of diurnal variation due to the sun’s relative posi-
tion. Based on cross-correlation analysis, YOG–LRM has a
41 % correlation coefficient and YOG–KDU has 72 %. This
result is sufficient considering the huge separation distance
between those two stations. Therefore, the local disturbance
has the main effect on the recorded result.
5.2 Response of magnetic substance
Response test of magnetic substance was performed by com-
paring Magnetogama with a standard magnetometer. In this
case, PPM from Geotron G5 was used as a comparison. Mag-
netometers were located at x = 0 m, with some variation in
the y direction (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 m). A magnetic object (a
motor scooter) was initially located at x = −10 m and then
moved 1 m for each measurement in the x direction until
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, 2017 www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/6/319/2017/
7. Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama 325
Figure 10. Magnetic field response comparison between FGM3D/100 and PPM Geotron G5.
reaching x = 10 m (see Fig. 9 for detailed illustration). The
magnetization level due to a magnetic object is inversely pro-
portional to the square of its distance and reaches its max-
imum when a magnetic substance was located at x = 0 m
(Fig. 10).
The amplitude of the graphs in Fig. 10 present the sen-
sor’s sensitivity. FGM3D/100 turns out to be more sensitive
than Geotron G5, reflected by the higher amplitude on its
graph. The variation of the magnetometer’s position gives us
a stable result with a peak response when a magnetic sub-
stance is located at x = 0 m. This result also gives insight
into the minimum distance threshold at which an unwanted
magnetic object will affect the reading during a real magnetic
survey. A partially magnetic object as a big as motor scooter
does not show any obvious effect after 5 m distance. Un-
fortunately, vector calibration cannot be performed because
PPM Geotron G5 is a scalar magnetometer, whereas fluxgate
FGM3D/100 is a vector magnetometer. Therefore, for more
precise utilization, calibration using another calibrated flux-
gate magnetometer is needed.
6 Conclusions
Magnetogama is a hand-assembled fluxgate magnetometer
utilizing a factory-built-in fluxgate FGM3D/100 sensor com-
bined with Arduino Mega 2650 R3 microcontroller, ADC
ADS1256 24-bit, data storage and GPS receiver shield. It
is an open schematic and easy to build even with the mini-
mum budget. It has sufficient accuracy to be used for near-
surface geophysics problems, such as mineral exploration
and geotechnical issues. Additionally, Magnetogama is de-
signed to be as lightweight as possible (1 kg) and can be car-
ried by a small UAV.
Code availability. The pseudo-code below represents the general
idea of the program inside the microcontroller. Our source code for
the microcontroller and ADC can be accessed at https://github.com/
adienakhmad/Magnetogama.
Data availability. Data used in this paper can be accessed at https:
//github.com/adienakhmad/Magnetogama.
www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/6/319/2017/ Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, 2017
8. 326 Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama
Appendix A: Algorithm
A1 Microcontroller
Algorithm 1 General Algorithm on Microcontroller
t0 ← time (millisecond) since device start
dt ← time interval between measurement
loop
gpsf ix ← gps fix data
listen for keypad press
if keypad is pressed then
key ← the key pressed on keypad
process function attached to key
end if
listen for serial command
if command is received then
cmd ← the received command
process function attached to command
end if
t1 ← time now since device start
if t1 − t0 ≥ dt then
x,y,z ← magnetic reading from ADC
lat,lon,elev,time ← position data parsed from
gpsf ix
write x,y,z,lat,lon,elev,time to storage
send x,y,z,lat,lon,elev,time to remote
t0 ← time now since device start
end if
end loop
A2 Analog-to-digital converter
Algorithm 2 Algorithm on ADS1256 A/D Conversion
for all differential channel connected to FGM3D do
ch ← current channel
set multiplexer register to ch
wait for conversion to finish
hb,mb,lb ← three 8-bytes raw ADC code {high, mid, and
low byte}
vali24 ← (hb << 16)+(mb << 8)+lb {combine into in-
teger 24-bit value by byte shifting}
valf 32 ← convert codei24 into 32-bit floating point
vref ← voltage reference
pga ← programmable gain amplifier
voltage ← (codef 32/0x7FFFFF) × ((2 ∗ vref )/pga)
{conversion from raw code to voltage}
f ac ← conversion factor from V to nT
magval ← voltage × f ac
return magval
end for
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, 2017 www.geosci-instrum-method-data-syst.net/6/319/2017/
9. Wahyudi et al.: Magnetogama 327
Author contributions. W, NK and TK are research project leader
who provide idea and guidance, including the quality check on our
apparatus. AR, ASH and AAM designed and test Magnetogama.
TMI and all the others help writing the manuscript.
Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict
of interest.
Acknowledgements. Authors thank Geophysics Laboratory, Fac-
ulty of Geography and Electronics and Instrumentation Laboratory
of Universitas Gadjah Mada for the support, http://www.dikti.go.id/
Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education Indonesia
for their research fund support, contract no. 781/UN1-P.III/LT.DIT-
LIT/2016. Magnetogama is an open schematic apparatus; therefore
the copyright of the product belongs to the authors.
Edited by: Marina Díaz-Michelena
Reviewed by: two anonymous referees
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